Medicine and Surgery "G"

Activity type

C_01. Patologia generale e molecolare, immunopatologia, fisiopatologia generale, microbiologia e parassitologia

SSD

MED/04

Year

3rd year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

6

Hours distribution

78 classroom hours

Lecturers

TINA GAROFALO
EMILY SCHIFANO
PASQUALE SIBILIO

Activity type

C_01. Patologia generale e molecolare, immunopatologia, fisiopatologia generale, microbiologia e parassitologia

SSD

MED/04

Year

3rd year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

7

Hours distribution

91 classroom hours

Lecturers

EMILY SCHIFANO
TINA GAROFALO
PASQUALE SIBILIO
ANTONIO ANGELONI

Activity type

C_19. Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze e medicina di precisione

SSD

MED/05

Year

3rd year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

13 classroom hours

Lecturers

ANTONIO ANGELONI

Activity type

C_19. Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze e medicina di precisione, Attività formative affini o integrative

SSD

MED/46, MED/46

Year

3rd year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

2

Hours distribution

26 classroom hours

Lecturers

FRANCESCA MEGIORNI
ROBERTO RIZZI

General Teaching Objectives
The aim of the integrated course is to enable the student to know the etiological bases and the pathogenetic mechanisms of disease in man, as well as the fundamental physiopathological mechanisms of the main organs and apparatuses.
-To be able to interpret the fundamental physiopathological mechanisms of the main organs and apparatuses of disease in humans
-Know how to perform the operations aimed at an analysis of the fundamental pathogenetic and physiopathological mechanisms
of human disease and to interpret the results
-To be aware that the objective of knowing the etiopathogenetic bases of disease and of physiopathological processes constitutes the indispensable substratum for a subsequent clinical approach towards human diseases.

Knowledge of the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, basic pathophysiological mechanisms of major organs and systems. Interpretation of basic pathophysiological and pathogenic mechanisms of human disease.
Ability to analyze the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases and interpret their results.
Knowledge of the pathogenic basis of disease and pathophysiological processes as the essential substrate for subsequent clinical approach to human diseases.

By the end of the course, the student must:
- understand the etiological bases and pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases.
- understand the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms of the main organs, apparatuses, and systems.
- be able to analyze and interpret the fundamental pathogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- recognize that understanding etio-pathogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms forms the basis for the clinical approach to human diseases.

A basic knowledge of biochemistry, biology and genetics, human histology and embryology, microbiology, human anatomy and physiology is required. To take the final exam (including the I and II semester), the student must have passed all the exams of the I and II years and Human Physiology. It is not necessary to have completed the Human Physiology exam to take the eligibility (only I semester topics)

Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY I - GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Pathology and Pathophysiology II – General Pathology, 1st Semester:
Definition of general Pathology. Health status and pathological manifestations. Etiology and pathogenesis. Evolution, course and outcomes of disease.
• Environmental pathology. Pathology from physical agents (radiant energy, thermal energy, electrical energy, mechanical energy). Pathology from chemical agents. Biological agents as a cause of disease. Congenital nonhereditary pathology. Teratogenesis.
• Genetic pathology: Gene mutation pathology. Patterns of hereditary transmission in genetic diseases. Patterns of human genetic diseases. Major human diseases from karyotype abnormalities. Methods of studying genetic diseases (chromosomal, gene and proteomic analysis).
• Molecular pathology: Molecular pathology of proteins. Hemoglobinopathies. Molecular pathology Noncoding RNAs, histone modifications and DNA methylation. Enzyme deficiency pathology. Molecular pathology receptor, channel, mitochondrial and transduction mechanisms. Animal and cellular models of disease.
• Inflammation: generalities on inflammation: acute (angiophlogosis) and chronic (histophlogosis) inflammation; Receptors of innate immunity and inflammation. Cells of inflammation.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation.
• Mechanisms of exudate formation and types of exudate.
• Chronic nongranulomatous inflammation and chronic granulomatous inflammation. Mechanisms of granuloma formation. Foreign body granulomas. Immunologic granulomas.
• Regulation of the inflammatory process: mediators of resolution process. Systemic manifestations of inflammation.
• Repair process.
• Pathology of cellular structures: Cell response to damage: cellular stress, cellular adaptations (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia). Molecular mechanisms of cellular damage. Mechanisms of cell death. Autophagy. Intracellular accumulation (steatosis, glycogenosis, lysosomal diseases).
• Intracellular calcium: mechanisms and dysfunction.
• Pathophysiology of thermoregulation: febrile and non-febrile hyperthermia, hypothermia.


Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY II - TECHNICAL SCIENCES OF LABORATORY MEDICINE
Pathology and Pathophysiology II – General Pathology, 2nd Semester:
Definition of neoplasia and general characteristics of neoplastic development.
• Activation mechanisms and actions of key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
• Genomic heterogeneity of tumors.
• Epigenetic alterations in tumors.
• Epidemiology, nomenclature, and classification of tumors.
• Carcinogenesis: chemical, physical, and biological.
• Fundamental aspects of neoplastic cell metabolism.
• Molecular mechanisms of neoplastic cell invasiveness and the process of
• metastasis.
• Cytological basis for neoplasm grading; criteria for tumor
• staging; biological basis of cancer therapy.
• General pathophysiology of metabolism (purine bases, amino acids, lipids).
• Alterations in fluid-electrolyte and acid-base balance; shock; edema.
• General pathophysiology of diabetes: obesity and metabolic syndrome.
• Molecular and cellular factors involved in atherosclerosis.
• Pathophysiology of circulation and the vascular system.
• General endocrine pathophysiology.
• General pathophysiology of the liver and dyslipidemias.






Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY II - CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
N/D
Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY II - GENERAL PATHOLOGY
N/D

Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY I - GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Mainiero-Misasi-Sorice,- Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia generale, Volumi 1 e 2 ed. Piccin, VII edizione 2026


Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY II - TECHNICAL SCIENCES OF LABORATORY MEDICINE
Mainiero-Misasi-Sorice,- Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia generale, Volumi 1 e 2 ed. Piccin, VII edizione 2026


Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY II - CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
N/D
Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY II - GENERAL PATHOLOGY
N/D

Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY I - GENERAL PATHOLOGY
N/D
Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY II - TECHNICAL SCIENCES OF LABORATORY MEDICINE
N/D
Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY II - CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
N/D
Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY II - GENERAL PATHOLOGY
N/D

flipped classroom

Mandatory attendance of lectures.

Assessment of this learning is conducted through examinations that include not only traditional oral or written tests but also a series of ongoing assessments (self-assessment tests and interim interviews) designed to verify the knowledge acquired. Multiple-choice tests are used for the written assessments.

What are the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity?
Describe the main molecular mechanisms of the inflammatory response.

Module: GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY I - GENERAL PATHOLOGY

• General etiology: Health status and pathological manifestations. Etiology and pathogenesis. Evolution, course, and outcomes of disease.


• Environmental pathology


• Genetic disorder


• Molecular phatology


• Inflammatory mediators.


• Mechanisms of exudate formation and types of exudate


• Chronic non-granulomatous inflammation and chronic granulomatous inflammation. Mechanisms of granuloma formation. Foreign-body granulomas. Immunological granulomas.


• Resolution of inflammation: mediators of resolution. Systemic manifestations of inflammation. Repair process.


• Pathology of cellular structures


• Intracellular calcium: mechanisms and dysfunction


• Pathophysiology of thermoregulation: febrile and non-febrile hyperthermia, hypothermia

• Definition of neoplasia and the general characteristics of neoplastic development.


• Define the concepts of carcinogenesis (chemical, physical, and biological), co-carcinogenesis, and syncarcinogenesis.


• Understand the epidemiology, nomenclature, and classification of tumors.


• Understand the fundamental aspects of neoplastic cell metabolism.


• Understand the activation mechanism and action of the main oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.


• To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the invasiveness of neoplastic cells and the process of metastasis.


• Classification of tumors


• Understand the biological basis of cancer therapy.


• General pathophysiology of diabetes.


• List and describe the molecular and cellular factors involved in atherosclerosis.

• MEGIORNI Lecture 1 (4 hours): Complete blood count (CBC). The role of the laboratory in the classification of anemia (thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies, hemolytic anemias, and megaloblastic anemias).Lecture 2 (4 hours): Iron metabolism and iron deficiency anemia. Porphyrias.Lecture 3 (4 hours): Lipid metabolism and dyslipidemias. Metabolic syndrome.
  • Books: Recommended textbooks and lecture slides provided by the instructor.


• RIZZI Lecture 1 (4 hours): Cardiovascular risk factors.Lecture 2 (4 hours): Biomarkers of myocardial injury and acute coronary syndromes.Lecture 3 (4 hours): Discussion of clinical cases and diagnostic/prognostic algorithms in cardiovascular diseases.
  • Books: Recommended textbooks and lecture slides provided by the instructor.