Physiotherapy

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/09

Year

1st year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

3

Hours distribution

30 classroom hours

Lecturers

CLAUDIO BABILONI
CLAUDIO BABILONI

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/16

Year

1st year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

3

Hours distribution

30 classroom hours

Lecturers

ARIANNA CASINI

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/17

Year

1st year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

10 classroom hours

Lecturers

LUCIANA DE ANGELIS

knowledge relating to the essential morphological characteristics and related modes of functioning of systems, systems and organs in humans and their interactions. Study of the sense organs, the Central and Peripheral Nervous System, the endocrine system, the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory and genital systems. Histological characteristics of tissues: bone, striated muscle and nervous tissue

Module:
Based on the experience of previous academic years, the faculty expects that more than 80 percent of the students attending the classes will fully achieve the learning objectives outlined in this presentation on the subject, and about 80 percent of them will pass the corresponding proficiency exam within the academic year.


Module:
N/D
Module:
Lo student at the end of the course must to know the characteristics of the tissues

Epithelia.: classification (simple and stratified epithelia), structure, localization, function. Special cytological features of epithelia.
Glandular epithelia: exocrine and endocrine glands.
Connective Tissue. Structure (extracellular matrix, connective tissue cells), localization, function. The cells of connective tissues. Collagen fibres. Elastic fibres. Reticular fibres. Loose and dense connective tissues. Skeletal tissues:
Cartilage (chondrocytes and extracellular matrix),
Bone. Compact and spongy bone. The main events of ossification.
Blood: plasma, the number and the main functions of the formed elements of the blood (erythrocytes, white cells).
Nervous tissue: the structure of the neurone: cell body and axon.The myelin sheath. Histological organization of the nerve. Synapses and neuromuscular junctions. Glia.
Muscle tissue. Structure, ultrastructure and functions: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle. The contractile apparatus of striated muscle. The neuromuscolar junction.

Module:
General expected learning outcomes
At the end of the course students will know the basic physical principles and mechanisms that regulates cell physiology, with particular attention to the electrical properties of excitable cells and neuronal transmission; the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions. The student will be aware of the main molecular and cellular mechanisms target of possible pharmacological treatments. The student will have also to explain the neural basis of voluntary movement and language.

Specific expected learning outcomes:
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will know all the aspects of cellular and plasma membrane functioning, of the central and autonomic nervous system, of muscular contraction (skeletal smooth and cardiac muscle), of the cardiovascular system, of the respiratory system, of the urinary system, of the digestive system and of hormonal communication.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student will understand the role of the different organ systems in the functioning of the human body and will recognize the consequences produced by the malfunctioning of the individual systems. He/she will know which are the most important correlations between structure and function of the single organs and apparatuses. He/she will know the main cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the correct functioning and control of the body's functions. He/she will be able to integrate the knowledge of individual systems in a general vision.

3. Making judgements
The lessons will be interactive; the professor will ask continuous questions to the students to stimulate them to develop critical sense and to integrate previous knowledge. These questions will also be used to evaluate and solicit students to make connections with the skills acquired previously, avoiding considering the study of the general physiology as self-standing, but integrating the physiology in the light of the knowledge already acquired (physical, chemical, biological and anatomical).

4. Communication skills
The student will acquire the ability to communicate all the topics covered by the program and to expose them in an integrated perspective in light of the correct functioning of the human organism. Eventually, students will be organized in small groups that will expose to the class oral presentations on specific topics related to the effect of drugs in regulating the physiological functions.

5. Learning skills
Recommended texts will provide a tool to integrate the knowledge acquired during the class. The texts will remain the reference point of the student who will know where to go to find the concepts in detail. He/she will be able to integrate these concepts with the materials available on specific online sites whose links will be suggested in class.



Module:
Required: Basic Knowledge of animal Biology and cell organization
Important: Basic knowledge of Physics and Chemistry



Module:
knowledge of the cell and the various organelles

Module:
• Homeostasis (Prof. Claudio Babiloni): internal and external environment; liquid compartments; homeostatic mechanisms (positive and negative feedback)
• Biophysical properties of the membrane (Prof. Claudio Del Percio): the plasma membrane, transport across the plasma membrane: passive and active movement of ions across the membrane. Ion channels (voltage and ligand-dependent). The genesis of electric signals (resting potential, potential action). The equilibrium potential, the concepts of osmosis and tonicity.
• Skeletal muscle (Prof. Claudio Del Percio): cellular and molecular structure, the sarcomere, muscle contraction, neuromuscular junction, excitation-contraction coupling.
• Endocrine system (Prof. Claudio Del Percio): organization of the endocrine system. Hormonal communication, hypothalamus-hypophysis axis, and thyroid hormones. The cycle of Calcium and the regulation of Ph.
• Nervous system: organization of the nervous system. Glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, ependymal cells), neurons (functional classes), functions of the myelin. Synapses, neurotransmitters, and synaptic transmission (excitatory synapses and injunctions). Spinal reflexes, simple reflex arc. Somatomotor systems.
• Respiratory system (Prof. Claudio Del Percio): functions of the respiratory system, breathing, inner and outer breathing, upper and lower airways, pleura, pulmonary pressures, surfactant, surface tension, Laplace’s low, lung mechanics (inhaling, expiration), Boyle's law, pulmonary ventilation, alveolar ventilation, chemoreceptors and neural control of breathing. Composition of atmospheric air, Dalton's law, respiratory membrane, factors that regulate gas exchange at the alveolar level, the values of the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and in the alveolus, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood, gas exchanges in the tissues.
• Cardiovascular system (Prof. Claudio Babiloni): the blood. Heart: heart muscle, heart valves, myocardium and conduction of excitation of the cells (auto-rhythmic pacemaker, conduction system, cardiac action potential and propagation of the action potential), cardiac cycle, electrocardiogram and cardiac dipole, cardiac output, nervous control of cardiac output.
• Circulatory system: the systemic and pulmonary circulation, forces that regulate the flow of blood (pressure gradient and resistance), functions of the arterial and venous system, vasomotor tone, venous return, capillary functions (capillary exchange, filtration and absorption), blood pressure (systolic-diastolic), baroreceptors, renal and nervous control of blood pressure. Methods for the measurement of blood pressure.
• Renal system (Prof. Claudio Babiloni): main kidney functions, the nephron, glomerular ultrafiltration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion, hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium, urine concentration (aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone), the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
• Digestive system (Prof. Claudio Del Percio): main organs and functions of the digestive system. Motricity, secretions, digestion, absorption, and excretion. Enteric nervous system. Endocrine regulations. The control of fecal pellet output.



Module:
PROGRAM:1) General anatomy.Concept of cell, tissue, organ, system, apparatus. Concept of Systematic Anatomy and Topographic Anatomy. Anatomical Terminology: anatomical planes and axes of movement. Structure of the organs and bodies filled hollow organs. Mucous membranes and serous membranes. General principles of body building. The four fundamental tissues: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue.2) Systematic Anatomy.Locomotor apparatus: general information on bones, joints and muscles. Appendicular and axial skeleton. The main muscle groups of the head (and mimic muscles of mastication), trunk and limbs. Splanchnology: gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy of the following basic equipment:Digestive System: mouth (salivary glands), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine (small and large intestine), liver, biliary tract, pancreas, peritoneum.Respiratory system: nasal cavity, larynx, trachea and bronchi, lungs, pleura.Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.Male genitalia: testis and spermatic tract. Glands attached to the sperm-way: the seminal vesicles, prostate.Female genitalia: ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina.Circulatory system: The blood-circulatory system: heart and pericardium, the blood-vessels of lesser circulation (pulmonary artery and veins) and the largest circulation (aorta and its branches, hollow veins and their tributaries, portal vein and portal circulation). The circulatory system, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. Adjoining the circulatory organs: the spleen.Central nervous system: spinal cord and brainstem, and cerebellum, tectal plate, diencephalon and telencephalon. Cerebral ventricles, meninges.Peripheral nervous system: observations on cranial nerves, spinal nerves, nerve plexus.Autonomic nervous system: anatomical and functional organization of the system generally sympathetic and parasympathetic system.


Module:
Epithelia.: classification (simple and stratified epithelia), structure, localization, function. Special cytological features of epithelia.
Glandular epithelia: exocrine and endocrine glands.
Connective Tissue. Structure (extracellular matrix, connective tissue cells), localization, function. The cells of connective tissues. Collagen fibres. Elastic fibres. Reticular fibres. Loose and dense connective tissues. Skeletal tissues:
Cartilage (chondrocytes and extracellular matrix),
Bone. Compact and spongy bone. The main events of ossification.
Blood: plasma, the number and the main functions of the formed elements of the blood (erythrocytes, white cells).
Nervous tissue: the structure of the neurone: cell body and axon.The myelin sheath. Histological organization of the nerve. Synapses and neuromuscular junctions. Glia.
Muscle tissue. Structure, ultrastructure and functions: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle. The contractile apparatus of striated muscle. The neuromuscolar junction.

Module:
Suggested text book

Saladin – Anatomia e Fisiologia (Piccin, last edition: 2019)

Martini, Bartholomew – Elementi di Anatomia Istologia e Fisiologia dell’Uomo (EdiSES)







Module:
*Anatomia e fisiologia.
NETTER F.H., THIBODEAU G.A. Ed Edra
*Ambrosi G. et al.: Anatomia dell’Uomo, Ed. Edi-Ermes.


*Fondamenti di anatomia e fisiologia. Con software di simulazione
Frederic H. Martini, Judi L. Nath, E. F. Bartholomew IV ed, Edises
*Anatomia e istologia umana - con tavole di F.H. Netter - Autore/i: Carinci - Gaudio - Marinozzi - Morini - Onori | Editore: Elsevier - Masson
* Elementi di anatomia e fisiologia dell'uomo. Con espansione online
Elaine N. Marieb,Suzanne M. Keller/ III edizione, Zanichelli


Module:
martini
Visual Anatomia e Fisiologia
Elementi di Istologia (Filippini) Piccin

Module:
Other resources
Slides with the lessons and exercises for the preparation of the exam (electronic archive indicated by the lecturer).
For the part on the neural basis of language: Michael S. Gazzaniga, Richard B. Ivry, George R. Mangun. Neuroscienze cognitive. Editore: Zanichelli, 2015.


Module:
N/D
Module:
N/D

Module:
The teaching of General Physiology consists of lectures with the students, with eventually some specific seminars. The lessons are all interactive, so the teacher stimulates the students with questions to which they, by virtue of the courses already followed, can give an answer. This allows the teacher to highlight the links between the current course and some previous courses, whose notions play a key role in the understanding of what is presented in the class. The continuous remanding to concepts of other courses must get the student to study the proposed subject not only with the aim of passing the final exam, but wants to highlight a multidisciplinary study, to which the student has to be educated and that is absolutely required for a master's degree student, now almost at the end of his training. The student will find on the e-learning platform teaching material (exam program, recommended texts, links) useful for the preparation of the exam. It is understood that all material is a guide to the exam topics, but they can never absolutely replace the recommended texts.


Module:
The Human Anatomy module is organized in lectures during which the teacher makes use of Power Point presentations and uses anatomical models of parts of the human body.


Module:
classroom lectures with slides

Module:
Attendance to the course is optional but recommended.


Module:
compulsory to attend 65% of lesson


Module:
presence attendance

Module:
The evaluation methods of the Teaching are characterized by exam sessions set in the scheduled sessions (2 for each session, plus some extraordinary appeals).
The exam consists of a written task with both multiple-choice and open-ended questions on the topics of the Teaching, followed by a clarification on the evaluation criteria at the request of the student or student.
The exam aims to certify the student's knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of functioning and homeostatic control of the human body, with references to the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the action of drugs. The topics presented must be treated with proper language.
The elements examined for evaluation purposes are listed below: (1) the knowledge of the subject in all the areas included in the teaching program; (2) the use of a proper language; (3) the ability to reasoning; (4) the logical articulation of the wording; and (5) the integration of skills demonstrated in the response to exam questions. The written nature of the task will allow correcting the individual evaluation of the student’s elaborate according to "item analysis" techniques. This procedure will allow not to penalize areas of the answer that will be insufficient in most of the students involved a certain exam appeal. Furthermore, the evaluation of the single student will be conducted comparatively, to guarantee equanimity and recognize the individual merits in the allocation of grades.
To pass the exam with the smallest grade (18/30), a knowledge of the homeostatic objectives and the basic physiological-regulatory mechanisms of the organs and apparatus being evaluated is required. To achieve a score of 24/30, 27/30 and 30/30 cum laude, the student must prove that he/she has got, respectively, a good, particularly good, and excellent integrated knowledge of the various systems of physiological regulation with negative feedback and / or feed-forward of the nervous and endocrine systems and the organ / apparatus subject to the examination evaluation. In the evaluation process, we will also consider (1) the ability of the student to manage the time agreed to supply the answers in a concise but exhaustive manner and (2) link the key concepts in a logical and coherent way from the behavioral and cellular level to the molecular one.



Module:
The interview will be evaluated on the basis of the following parameters:

- knowledge, mastery and deepening of the contents

- critical and exhibition capacity

- technical-scientific terminology correctness.


Module:
the exam will be on topics of program

Module:
Amplitude, duration and ion channels of the plate potential and the action potential at the neuromuscular junction


Module:
N/D
Module:
cells of the connective tissue
bone marrow

Module:

• L’insegnamento
  prevede un ciclo di lezioni frontali teoriche sul programma della materia e gli
  esami di profitto. Tutti i contenuti delle lezioni saranno resi disponibili
  agli studenti in forma di presentazioni ppt (formato PDF), archiviate sulle apposite
  piattaforme didattiche di Sapienza Università di Roma. Le lezioni più
  significative saranno anche rese disponibili in forma di video-registrazioni
  sulle medesime piattaforme.