Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIOS-06/A

Year

1st year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

3

Hours distribution

30 classroom hours

Lecturers

ELEONORA PALMA

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIOS-12/A

Year

1st year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

3

Hours distribution

30 classroom hours

Lecturers

LUDOVICA CECI

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIOS-13/A

Year

1st year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

10 classroom hours

Lecturers

LUCA MADARO

At the end of the course, students must know the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions; the normal values of the main functional parameters in healthy humans; they must also know some of the techniques used to measure physiological parameters.

For a good understanding of the topics considered in this course, students should have a basic understanding of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Histology, Anatomy.

Module:
The cell as a fundamental unit: electrical parameters of the cell membrane and equivalent circuits; resting membrane potential; action potential.

Membrane receptors. Families of ionotropic receptors: structural analogies and functional peculiarities. Families of metabotropic receptors: structural analogies and functional peculiarities. Second messengers systems and signal transduction pathways.

Electrical synapses: structure and function. Chemical synapses. The neuromuscular junction.

The muscle: structure and function of the three muscle types. The contraction of skeletal.

The nervous control of skeletal muscle. Motor units.

General blood functions. Blood
constituents: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Haemostasis.

The heart:
physiological aspects of the myocardium; the cardiac cycle; regulation of the heart pump action. Myocardium excitation and conduction pathways; control mechanisms. the normal ECG. The circulation and the physical laws of haemodynamics. The functions of the arterial and venous systems. Cardiac output and venous return. . Control of blood flow and arterial pressure.

Functional organization of the motor system. The fundamental motor functions: posture; locomotion; Role of motor cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia.

Physiology of vision. The eye and dioptric media; phototransduction; optic pathways; Principles of cortical processing of visual information.

Biophysics and Physiology of the ear. Audition: transmission of acoustic stimuli to the cochlea; biophysics of the Organ of Corti; auditory pathways. Vestibular apparatus: signal transduction; use of vestibular signals.

Respiration: structure of the lungs. Pulmonary pressure and ventilation; Pulmonary volumes. Mechanical properties of the lungs. Pulmonary circulation. Gas exchange. Respiratory gas transport. Control of breathing.

Gastrointestinal physiology: motility, nervous control and blood circulation in the gastrointestinal tract. Food progression and mixing in the digestive tract. Gastrointestinal secretion: salivary, gastric, pancreatic, biliary, intestinal secretions. Food digestion. Absorption of water, nutrients and electrolytes in the small intestine. Absorption in the large intestine.



Module:
Anatomical terminology. General organization of the human body.

Locomotor system: General information on bones, joints and muscles; general information about the movement. Skull, spine, neck, chest wall, abdominal wall, upper and lower limb.

Cardiocirculatory and lymphatic system: Heart and pericardium, arteries, veins and capillaries. Aorta and its primary branches; distribution of the main arteries in the head, trunk and limbs. Venae cavae and their roots. General information on the lymphatic circulation.

Respiratory system: nose and nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, larynx and tracheo-bronchial tree, lungs and pleurae. Mediastinum.

Digestive system: oral cavity and associated salivary glands. Pharynx, esophagus, stomach. Small and large intestine.

Central and peripheral nervous system: general anatomy of the nervous system, spinal cord, brainstem, encephalon. Meninges and liquor. Sensory and motor pathways. Anatomical basis of movement control circuits. Autonomic nervous system. Cranial nerves. Spinal nerves.

Sense organs: anatomical organization of the eye and ocular appendages; organization of the external, middle and internal ear.
In English
Anatomical Terminology & General Organization of the Human Body
Musculoskeletal System: General characteristics of bones, joints, and muscles; principles of movement. Skull, vertebral column, neck, thoracic wall, abdominal wall, upper and lower limbs.
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems: Heart and pericardium, arteries, veins, and capillaries. Aorta and its primary branches; distribution of the main arteries in the head, trunk, and limbs. Venae cavae and their tributaries. Overview of the lymphatic system.
Respiratory System: Nose and nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, tracheobronchial tree, lungs, and pleurae. Mediastinum.
Digestive System: Oral cavity and associated salivary glands. Pharynx, esophagus, stomach. Small and large intestine.
Central and Peripheral Nervous System: General anatomy of the nervous system, spinal cord, brainstem, brain. Meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Sensory and motor pathways. Anatomical basis of movement control circuits. Autonomic nervous system. Cranial nerves. Spinal nerves.
Sense Organs: Anatomical organization of the eye and ocular adnexa. Organization of the outer, middle, and inner ear.


Module:
Cellular aggregation. Cell differentiation. The concepts of tissue, organ, and organ system. Tissue renewal; stem cells and the kinetics of cell populations.
Methods for studying cells and tissues. Fixation, embedding, and staining techniques. Types of microscopes and their applications. Principles of histochemistry and immunocytochemistry: from supracellular structures to molecules.

Epithelial Tissues
General characteristics: cell polarity, cytoskeleton, and membrane specializations. Covering (lining) epithelia: histological organization, classification, and histogenesis. Glandular epithelia. Exocrine and endocrine glands: mechanisms of cellular secretion; histological organization, classification, and histogenesis.

Connective Tissues
Classification of connective tissues: general and specific characteristics of the different connective tissue types. Connective tissue proper. Histogenesis and mesenchyme. Histological organization: cells, extracellular matrix, and fibers. Functions of connective tissue. Specialized connective tissues: reticular tissue, adipose tissue, elastic tissue, and mucous connective tissue. The macrophage system, endocytosis, and lysosomes. Blood. Overview of the composition of blood plasma. Morphology and functions of the formed elements of blood. Myeloid tissue and lymphoid tissue. Hematopoiesis and erythrocyte destruction (hemocatheresis). Supporting connective tissues. Cartilage: histogenesis, histological organization, and functions of the different types of cartilage. Perichondrium. Mechanisms of cartilage nutrition and growth. Bone tissue: histological organization of compact and spongy bone. Periosteum. Types of ossification. Mechanisms of bone growth and remodeling. Functions of bone tissue.

Muscle Tissues
Histogenesis, histological organization, and function of skeletal striated muscle, cardiac striated muscle, and smooth muscle.

Nervous Tissue
Histogenesis and general organization. Types of neurons and their morphology. General structure of neurons; nerve fibers. Synapses. Peripheral nerve endings. Neuroglial cells.

Module:
D.U. Silverthon Human Physiology


Module:
Carinci P, Gaudio E, Marinozzi G.- Anatomia umana e istologia (EDRA)
Saladin K.S.: Anatomia e Fisiologia (Piccin).
Martini, Bartholomew – Elementi di Anatomia Istologia e Fisiologia dell’Uomo (EdiSES).
Marieb E.N, Keller S.M. - Elementi di Anatomia e Fisiologia dell'uomo (Zanichelli).
(uno a scelta dello studente)
Atlanti:
• Platzer, Shiozawa-Bayer: Atlante tascabile di Anatomia Umana v. 1 - Apparato Locomotore (CEA)
• Netter F.H.: Atlante di Anatomia Umana (Edra)
• Schünke et al.: Prometeus – Atlante di Anatomia Umana (EdiSES)
• Paulsen, Waschke: Sobotta – Atlante di Anatomia Umana (Elsevier)
• Anastasi, Tacchetti: Anatomia Umana – Atlante (Edi-ermes)Netter F.H.: Atlante di Anatomia Umana (Edra)



Module:
AA. VV, Elementi di Istologia e cenni di Embriologia, Piccin;
L.P. Gartner e J.L. Hiatt, Atlante a colori e Testo di Istologia, Piccin;
A.L. Mescher, Junqueira Istologia, Testo e Atlante, Piccin;

Module:
N/D
Module:
N/D
Module:
N/D

The lessons will take place in person in the classroom, using slides.

Mandatory attendance for 67% of the lectures

To pass the exam the student must obtain not less than 18/30. The student must demonstrate that he/she
has acquired sufficient knowledge of the topics covered during the course.
To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude the student must instead demonstrate that he/she has acquired
excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, showing ability with the use of technical
terms and correct linguistic expressions.

Describe the physiology of muscle contraction.

Describe the mechanisms underlying the action potential.

Describe the mechanisms that determine filtration at the glomerular level.

Module:



Module:

• The lesson timetables will be published on the website by the teaching office