Study plan

The curriculum taught in Italian, for which 36 ECTS are required in total, includes a number of ECTS ranging from 0 to 3 for additional language skills. Such 3 ECTS will be deducted from those of the degree exam.

Genetica e Biologia Molecolare (percorso valido anche ai fini del conseguimento del doppio titolo italo-francese)

First year

Orientamento unico
Course		Semester	CFU	SSD
1038204 - Gene expression regulation in eukaryotes	The main objective of the course is to provide students with the basics to address the study and understanding of the mechanisms underlying the control of gene expression that act at different levels, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational. The main objective of the course is to provide students with the basics to address the study and understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms responsible for the structure and expression of the genome. Knowledge and understanding The student: - Knows the correct terminology of molecular biology; - Knows the molecular bases of biological systems and processes; - Know the mechanisms and the different levels of gene expression regulation, and their integration; -It knows the basic techniques for the study of nucleic acids Ability to apply knowledge and understanding The student: - knows how to correctly use molecular biology terminology; - will be able to orientate itself in the understanding and design of approaches to modulation of gene expression for therapeutic or biotechnological purposes; - is able to use the knowledge on techniques for the study of nucleic acids to design an experiment in research.	First semester	12
MODULO II		First semester	6	BIO/11
MODULO I		First semester	6	BIO/11
- A SCELTA DELLO STUDENTE		First semester	6
1012882 - STRUCTURE BIOSYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF PROTEINS	General aims This course aims to lead students to a deeper knowledge on folds and folding of proteins and protein complexes, to enable them to present/disseminate/discuss specific protein structure-function relationships, and to introduce them to current knowledge on "molecular machines”. Specific aims • Preliminary knowledge Basic notions of protein structure (indispensable), molecular biology (indispensable), genetics (important) and cellular biology (important) • Knowledge of the student at the end of the course: Students will acquire knowledge of the complex dynamic events that bring the newly formed polypeptides to assume 3D structures and biological functions, and will familiarize with the main methodologies in protein structure determination. • Acquired skills of the student with this course: At the end of the course, students will be able to query protein 3D databases, and to create publication quality images and movies by molecular graphics. • Critical and judgmental skills acquired at the end of the course: Students will know how to discuss in depth structure-function relationships of specific proteins, to interpret in a structural key the biological consequences of genetic mutations, and to address the design of modified protein structures. • Communication skills on course content: The final assessment intends to evaluate acquired knowledge, but also student skills in the use of molecular graphic programs, both in research and in result dissemination. • Ability to continue independently From the knowledge of the addressed topics, students will have acquired the cultural background and the prerequisite skills to face a wide range of Protein Biochemistry issues.	Second semester	6	BIO/10
1020953 - HUMAN GENETICS	General skills The course deals with the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. The main goal of the course is to provide students with an in-depth knowledge of human genomic structure and function, and causes and consequences of “normal” and pathological diversity at the DNA level. The course includes classroom lessons during which the knowledge about the genomic structure and variability will be applied to the resolution of typical genetic counseling cases. During the course students will learn to use databases and browsers related to human genetics. The course requires knowledge of Mendelian genetics and population genetics, and basic knowledge of statistics and probability theory. Specific skills A) Knowledge and understanding - Deep knowledge of human genome structure and function - Knowledge of the human genetic diversity, how it originates and how it impacts on phenotypic expression and genome evolution - Knowledge and understanding of different inheritance pattern - Knowledge and understanding of the genetic basis of the most important hereditary disease - Knowledge and understanding of the peculiarities of the methods used in human genetic mapping B) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding - Be able to use specific terminology - Be able to interpret pedigrees in genetic counseling cases - Be able to give a statistical weight to observations - Be able to find and select the correct tools (e.g. variant databases, genome browsers etc) for deepening knowledge C) Making judgements Through the in-depth analysis of many cases, the student will acquire critical judgement skills D) Communication skills - During the lessons, students will be encouraged to communicate and interact with the teacher and other students on forensic topics E) Learning ability - Learning the specific terminology - Be able to make the logical connections between the topics covered - Be able to identify the most relevant topics and to pursue independently the study of advanced topics in human genetics	Second semester	6	BIO/18
Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biodiversità e ambiente		Go to group
Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biomedico		Go to group
Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biomolecolare		Go to group
Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore affini e integrativi		Go to group

Second year

Orientamento unico
Course		Semester	CFU
- A SCELTA DELLO STUDENTE		First semester	6
AAF1041 - STAGE	The credits awarded to the training activity can be acquired through laboratory activities or attendance of seminars scientific certificates certified by presence certificate and approved by the CLM.	First semester	3
AAF1037 - FINAL EXAM	The final exam consists in the presentation of a written paper and in an oral discussion on experiments carried out by the student as a fundamental part of the curriculum of the Master of Science GBM.	Second semester	39
Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biodiversità e ambiente		Go to group

Genetics and Molecular Biology (percorso valido anche ai fini del conseguimento del doppio titolo italo-francese) - in lingua inglese

First year

Orientamento unico
Course		Semester	CFU	SSD
1051857 - Gene expression regulation of eukaryotes	The course is aimed at providing the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms controlling the biosynthesis and maturation of RNA molecules and how these processes can be modulated in gene expression control. Specific emphasis will be given to those inherited and acquired genetic disorders where deregulated RNA maturation occurs. Moreover, attention will be devoted to the acquisition of skills relating to the evolution and function of the non coding portion of the genome. Emphasis will be given to the so-called "transversal knowledge" regarding the interdisciplinary approaches necessary for the advanced study of molecular biology.	First semester	12
Mod I		First semester	6	BIO/11
Mod II		First semester	6	BIO/11
- A SCELTA DELLO STUDENTE		First semester	6
1051868 - Structure, Biosynthesis and Analysis of Proteins	General aims This course aims to lead students to a deeper knowledge on folds and folding of proteins and protein complexes, to enable them to present/disseminate/discuss specific protein structure-function relationships, and to introduce them to current knowledge on "molecular machines”. Specific aims • Preliminary knowledge Basic notions of protein structure (indispensable), molecular biology (indispensable), genetics (important) and cellular biology (important) • Knowledge of the student at the end of the course: Students will acquire knowledge of the complex dynamic events that bring the newly formed polypeptides to assume 3D structures and biological functions, and will familiarize with the main methodologies in protein structure determination. • Acquired skills of the student with this course: At the end of the course, students will be able to query protein 3D databases, and to create publication quality images and movies by molecular graphics. • Critical and judgmental skills acquired at the end of the course: Students will know how to discuss in depth structure-function relationships of specific proteins, to interpret in a structural key the biological consequences of genetic mutations, and to address the design of modified protein structures. • Communication skills on course content: The final assessment intends to evaluate acquired knowledge, but also student skills in the use of molecular graphic programs, both in research and in result dissemination. • Ability to continue independently From the knowledge of the addressed topics, students will have acquired the cultural background and the prerequisite skills to face a wide range of Protein Biochemistry issues.	Second semester	6	BIO/10
1051859 - Human Genetics	Knowledge of the main examples of gene structure and function in humans. Understanding of the potential applications of genetic analysis both in monogenic and multifactorial characters.	Second semester	6	BIO/18
Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biodiversità e ambiente del curriculum in inglese		Go to group		BIO/06
Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biomedico per il curriculum in lingua inglese		Go to group
Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biomolecolare per il curriculum in lingua inglese		Go to group
Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore affini e integrativi per il curriculum in lingua inglese		Go to group

Second year

Orientamento unico
Course		Semester	CFU	SSD
AAF1041 - STAGE	The credits awarded to the training activity can be acquired through laboratory activities or attendance of seminars scientific certificates certified by presence certificate and approved by the CLM.	First semester	3
- A SCELTA DELLO STUDENTE		First semester	6
AAF1037 - FINAL EXAM	The final exam consists in the presentation of a written paper and in an oral discussion on experiments carried out by the student as a fundamental part of the curriculum of the Master of Science GBM.	Second semester	39
Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biodiversità e ambiente del curriculum in inglese		Go to group		BIO/06

Optional Groups

**Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biodiversità e ambiente: The student must acquire 6 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD
1051853 - Cell Cycle	The cell division cycle underlies as fundamental processes as development, growth, regeneration, stem cell maintenance and differentiation. It integrates all levels of control operating in molecular biology; the loss of these controls favour cell transformation and neoplastic growth. The course will critically examine the emerging concepts, experimental models and forefront methods in cell cycle studies with the aim to understand its regulatory mechanisms and clarify the converging pathways between development and cancer.	First year	First semester	6	BIO/06
1034856 - BIODIVERSITY AND HUMAN EVOLUTION	General objectives The course aims to develop knowledge and skills of the students on the main aspects of human biodiversity in an evolutionary framework, making them aware of the potential impact of such discipline for basic and biomedical research. Specific objectives To acquire a full "knowledge and understanding" of human biology and biodiversity, especially in the biomolecular aspects. To develop the ability of "applying knowledge and understanding" with use of online resources and dedicated software that are currently used for genetic ad genomic analysis in human biodiversity studies. To cultivate the capacity of "making judgements" through the discussion in the classroom of topics chosen during the lectures. To promote “communication” skills through the presentation of a chosen topic at the end of the course.	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/08
1051861 - Intracellular trafficking	General Objectives: the main objective of the class is to provide the students with the basic knowledge on sorting and trafficking of molecules in the cell. The class will focus on protein sorting in the different cellular sub-domains. Lessons will be starting from basic cell biology concepts to evolve toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the spatial and functional differentiation of different cellular sub-regions. Alterations of these mechanisms will be described in relation to pathological conditions. Specific objectives: In order to pass the final exam, students will need show to have acquired knowledge on the different routes of the intracellular trafficking crucial in defying the specialization and differentiation of the cell. The concept of signal sequence as a sorting signal will be deeply described as well as the main types of transport among the different cellular compartments. The gated transport from the cytoplasm and the nucleus (and vice versa), the transport through the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and the vesicular transport to move molecules from the different compartments of the secretory pathway and the plasma membrane. Inward vesicular transport will be also described for the endocytosis process and regulated exocytosis will be reviewed for the description of the molecular mechanisms regulating the release of the neurotransmitter at the pre-synaptic terminals. Cellular checkpoints will be presented as quality control crossroads to ensure proteins are properly sorted in the cell. Protein folding in the cytosol and in the endoplasmic reticulum will be reviewed by comparing the class of molecular chaperones that are involved. Finally, degradation pathways in the cells will be also considered focusing on the proteasome for the cytosolic proteins and the ones deriving from the endoplasmic reticulum. At the end of the class students should be able to elaborate and organize their own ideas on different molecular mechanisms the cellular functions are based on and to describe the experimental approaches that have been used to study them. Communication skills on the cellular topics described in the class will be practiced by the students through a short group-presentation by using slides with the images taken from the article they have chosen to present. This will be useful to improve the scientific language for describing cell biology problems and methodologies. Students will be studying the topics presented in the class by integrating their personal notes with scientific articles and reviews provided by the teacher. One of the objectives of the class is stimulating a critical opinion on the comprehension reading of the scientific articles. The students are welcome to develop their own interests on specific topics by interacting directly and individually with the teacher and asking for additional material. In order to connect basic cell biology topics to lab experimental approaches, at the end of the class around 5 to 7 lessons will be dedicated to seminars held by researchers from different institutes working on pathological issues linked to the class. This is very much appreciated by the students that have the chance to interact directly with researchers from different fields and to connect theoretical notions to practical issues. Moreover, this offers the student the chance to get oriented for deciding where to apply for the preparation of the final master thesis.	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/06
1051853 - Cell Cycle	The cell division cycle underlies as fundamental processes as development, growth, regeneration, stem cell maintenance and differentiation. It integrates all levels of control operating in molecular biology; the loss of these controls favour cell transformation and neoplastic growth. The course will critically examine the emerging concepts, experimental models and forefront methods in cell cycle studies with the aim to understand its regulatory mechanisms and clarify the converging pathways between development and cancer.	Second year	First semester	6	BIO/06
1034856 - BIODIVERSITY AND HUMAN EVOLUTION	General objectives The course aims to develop knowledge and skills of the students on the main aspects of human biodiversity in an evolutionary framework, making them aware of the potential impact of such discipline for basic and biomedical research. Specific objectives To acquire a full "knowledge and understanding" of human biology and biodiversity, especially in the biomolecular aspects. To develop the ability of "applying knowledge and understanding" with use of online resources and dedicated software that are currently used for genetic ad genomic analysis in human biodiversity studies. To cultivate the capacity of "making judgements" through the discussion in the classroom of topics chosen during the lectures. To promote “communication” skills through the presentation of a chosen topic at the end of the course.	Second year	Second semester	6	BIO/08
1051861 - Intracellular trafficking	General Objectives: the main objective of the class is to provide the students with the basic knowledge on sorting and trafficking of molecules in the cell. The class will focus on protein sorting in the different cellular sub-domains. Lessons will be starting from basic cell biology concepts to evolve toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the spatial and functional differentiation of different cellular sub-regions. Alterations of these mechanisms will be described in relation to pathological conditions. Specific objectives: In order to pass the final exam, students will need show to have acquired knowledge on the different routes of the intracellular trafficking crucial in defying the specialization and differentiation of the cell. The concept of signal sequence as a sorting signal will be deeply described as well as the main types of transport among the different cellular compartments. The gated transport from the cytoplasm and the nucleus (and vice versa), the transport through the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and the vesicular transport to move molecules from the different compartments of the secretory pathway and the plasma membrane. Inward vesicular transport will be also described for the endocytosis process and regulated exocytosis will be reviewed for the description of the molecular mechanisms regulating the release of the neurotransmitter at the pre-synaptic terminals. Cellular checkpoints will be presented as quality control crossroads to ensure proteins are properly sorted in the cell. Protein folding in the cytosol and in the endoplasmic reticulum will be reviewed by comparing the class of molecular chaperones that are involved. Finally, degradation pathways in the cells will be also considered focusing on the proteasome for the cytosolic proteins and the ones deriving from the endoplasmic reticulum. At the end of the class students should be able to elaborate and organize their own ideas on different molecular mechanisms the cellular functions are based on and to describe the experimental approaches that have been used to study them. Communication skills on the cellular topics described in the class will be practiced by the students through a short group-presentation by using slides with the images taken from the article they have chosen to present. This will be useful to improve the scientific language for describing cell biology problems and methodologies. Students will be studying the topics presented in the class by integrating their personal notes with scientific articles and reviews provided by the teacher. One of the objectives of the class is stimulating a critical opinion on the comprehension reading of the scientific articles. The students are welcome to develop their own interests on specific topics by interacting directly and individually with the teacher and asking for additional material. In order to connect basic cell biology topics to lab experimental approaches, at the end of the class around 5 to 7 lessons will be dedicated to seminars held by researchers from different institutes working on pathological issues linked to the class. This is very much appreciated by the students that have the chance to interact directly with researchers from different fields and to connect theoretical notions to practical issues. Moreover, this offers the student the chance to get oriented for deciding where to apply for the preparation of the final master thesis.	Second year	Second semester	6	BIO/06

**Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biomolecolare: The student must acquire 12 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD
1044464 - epigenetics of gene expression	General aims This course aims to present how gene expression is also controlled by reversible and inheritable phenomena such as DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA activities. These processes may operate over the regular genetic control and represent the "epigenetic space" of regulation. Students will learn how epigenetic processes occur in different organisms and control vast array of biological functions, such as tissue/organ regeneration, X-chromosome inactivation, stem cells differentiation and genomic imprinting. The epigenetic aberrations underlying many diseases, including cancer, disorders of the nervous systems, and aging will be also discussed. Specific aims • Preliminary knowledge The student who addresses this course must possess the basic notions of molecular biology (indispensable), genetics (important) and biochemistry (important). • Knowledge of the student at the end of the course: With this course the students acquire the knowledge of a level of regulation of gene expression that acts over the genetic one, but on which it depends. With particular regard to the interaction with the environment around us. • Acquired skills of the student with this course The student knows how to deal with issues concerning the regulatory aspect at the base of the main cellular processes; has the fundamentals to be able to read and understand a scientific article of high detail • Critical and judgmental skills acquired at the end of the course Through the knowledge of the principles and details of epigenetic regulation, students acquire a good critical and scientific judgment of these problems • Communication skills on course content The students are evaluated not only on their specific knowledge of the contents of the study program, but also to know how to expose the issues in question with balance, properties of scientific language and in-depth study. • Ability to continue independently In this regard, students will have acquired knowledge and critical skills in the field of epigenetic regulation and will be able to look with a new perspective on the main cellular processes that they will encounter in their scientific career.	First year	First semester	6	BIO/11
1038187 - EPIGENETICS	Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence.The course aims to discuss and explore the molecular mechanisms that regulate epigenetic phenomena (chromatin remodeling, histone modification and histone code, heterochromatic proteins, DNA methylation, RNA interference) and the cellular processes that exploit this kind of regualtion (genomic and chromosomal imprinting, facultative heterochromatin, chromosome elimination, position effect of variegation and paramutation). In addition this course will allow students to learn modern approaches to study the chromatin modifications. We will examine most interesting non-canonical genetic events that involve epigenetic mechanisms. In nature, in fact, exist many variations of basic biological processes, such as meiosis and mitosis, and chromosomal structures, such as telomeres and centromeres. The aim is to demonstrate that the study of non-canonical genetic systems allows to obtain meaningful information about their evolutionary significance and the corresponding canonical processes. A further goal is to illustrate the biology of transposons and their role in gene expression and genomic organization.	First year	First semester	6	BIO/18
1038174 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF STAMINA CELLS	The course aims to provide knowledge on the fundamental properties of stem cells, with particular focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate their capacity of self-renewal and differentiation. The course also intends to clarify the potential of somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), providing notions about the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the reprogramming process. Examples of the use of stem cells for the creation of in vitro model systems of different human diseases and regenerative medicine will be provided. The student is guided along the path to arrive at an understanding of the processes that determine the peculiar capacities of stem cells to give rise to the different types of differentiated cells that build up organs and tissues. There are no laboratory activities. Knowledge and understanding The student: - Knows correctly the terminology related to stem cells; - Knows the molecular basis of biological processes that regulate self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells; - Knows the different levels of epigenetic regulation of stem cell differentiation; - Knows the basic techniques for the study of stem cells Ability to apply knowledge and understanding The student: - knows how to properly use stem cell terminology - can distinguish the different types of stem cells, also based on their differentiation potential - can evaluate the possible use of stem cells as model systems in biology; - knows how to evaluate the possible applications of stem cells - is able to use the knowledge on the techniques for the study of stem cells to design an experiment in the laboratory.	First year	First semester	6	BIO/11
1023690 - Genetics of development	The aim of the course is to provide students with the most advanced Genetics methodologies through the study of a complex biological process, and the conceptual tools to understand the genetic bases of development in higher organisms, also by an evolutionary point of view. Students who have passed the exam will be able to know and understand (knowledge and understanding): - how the development processes originated and evolved - how the development of higher organisms is controlled at the genetic level - how the architecture of the body of higher organisms is built Students who have passed the exam will be able to (applying knowledge and understanding): - to evaluate the most appropriate genetic methods to solve scientific problems concerning the development of organisms - evaluate the importance of model organisms for the study of human development and its pathologies Students who have passed the exam will be able to (making judgements) - critically analyze some aspects related to social problems	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/18
1041433 - Genetics of aging	There is much evidence on the involvement of genes in the control of life span and senescence. These two aspects of the life cycle of an organism can therefore be considered two dissectionable phenotypes through a mutational analysis. The course aims to illustrate the most relevant results obtained in different model systems using formal genetic and molecular approaches. Acquired knowledge: Students who have passed the exam will be able to know and understand: - the genetic theories of senescence - the main mechanisms of senescence - the relationship between aging and cancer Acquired skills: Students who have passed the exam will be able to: - to evaluate which genetic techniques are most appropriate to solve scientific problems concerning senescence and length of life - evaluate the importance of model organisms for the study of aging and related diseases Autonomy of giudiuzio: Students who have passed the exam will be able to: - critically analyze some aspects related to aging	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/18
1051932 - Genome Evolution	The course aims is to provide students with a solid theoretical basis that will enable them to understand what the organization of genomes and what are the molecular mechanisms that underlie their evolution. The course aims to explore the evolutionary events that led to the current genomic and chromatin organization comparing the genomes and the chromatin architecture from the simple eukaryotes to the primates. To the modern formulation of molecular evolution have contributed the most diverse disciplines: genetics, molecular biology, genomics, mathematics, statistics, ecology etc. The study of this matter allows the student to be placed in a logical perspective and unifying many of the knowledge acquired in other courses contributing substantially to the understanding of "what a genome is and especially as it has become such." The acquisition of knowledge and understanding skills are obtained and followed through participation in lectures and teaching workshops. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: In this area of learning, through lessons and educational workshops on the topics of the program considered most interesting, often chosen by the students, it will be possible to study the evolutionary events that led to the current genomic and chromatin organization. These evolutionary events will be investigated starting from the formation of the first cells with proto-nuclei, comparing the genomes and the chromatin architecture of species with increasing structural and functional complexity of the genome, up to the higher eukaryotes, primates and man. The ability not only to acquire knowledge and understanding, but above all to evaluate the ability to apply them appropriately, are obtained and followed by participation in lectures and educational workshops. For this purpose, moreover, laboratory activities that contribute to the development of autonomous in-depth abilities and critical skills of the acquired knowledge will take place, so that the students are able to transmit them and continue independently in their study. The evaluation consists of an oral test that aims to assess the acquired knowledge and the ability to apply it in an appropriate manner. In order to better evaluate the student's critical and in-depth abilities, presentations will be useful from recently published work on subjects covered in class.	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/18

**Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biomolecolare per il curriculum in lingua inglese: The student must acquire 18 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD
1051858 - Gene Therapy	Objectives: The course will focus on gene and cell therapy subjects, with both clinical and biological perspective. Teaching aims at inducing not only knowledge improvement but also acquisition of critical view regarding experimental and clinical data. Knowledge and understanding Biomedicine and gene therapy vectors Applying knowledge and understanding Molecular medicine Making judgements Weaknesses and strengths of translational medicine Communication skills Team work for data discussion Lifelong learning skills Critical comprehension of scientific literature	First year	First semester	6	BIO/18
1051860 - Methods in Human Genetics	The course’s main goal is making students explore the theoretical bases of most recent genetic-molecular methods employed in human molecular genetics for the identification of genes responsible for monogenic, polygenic or multifactorial diseases. Furthermore this course, which is entirely taught in English, aims at providing students with basic concepts regarding genetic tests for the identification of pathologic genetic variants at a population level. The course goals will be reached through a general description of methods and their employment by means of critical analysis of scientific articles made available to the students. Specific tasks: A) Knowledge and understanding Knowledge and understanding of techniques for the analysis of genetic (either large or small) variants of human genome. Knowledge and understanding of genetic and molecular strategies for human gene tracking Knowledge and understanding of methods in human molecular cytogenetics and cytogenomics with a particular reference to clinic cytogenetics Knowledge and understanding of molecular strategies for the development of human genetic tests aimed to the identification of pathogenic variants within populations. B) Applying knowledge and understanding - Proper usage of scientific language -Identification of criteria for the identification of normal and pathogenic variants -Acquisition of conceptual tools to understand methods for the most appropriate genetic analyses -Usage and understanding of on-line data banks for disease gene priororitation. C) Making judgments Learning to address specific questions for the elaboration and comprehension of acquired knowledge D) Communication skills Communicating with a proper scientific language the human genetics concepts acquired during classes Development of communication skills in English by means of ppt presentations showing topics taken from selected scientific articles E) Learning skills Making a conceptual map of acquired information gained during the course Comprehension of concepts underlying methods that have been described in the selected scientific articles.	First year	First semester	6	BIO/18
1051864 - Molecular Methods	The aim of this course is that the students should acquire a deep level of knowledge of advanced molecular methodologies such as Next Generation Sequencing, single molecule techniques and CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing techniques. After the completion of the course, students are expected to: 1. Know the most important methodologies in Molecular Biology developed since the completion of the Human Genome Project, in particular NGS applications and new gene and genome editing techniques 2. Understanding how the different methodological approaches studied may be used to answer a specific scientific question 3. Be able to analyze and interpret recent scientific articles, including the methodologies used 4. Be able to identify which methods should be used to address a specific scientific issue	First year	First semester	6	BIO/11
10592823 - Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Development	1)Basic principle of developmental Biology a) differences and similarities between Animal and Plant development. b) pattern formation (genetic networks controlling apical-basal and radial axis). c) how to create a morphogenetic gradient: regulation of the polar auxin transport and regulation of plasmodesmata mediated intercellular trafficking. 2) Plant Stem cell niche a) clonal analysis (CRE/LOX system, UAS/GAL4 system). b) Molecular mechanisms controlling stem cell niche positioning: the antagonism between PLT and PHB. c) molecular mechanisms involved in stem cell niche maintenance: WUS/CLV pathway, SHR/SCR pathway, auxin pathway. d) stem cell niche evolution from ferns to angiosperms. e) molecular mechanisms controlling regeneration. 3) Cell differentiation a) molecular mechanisms regulating transit amplifying cells, bistable circuits involving RBr regulation. b) molecular mechanisms regulating cell elongation and differentiation. Involvement of the cytokinin pathway and CUC pathways. c) hormones and cell-non autonomous mechanisms: molecular frameworks regulating auxin cytokinin antagonism. d) molecular mechanisms involved in balancing cell division with cell differentiation, cytokinin control of auxin distribution and gibberellin dependent regulation of ARR transcription factors. 4) Cell cycle and development a) Differences and similarities in cell cycle regulators between animals and plants. b) involvement of cell cycle in plant development, the role of CDKA and B in root development. c) regulation of cell cycle during plant development: interaction between CYCD6;1 and RBr, interaction between cytokinin and RBr. 5) microRNA and Plant development a) Differences and similarities between animal miRNA and Plant miRNA. b) methodologies to study miRNA activity in developmental biology. b) Involvement of specific miRNA families in plant development. 6) Evo-Devo a) approaches to study comparative development. b) genomic variability and evolution (gene loss, interspecific differential cis and trans regulation and enhancers variability in evo devo). c) interspecific developmental variability of macroscopical and microscopical traits. d) molecular mechanisms controlling interspecific morphological variability in evolution with regards to RCO transcription factor and miR165/6/PHB antagonism. e) molecular mechanisms controlling heterochrony: a case for FLC and miR156. 7) System Biology* a) continuous and discontinuous computational models b) computational modelling describing morphogenetic gradient c) How to use computational modelling to predict organ growth	First year	First semester	6	BIO/11
1051863 - Molecular Biology of Stem Cells	The course aims to provide knowledge on the fundamental properties of stem cells, with particular focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate their capacity of self-renewal and differentiation. The course also intends to clarify the potential of somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), providing notions about the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the reprogramming process. Examples of the use of stem cells for the creation of in vitro model systems of different human diseases and regenerative medicine will be provided. The student is guided along the path to arrive at an understanding of the processes that determine the peculiar capacities of stem cells to give rise to the different types of differentiated cells that build up organs and tissues. There are no laboratory activities. Knowledge and understanding The student: - Knows correctly the terminology related to stem cells; - Knows the molecular basis of biological processes that regulate self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells; - Knows the different levels of epigenetic regulation of stem cell differentiation; - Knows the basic techniques for the study of stem cells Ability to apply knowledge and understanding The student: - knows how to properly use stem cell terminology - can distinguish the different types of stem cells, also based on their differentiation potential - can evaluate the possible use of stem cells as model systems in biology; - knows how to evaluate the possible applications of stem cells - is able to use the knowledge on the techniques for the study of stem cells to design an experiment in the laboratory.	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/11

**Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore affini e integrativi: The student must acquire 12 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD
1038190 - EPIDEMIOLOGY	The course will provide an introduction to basic principles and concepts of epidemiology relating to the design, analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies. By the end of this course students are expected to understand and be able to apply measures of disease incidence and prevalence and measures of effect, strengths and limitations of the basic epidemiological study designs, understand issues such as chance, bias, confounding and effect modification and be able to critically interpret evidence and assess causality. By the end of the course students should be able to: A) (knowledge and understanding) - know and understand basic principles and concepts of epidemiology focusing on the design, analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies B) (applying knowledge and understanding) - generate a research hypothesis testable with an epidemiological study - analyse epidemiological data using appropriate software C) (making judgements) - judge critically pros and cons of different epidemiological study designs. D) (communication skills) - communicate and syntetise results of an epidemiological study to peers through a presentation E) (learning skills) - learn and evaluate epidemiological research in a self-directed manner, supported by web and text consultations	First year	First semester	6	MED/42
1051866 - Pharmacology in drug discovery	Main aim The main aim of the course is to allow the student in GMB to acquire the basic concepts of Pharmacology, which will be useful to its inclusion in sectors of the job market related to the Drug Discovery Process, or to enter third level-education programs requiring a basic pharmacology knowledge. Specific aims This objective will be pursued through an articulated knowledge about a range of basic aspects of drug development including pharmacology, such as target identification, drug testing, pharmacokinetics investigations, safety requirements (in vitro and in animal toxicological evaluations), phases of clinical development and postmarketing surveillance. Among the skills that will be acquired by the student at the end of the course the making judgments and communication skills will be stimulated by inviting students to present to their colleagues a recent publication they chose from the scientific literature concerning pharmacological studies in one of the aforesaid aspects of drug development. The presentation will be followed by a discussion on the results that will involve the other students in the class. Finally, through the reference to scientific databases (eg. Pubmed) or to websites of public or private organizations in the area of Pharmacology (eg AIFA, ISS, Italian Pharmacology Society), the course will provide the student with indications on the use of such sources to develop learning skills necessary for his/her autonomous education in this field.	First year	First semester	6	BIO/14
1051867 - Proteomics	General aims This course will introduce students both to the main methodological tools in proteomics, as well as to the successes achieved by prote-ome characterizations in the field of biomedicine. In particular we will address techniques, methodologies and strategies underlying qualitative (maps or proteomic lists), quantitative (proteomic profiles), structural (proteoform profiling), and functional (protein-protein networks) analyses of the cellular proteomes. Specific aims • Preliminary knowledge Basic notions of protein structure (indispensable), molecular biology (indispensable), genetics (important) and cellular biology (important) • Knowledge of the student at the end of the course: In-depth knowledge of cutting-edge techniques, methodologies and strategies, both in proteome characterization and profiling. Awareness of the achievable results by proteomic applications in biomedicine. • Acquired skills of the student with this course: Skills for a critical evaluation of alternative proteomic pipelines. Skills in proteomic data mining. • Critical and judgmental skills acquired at the end of the course: At the end of the course, students will be able to expertly discuss the applications of proteomics in unveiling the molecular bases of the physio-pathological cell transitions. • Communication skills on course content: The student will be assessed not only on the basis of the acquired knowledge, but also on suitable communication skills in the field of proteomics. • Ability to continue independently Students are expected to be able both of matching appropriate proteomics technologies with the results to be obtained, and of interpreting proteomics data.	First year	First semester	6	BIO/10
1014520 - SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS AND MODELS FOR Metabolomics: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS	Knowledge of the main spectroscopic methodologies and mathematical models for the identification and characterization of metabolome. Advanced understanding of applications of metabolomics in the identification of cell metabolic phenotype in relation to environmental changes and gene functions of microorganisms , plant and animal systems, up to human system.	First year	Second semester	6	CHIM/02
1023324 - MOLECULAR VIROLOGY	Research in Virology allows accomplishing, with relative ease, fundamental discoveries on the mechanisms that regulate complex biological processes and on the origin of life. Thanks to the study of the biology of viruses, in the effort to fight the negative effects they have on their hosts, it has been possible to use them to our advantage so that today Virology has many applications in biotechnology. The discoveries in the field of Virology increase unabated providing more and more knowledge on the molecular details of viruses, including the interactions with their hosts. The breadth of information, old and new, requires to limit the number of viruses discussed in the teaching of Virology, making a selection of examples to be illustrated, which demonstrate broad principles as well as specific detail. Through in-depth discussion of selected topics, the teaching of Molecular Virology aims to provide a comprehensive view of the world of viruses, characterized by such great diversity, knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of the virus life cycle and of their influence on the physiology of the host cell, and the molecular basis of their use in biotechnology. Finally, by including some flipped lessons, the Course of Molecular Virology aims to improve the students’ skills to communicate their knowledge to both specialists and non-specialists. Intended Learning Outcomes of Course By the end of Molecular Virology Course, students will acquire knowledge on: - The pivotal role of molecular virology discoveries on the understanding of the main biological processes; - The mechanisms by which hosts control virus infection and how different viruses overcome these; - The life cycles of selected DNA and RNA viruses; - The molecular basis for how certain viruses cause disease; - Why do viruses cause cancer; - The molecular basis of antiviral therapy - The current state of scientific knowledge for several virus systems under study; - The molecular basis for creating recombinant viruses. By the end of the Molecular Virology Course, students should be able to: - Develop a detailed understanding of the molecular biology underpinning viral replication cycles and virus-host interactions to build original ideas aimed at creating biotechnological tools to be used in a research context; - Apply their knowledge and understanding to solve problems in medical sphere associated to viral infection, identifying potential targets for designing antiviral drugs. - Integrate the acquired knowledge for facing emerging viral infection, express judgments and reflect on social and ethical responsibilities linked to vaccines and genome editing. - Communicate responsibly and illustrate correctly, to specialist and non-specialist audiences, the potential of new technologies based on recombinant viruses both in developing new vaccines and the manipulation of eukaryotic cells. - Continue to study in autonomous manner bio-molecular aspects aimed at understanding and explaining new viral infections and their consequences at the cell and the whole organism level.	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/19
1051931 - DATA ANALYSIS	In-depth knowledge of methods for data taking and analysis of experimental results, mainly by laboratory experiments and lecture-hall practice. Exploitation of instruments, hardware and software tools. Application of advanced methods for statistical inference (parametric and non parametric methods, test of hypothesis) to actual data from current literature or experiments in the context of the specific master degree.	First year	Second semester	6	FIS/01
10589662 - COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN BIOLOGY	The original papers from which the information is going to be presented will be discussed critically and the tools to reproduce the key parts of the analysis will be acquired. The open dialogue with the students will ensure that they will be able to communicate what they learn. Slides and link to webpages will help them towards autonomous digesting of what is presented in the class. Communication skills: The class will interact with the teacher with the aim of learning the way to formulate1) the theoretical approach that leads to 2) the building of a computational model for biological data. Learning skills: The formal language to formulate 1) a statistical hypothesis and 2) to build a model will be the key learning point of this class. All the soft skills associated with the learning will make the student able to apply this forma mentis to other scientific fields. Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the students will be aware of concepts such as: Protein and RNA structure, RNA-seq data, RIP and CLIP-seq Algorithms for structure analysis; Grand Challenges in Biology that can be addressed computationally; Methods for the analysis of biological data: modelling and predictive approaches Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the students will be able to: Build the key elements to develop a software system for molecular biology; Master the statistics behind the calculations and reproduce parts of the analysis	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/10
10592824 - Molecular parassitology	Main objectives The course of Molecular Parasitology aims to provide students with the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the biology of parasites and vectors, their pathogenicity and their coevolution with the host, with particular interest in the vector-parasite and host-parasite molecular interplays. Human parasitic protozoa, helminths and arthropods will be part of the syllabus, with particular attention to the molecular biology of the vectors. The lessons will address different aspects of parasitological relationships, starting from the fundamental biological aspects up to the specific molecular mechanisms of parasitic life, such as evasion of the host's immune system, molecular mimesis, penetration into host cells, etc. Biotechnological approaches (-omics, transgenesis, creation of novel experimental models, etc.) that allowed in recent years to expand genomic, genetic, molecular and biochemical knowledge on parasites and on the complex interactions between different eukaryotic organisms will be also discussed. Specific objectives At the end of the lessons, the student will have acquired both the key biological competences on the discipline of Parasitology and the specific knowledge on the molecular basis of parasitological relationships, vector-parasite-host interactions, metabolism and pathogenicity of parasites. A) Knowledge and understanding. During the course, the student will be guided towards understanding the importance of studying the subject both from the point of view of basic research and from the point of view of the numerous possible applications in biomedical research, considering the considerable impact of parasitic diseases (neglected and not) on global public health. B) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. At the end of the lessons, the students will have gained the biological and terminological competences of the subject. One of the aims of the course is to provide students with useful tools for analyzing biological problems and questions and for identifying the relevant molecular strategies useful for their study. C) Autonomy of judgment. During the course the student's ability to apply the scientific method to Molecular Parasitology will be stimulated. Many aspects of the molecular interactions that regulate parasitic life with the hosts and with the vectors are in fact still open questions, deeply studied in numerous laboratories in the world. The student will be encouraged to develop the ability to understand scientific issues, to interpret the experimental strategies applied and to evaluate the conclusions reached. D) Communication skills. The curriculum of the course encompasses different opportunities of direct communication from the student to the teacher and to the class, for example through the deepening (in groups or individually) and the exposition of specific topics of the program. The student will be directed towards choosing the appropriate literature and will be followed in the predsentation of the specific study. E) Learning skills. Learning skills will be continuously stimulated through the application of an integrated study method between texts, teaching and didactic material provided by the teacher, original articles, thematic reviews, especially through the review of the most recent scientific literature.	First year	Second semester	6	VET/06
10592805 - Psychobiology with elements of psychopharmacology	Learning objectives Psychobiology is a discipline that belongs to the life sciences and more particularly to neurosciences. In the field of psychobiology we consider how the relationships between brain and behavior have changed from an evolutionary and developmental point of view. The main objective of the course is to provide students with the basics to address the study and understanding the relationship between the nervous system and behavior, from reflexes to cortical functions. The student is guided to the understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of the nervous system and the strategies for regulating their functions. Particular attention will be devoted to the effects of the environment on the structure and nervous function. The course wil also deal with basic psychopharmacology and animal models of neurologiacal and psychiatric diseases. Knowledge and understanding The student: -Knows the neuroscientific terminology correctly; - Knows the neurobiological bases of behavior; - Knows the different levels of organization of the CNS from the spinal cord to the cortex; - Knows the excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of NS - Knows the basic techniques for the study of the nervous system, in vitro and in vivo Ability to apply knowledge and understanding The student: - knows how to correctly use neuroscientific terminology - knows how to evaluate the function of different nerve structures and their functional relationships; - knows how to evaluate the role of neurotransmitters in the various brain functions - is able to use the techniques for the study of the nervous system in order to explore its functions. Making judgements - is able to critically analyze scientific literature in the field of psychobiology Communication skills - ability to communicate effectively acquired knowledge to non-specialists - ability to communicate effectively acquired knowledge through a written report - ability to synthesize and communicate complex problems in the field of psychobiology Lifelong learning skills - the student should be able to understand, and evaluate research in the field of neuroscience and develop critical judgment	First year	Second semester	6	M-PSI/02

**Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biomedico per il curriculum in lingua inglese: The student must acquire 6 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD	Language
1051865 - Molecular Oncology	The aim of this course is to give the student a broad introduction to the cellular and molecular basis of cancer. The module explores the molecular and cellular hallmarks of cancer, including tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes, apoptosis, DNA repair mechanisms and metabolism. Emphasis will be also given to the events that control cellular senescence and immortalization, stem cells, angiogenesis and metastatic dissemination, inflammation-cancer sequence and viruses causing cancer. The role of the microenvironment and of the immune system in cancer progression will be also outlined. The students are required to give a short presentation to the audience about selected topics aimed to discuss the more recent advances in molecular oncology. On successful completion of this course students should be able to: 1. define and describe the nature and role of tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes in the process of cancer; 2. outline the role of cell proliferation and avoidance of cell death in cancer progression; 3. outline the molecular factors regulating metabolism and novel therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting these hallmarks; 4. discuss the causes of cancer including mutation, infection and inflammation; 5 utline the molecular mechanisms regulating metastasis and angiogenesis and the influence of the tumour microenvironment in regulating tumour growth and development; 6 be able to sum up and discuss topics taken from the more recent literature.	First year	First semester	6	MED/04
1051862 - Molecular and cellular physiology	This course focuses on the interaction between the endocrine, the immune and the nervous systems at molecular, cellular and systems levels. It provides an overview of current and developing concepts in Neuroimmunology from both Neuroscience and Immunology perspectives. It aims to familiarise students with the molecular and cellular elements of interconnectivity between the immune and nervous systems and the effect of neuro-immune interaction on physiological responses and disease processes. Moreover it provides the basis of crosstalk between cells of endocrine, immune, and nervous systems in the stress response and in the onset and development of neurological disorders.	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/09

**Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biomedico: The student must acquire 12 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD
1023434 - MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY	The aim of this course is to give the student a broad introduction to the cellular and molecular basis of cancer. The module explores the molecular and cellular hallmarks of cancer, including tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes, apoptosis, DNA repair mechanisms and metabolism. Emphasis will be also given to the events that control cellular senescence and immortalization, stem cells, angiogenesis and metastatic dissemination, inflammation-cancer sequence and viruses causing cancer. The role of the microenvironment and of the immune system in cancer progression will be also outlined. The students are required to give a short presentation to the audience about selected topics aimed to discuss the more recent advances in molecular oncology. On successful completion of this course students should be able to: 1. define and describe the nature and role of tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes in the process of cancer; 2. outline the role of cell proliferation and avoidance of cell death in cancer progression; 3. outline the molecular factors regulating metabolism and novel therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting these hallmarks; 4. discuss the causes of cancer including mutation, infection and inflammation; 5 utline the molecular mechanisms regulating metastasis and angiogenesis and the influence of the tumour microenvironment in regulating tumour growth and development; 6 be able to sum up and discuss topics taken from the more recent literature.	First year	First semester	6	MED/04
1041600 - Molecular pathology	The knowledge and skills in biomedical area are crucial for the biologist who wants to meet the challenges in the understanding and treatment of the most widespread human diseases. The course of Molecular Pathology and Immunopathology intends to provide to the students an advanced knowledge of the molecular and cellular factors and mechanisms underlying the most common human diseases caused by: a) hyper-activation of the immune system; b) defects of the immune system; c) pathogen evasion of the host immune response; d) dysregulated interaction between genes and environment.	First year	First semester	6
IMMUNOPATOLOGIA		First year	First semester	3	MED/04
PATOLOGIA MOLECOLARE		First year	First semester	3	MED/04
1020061 - MOLECULAR CLINIC BIOLOGY	General skills Learning of principles and procedures of some laboratory tests for the diagnosis, treatment and management of hereditary disorders. Elucidate the role of genetic mutations in the etiology of some disorders. Introduce the diagnosis of genetic diseases in prenatal diagnosis, the study of mitocondrial pathologies and the identification of infectious agents. The aim of the Clinical Molecular Biology course is to show how nucleic acids can be used to study genetic diseases. In the course are discussed the major methodologies to study properties and functions of nucleic acids and to identify the mutations and their consequences on protein function in relation to human diseases. The course requires basic knowledge of chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology acquired in a three-year degree in Biological Sciences or Biotechnology. The initial contents of the course are linked with those of the Uman Genetics course Specific skills A) Knowledge and understanding - Knowing and understanding the principles of genotypic analysis and of basic techniques of Molecular Biology - Molecular diagnosis of some inherited diseases - Genotypic diagnosis of infectious agents - Forensic molecular biology B) Applying knowledge and understanding - Be able to use the specific terminology - Be able to identify DNA mutation responsible of inherited diseases C) Making judgements - Acquire analytical skills, also through the study of the progress of knowledge in Clinical Molecular Biology in relation to the prenatal diagnosis of congenital diseases - Ask questions for the elaboration and deepening of the knowledge learned D) Communication skills - Be able to communicate what has been learned during the oral exam E) Learning skills - Learning the specific terminology - Be able to make the logical connections between the topics covered	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/12
1051862 - Molecular and cellular physiology	This course focuses on the interaction between the endocrine, the immune and the nervous systems at molecular, cellular and systems levels. It provides an overview of current and developing concepts in Neuroimmunology from both Neuroscience and Immunology perspectives. It aims to familiarise students with the molecular and cellular elements of interconnectivity between the immune and nervous systems and the effect of neuro-immune interaction on physiological responses and disease processes. Moreover it provides the basis of crosstalk between cells of endocrine, immune, and nervous systems in the stress response and in the onset and development of neurological disorders.	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/09

**Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore biodiversità e ambiente del curriculum in inglese: The student must acquire 6 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD
1051853 - Cell Cycle	The cell division cycle underlies as fundamental processes as development, growth, regeneration, stem cell maintenance and differentiation. It integrates all levels of control operating in molecular biology; the loss of these controls favour cell transformation and neoplastic growth. The course will critically examine the emerging concepts, experimental models and forefront methods in cell cycle studies with the aim to understand its regulatory mechanisms and clarify the converging pathways between development and cancer.	First year	First semester	6	BIO/06
1051861 - Intracellular trafficking	General Objectives: the main objective of the class is to provide the students with the basic knowledge on sorting and trafficking of molecules in the cell. The class will focus on protein sorting in the different cellular sub-domains. Lessons will be starting from basic cell biology concepts to evolve toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the spatial and functional differentiation of different cellular sub-regions. Alterations of these mechanisms will be described in relation to pathological conditions. Specific objectives: In order to pass the final exam, students will need show to have acquired knowledge on the different routes of the intracellular trafficking crucial in defying the specialization and differentiation of the cell. The concept of signal sequence as a sorting signal will be deeply described as well as the main types of transport among the different cellular compartments. The gated transport from the cytoplasm and the nucleus (and vice versa), the transport through the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and the vesicular transport to move molecules from the different compartments of the secretory pathway and the plasma membrane. Inward vesicular transport will be also described for the endocytosis process and regulated exocytosis will be reviewed for the description of the molecular mechanisms regulating the release of the neurotransmitter at the pre-synaptic terminals. Cellular checkpoints will be presented as quality control crossroads to ensure proteins are properly sorted in the cell. Protein folding in the cytosol and in the endoplasmic reticulum will be reviewed by comparing the class of molecular chaperones that are involved. Finally, degradation pathways in the cells will be also considered focusing on the proteasome for the cytosolic proteins and the ones deriving from the endoplasmic reticulum. At the end of the class students should be able to elaborate and organize their own ideas on different molecular mechanisms the cellular functions are based on and to describe the experimental approaches that have been used to study them. Communication skills on the cellular topics described in the class will be practiced by the students through a short group-presentation by using slides with the images taken from the article they have chosen to present. This will be useful to improve the scientific language for describing cell biology problems and methodologies. Students will be studying the topics presented in the class by integrating their personal notes with scientific articles and reviews provided by the teacher. One of the objectives of the class is stimulating a critical opinion on the comprehension reading of the scientific articles. The students are welcome to develop their own interests on specific topics by interacting directly and individually with the teacher and asking for additional material. In order to connect basic cell biology topics to lab experimental approaches, at the end of the class around 5 to 7 lessons will be dedicated to seminars held by researchers from different institutes working on pathological issues linked to the class. This is very much appreciated by the students that have the chance to interact directly with researchers from different fields and to connect theoretical notions to practical issues. Moreover, this offers the student the chance to get oriented for deciding where to apply for the preparation of the final master thesis.	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/06
1051853 - Cell Cycle	The cell division cycle underlies as fundamental processes as development, growth, regeneration, stem cell maintenance and differentiation. It integrates all levels of control operating in molecular biology; the loss of these controls favour cell transformation and neoplastic growth. The course will critically examine the emerging concepts, experimental models and forefront methods in cell cycle studies with the aim to understand its regulatory mechanisms and clarify the converging pathways between development and cancer.	Second year	First semester	6	BIO/06
1051861 - Intracellular trafficking	General Objectives: the main objective of the class is to provide the students with the basic knowledge on sorting and trafficking of molecules in the cell. The class will focus on protein sorting in the different cellular sub-domains. Lessons will be starting from basic cell biology concepts to evolve toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the spatial and functional differentiation of different cellular sub-regions. Alterations of these mechanisms will be described in relation to pathological conditions. Specific objectives: In order to pass the final exam, students will need show to have acquired knowledge on the different routes of the intracellular trafficking crucial in defying the specialization and differentiation of the cell. The concept of signal sequence as a sorting signal will be deeply described as well as the main types of transport among the different cellular compartments. The gated transport from the cytoplasm and the nucleus (and vice versa), the transport through the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and the vesicular transport to move molecules from the different compartments of the secretory pathway and the plasma membrane. Inward vesicular transport will be also described for the endocytosis process and regulated exocytosis will be reviewed for the description of the molecular mechanisms regulating the release of the neurotransmitter at the pre-synaptic terminals. Cellular checkpoints will be presented as quality control crossroads to ensure proteins are properly sorted in the cell. Protein folding in the cytosol and in the endoplasmic reticulum will be reviewed by comparing the class of molecular chaperones that are involved. Finally, degradation pathways in the cells will be also considered focusing on the proteasome for the cytosolic proteins and the ones deriving from the endoplasmic reticulum. At the end of the class students should be able to elaborate and organize their own ideas on different molecular mechanisms the cellular functions are based on and to describe the experimental approaches that have been used to study them. Communication skills on the cellular topics described in the class will be practiced by the students through a short group-presentation by using slides with the images taken from the article they have chosen to present. This will be useful to improve the scientific language for describing cell biology problems and methodologies. Students will be studying the topics presented in the class by integrating their personal notes with scientific articles and reviews provided by the teacher. One of the objectives of the class is stimulating a critical opinion on the comprehension reading of the scientific articles. The students are welcome to develop their own interests on specific topics by interacting directly and individually with the teacher and asking for additional material. In order to connect basic cell biology topics to lab experimental approaches, at the end of the class around 5 to 7 lessons will be dedicated to seminars held by researchers from different institutes working on pathological issues linked to the class. This is very much appreciated by the students that have the chance to interact directly with researchers from different fields and to connect theoretical notions to practical issues. Moreover, this offers the student the chance to get oriented for deciding where to apply for the preparation of the final master thesis.	Second year	Second semester	6	BIO/06

**Insegnamenti OPZIONALI del settore affini e integrativi per il curriculum in lingua inglese: The student must acquire 12 CFU from the exams below**
Course		Year	Semester	CFU	SSD
1051866 - Pharmacology in drug discovery	Main aim The main aim of the course is to allow the student in GMB to acquire the basic concepts of Pharmacology, which will be useful to its inclusion in sectors of the job market related to the Drug Discovery Process, or to enter third level-education programs requiring a basic pharmacology knowledge. Specific aims This objective will be pursued through an articulated knowledge about a range of basic aspects of drug development including pharmacology, such as target identification, drug testing, pharmacokinetics investigations, safety requirements (in vitro and in animal toxicological evaluations), phases of clinical development and postmarketing surveillance. Among the skills that will be acquired by the student at the end of the course the making judgments and communication skills will be stimulated by inviting students to present to their colleagues a recent publication they chose from the scientific literature concerning pharmacological studies in one of the aforesaid aspects of drug development. The presentation will be followed by a discussion on the results that will involve the other students in the class. Finally, through the reference to scientific databases (eg. Pubmed) or to websites of public or private organizations in the area of Pharmacology (eg AIFA, ISS, Italian Pharmacology Society), the course will provide the student with indications on the use of such sources to develop learning skills necessary for his/her autonomous education in this field.	First year	First semester	6	BIO/14
1051867 - Proteomics	General aims This course will introduce students both to the main methodological tools in proteomics, as well as to the successes achieved by prote-ome characterizations in the field of biomedicine. In particular we will address techniques, methodologies and strategies underlying qualitative (maps or proteomic lists), quantitative (proteomic profiles), structural (proteoform profiling), and functional (protein-protein networks) analyses of the cellular proteomes. Specific aims • Preliminary knowledge Basic notions of protein structure (indispensable), molecular biology (indispensable), genetics (important) and cellular biology (important) • Knowledge of the student at the end of the course: In-depth knowledge of cutting-edge techniques, methodologies and strategies, both in proteome characterization and profiling. Awareness of the achievable results by proteomic applications in biomedicine. • Acquired skills of the student with this course: Skills for a critical evaluation of alternative proteomic pipelines. Skills in proteomic data mining. • Critical and judgmental skills acquired at the end of the course: At the end of the course, students will be able to expertly discuss the applications of proteomics in unveiling the molecular bases of the physio-pathological cell transitions. • Communication skills on course content: The student will be assessed not only on the basis of the acquired knowledge, but also on suitable communication skills in the field of proteomics. • Ability to continue independently Students are expected to be able both of matching appropriate proteomics technologies with the results to be obtained, and of interpreting proteomics data.	First year	First semester	6	BIO/10
1051931 - DATA ANALYSIS	In-depth knowledge of methods for data taking and analysis of experimental results, mainly by laboratory experiments and lecture-hall practice. Exploitation of instruments, hardware and software tools. Application of advanced methods for statistical inference (parametric and non parametric methods, test of hypothesis) to actual data from current literature or experiments in the context of the specific master degree.	First year	Second semester	6	FIS/01
10589662 - COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN BIOLOGY	The original papers from which the information is going to be presented will be discussed critically and the tools to reproduce the key parts of the analysis will be acquired. The open dialogue with the students will ensure that they will be able to communicate what they learn. Slides and link to webpages will help them towards autonomous digesting of what is presented in the class. Communication skills: The class will interact with the teacher with the aim of learning the way to formulate1) the theoretical approach that leads to 2) the building of a computational model for biological data. Learning skills: The formal language to formulate 1) a statistical hypothesis and 2) to build a model will be the key learning point of this class. All the soft skills associated with the learning will make the student able to apply this forma mentis to other scientific fields. Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the students will be aware of concepts such as: Protein and RNA structure, RNA-seq data, RIP and CLIP-seq Algorithms for structure analysis; Grand Challenges in Biology that can be addressed computationally; Methods for the analysis of biological data: modelling and predictive approaches Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the students will be able to: Build the key elements to develop a software system for molecular biology; Master the statistics behind the calculations and reproduce parts of the analysis	First year	Second semester	6	BIO/10
10592805 - Psychobiology with elements of psychopharmacology	Learning objectives Psychobiology is a discipline that belongs to the life sciences and more particularly to neurosciences. In the field of psychobiology we consider how the relationships between brain and behavior have changed from an evolutionary and developmental point of view. The main objective of the course is to provide students with the basics to address the study and understanding the relationship between the nervous system and behavior, from reflexes to cortical functions. The student is guided to the understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of the nervous system and the strategies for regulating their functions. Particular attention will be devoted to the effects of the environment on the structure and nervous function. The course wil also deal with basic psychopharmacology and animal models of neurologiacal and psychiatric diseases. Knowledge and understanding The student: -Knows the neuroscientific terminology correctly; - Knows the neurobiological bases of behavior; - Knows the different levels of organization of the CNS from the spinal cord to the cortex; - Knows the excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of NS - Knows the basic techniques for the study of the nervous system, in vitro and in vivo Ability to apply knowledge and understanding The student: - knows how to correctly use neuroscientific terminology - knows how to evaluate the function of different nerve structures and their functional relationships; - knows how to evaluate the role of neurotransmitters in the various brain functions - is able to use the techniques for the study of the nervous system in order to explore its functions. Making judgements - is able to critically analyze scientific literature in the field of psychobiology Communication skills - ability to communicate effectively acquired knowledge to non-specialists - ability to communicate effectively acquired knowledge through a written report - ability to synthesize and communicate complex problems in the field of psychobiology Lifelong learning skills - the student should be able to understand, and evaluate research in the field of neuroscience and develop critical judgment	First year	Second semester	6	M-PSI/02

1. Admission requirements

To be admitted to the Master’s Degree in Genetics and Molecular Biology, students must have obtained the Bachelor’s Degree in the L-13 degree class (Biological Sciences). In alternative, students must have obtained another bachelor’s degree, provided that graduates have acquired at least 90 ECTS in the following scientific disciplinary sectors: FIS/01-FIS/08, MAT/01-MAT/09, CHIM/01-CHIM/03, CHIM/06, BIO/01-BIO/12, BIO/16, BIO/18-BIO/19, MED/04 and MED/42.

The assessment methods of the student’s background and the acquired ECTS will be defined in the Educational regulations of the study programme. When assessing the skills of foreign candidates, the contents of all the exams passed and their correspondence with the scientific disciplinary sectors required for admission to the Master’s Degree will be analysed, if necessary.

Admission to the curriculum taught in English will be subject to the specific possession of a B-2 English level (according to IELTS parameters).

Also students who have not graduated yet will be allowed to participate in the selection, it being understood that they will have to get the degree within the deadline provided for by the call of the relating academic year.

Students who have already got A) a degree in Biological Sciences according to the old academic system as per table XXXV of Royal Decree of September 30, 1938 no. 1652 and further amendments (Ministerial Decree of May 26, 1995 published in the Official Gazette no. 266 of November 14, 1995); B) a single cycle degree belonging to 6/S Biology class, according to the academic system pursuant to former Ministerial Decree no. 509/99; C) a master’s degree belonging to LM-6 Biology class, according to the academic system pursuant to former Ministerial Decree no. 270/04, cannot enrol.

Test for incoming students

The skills of incoming students will be deemed as being automatically assessed for all those who have acquired:

12 ECTS in physics and mathematics subjects (FIS/01-FIS/08 and MAT/01-MAT/09 scientific disciplinary sectors)
12 ECTS in chemistry subjects (CHIM/01-CHIM/03 and CHIM/06 scientific disciplinary sectors)
24 ECTS in basic biology subjects (BIO/01, BIO/02, BIO/04-BIO/07, BIO/09-BIO/11, BIO/18 and BIO/19 scientific disciplinary sectors)
42 ECTS in core biology subjects (BIO/01-BIO/07, BIO/09-BIO/14, BIO/16, BIO/18-BIO/19, MED/04 and MED/42 scientific disciplinary sectors).

The admission committee reserves to assess the skills of incoming graduates having a degree class other than L-12 (academic system no. 509/99) and L-13 (academic system no. 270/04) by weighing some similarities, if any, among scientific disciplinary sectors, the acquisition of ECTS in additional scientific disciplinary sectors provided for by the different fields of the degree in Biology or by means of additional interviews.

3. Changes of degree programmes, transfers from other universities, programme shortening, ECTS recognition

3.1 Changes of degree programmes and transfers from other universities

The applications to change a degree programme, submitted by students coming from other Sapienza master’s or single cycle degree programmes and the applications for transfers from other universities, military academies or other higher education military institutions, are subject to the approval of the Study Programme Council that:

• resolves upon the total or partial recognition of the student’s academic records and validates the entirety or part of the exams passed and the ECTS acquired, if any, with the relating marks;

• indicates the academic year which the student is enrolled in;

• formulates the study plan for the achievement of the degree.

Applications for transfers to the Master’s Degree in Genetics and Molecular Biology shall be submitted within the deadline and according to the modalities specified in the University Programme Manifesto.

3.2 Programme shortening

Students who have already achieved a four-year, five-year or single cycle degree according to the old academic system, or a master’s degree according to the current academic system and intend to get an additional degree, may request from the Study Programme Council to be enrolled in an academic year subsequent to the first one.

Such applications are assessed by the Study Programme Council, that:

• resolves upon the total or partial recognition of the student’s academic records and validates the entirety or part of the exams passed and the ECTS acquired, if any, with the relating marks;

• indicates the academic year which the student is enrolled in;

• formulates the study plan for the achievement of the degree.

Students cannot enrol in a Master’s Degree Programme falling within the same class of the master’s degree they have already achieved.

Applications shall be submitted within the deadline and according to the modalities specified in the University Programme Manifesto.

3.3 Criteria for ECTS recognition

All the already acquired ECTS may be recognised if they concern courses, substantiated by the course programmes, whose contents are consistent with any of the curricula provided for by the Master’s Degree Programme.

The Study Programme Council may resolve upon the equivalence among scientific disciplinary sectors to recognise ECTS according to the contents of courses and in compliance with the Educational regulations of the Master’s Degree Programme.

The already acquired ECTS relating to courses whose contents, though with a different name, are clearly equivalent to any courses of the Master’s Degree Programme, may be recognised as relating to the courses typical of the master’s degree programme which a student wishes to enrol in. In this case, the Study Programme Council resolves upon the recognition according to the following modalities:

• if the number of ECTS corresponding to the course for which the recognition is requested coincides with that of the recognised course, they are directly awarded;

• if the number of ECTS corresponding to the course for which the recognition is requested is different from that of the recognised course, the Study Programme Council will award ECTS according to the student’s academic records and after some additional interviews, if required.

The Study Programme Council may recognise as ECTS the knowledge and professional skills certified pursuant to the regulations in force on the matter, as well as other kinds of knowledge and skills accrued in academic-level training whose planning and implementation the University has contributed to. Such ECTS are included in the 12 ECTS relating to the students’ elective courses. At all events, 18 are the maximum recognisable ECTS in such fields, relating to elective or optional.

The activities already recognised as ECTS-awarding in the degree programme cannot be recognised also for the Master’s Degree Programme.

4. Study plans

A study plan contains all the courses provided in a student’s curriculum, including those relating to their elective 12 ECTS. Such courses may be chosen among all those included in the Sapienza Course Catalogue.

Students have to obtain the official approval of their study plan by the Study Programme Council before having recorded the exams relating to courses that are not mandatory for all students, under penalty of cancellation of the examination records.

The choice of a study plan may be made only once in an academic year, starting from the first year.

The deadline, if any, for the submission of the study plan will be available on the Study Programme website.

Students may obtain the approval of their academic records by opting between two alternatives, that can be both managed on-line through their Infostud page:

1. either choosing one of the curricular study plans established every year by the Study Programme Council; or

2. submitting an individual study plan to the Study Programme Council, that shall assess its consistency with the targets of the Master’s Degree in Genetics and Molecular Biology.

4.1 Curricular study plans

The enrolment form in a curricular study plan established by the Study Programme Council may be submitted online from the students’ Infostud page. Once the form of the entire study plan of choice has been filled in, it shall be sent online to the person of Study Programme Council in charge of approval through their Infostud page.

Should the approval be obtained, the authorisation for a curricular study plan of choice will be communicated online to students and from then on it will become their study plan. Otherwise, students will be invited online to amend the list of the selected courses.

The choice of a curricular study plan may be made only once in an academic year, starting from the first year.

The deadline, if any, for the submission of a curricular study plan will be available on the Study Programme website.

4.2 Individual study plans

If students do not intend to choose any of the curricular study plans, they have to submit an individual study plan by using the special form available online on their Infostud page.

Except for courses relating to the 12 students’ elective ECTS, the individual study plans may only include the courses listed in the Course Catalogue.

The choice of an individual study plan may be made only once in an academic year, starting from the first year.

The deadline, if any, for the submission of an individual study plan will be available on the Study Programme website.

4.3 Change of study plans

Students who have already chosen a study plan established by the Study Programme Council may choose a new one, either curricular or individual, in a following academic year.

Likewise, students who have already had their individual study plan approved may, in a following academic year, choose either a study plan established by the Study Programme Council or a different individual study plan.

At all events, the exams already recorded cannot be changed.

Full-time students will be allowed to change their study plans until the second year exceeding their regular study period (i.e., the fourth year after enrolment); this means that no changes of their study plan will be allowed starting from the third year exceeding the regular study period (i.e., the fifth year after enrolment in the Master’s Degree).

Part-time students will not be allowed to change their study plan after the last year of their part-time programme.

5. Educational activities

Educational activities are conventional and divided in semesters.

Teaching activities include lectures, classroom exercises and lab activities, all organised according to a timetable that enables students to have sufficient time to devote to individual study.

The nominal duration of a Master’s Degree Programme is 4 semesters, equal to two years.

5.1 University ECTS

The university ECTS measure the student’s workload needed to achieve a learning outcome. ECTS are acquired by students after passing exams or obtaining qualifications, if provided.

The European Credit Transfer System adopted in the Italian and European universities provides that one ECTS is equivalent to 25 hours of work, divided between institutional collective educational activities (i.e., lectures, exercises and lab activities) and individual study.

In the Genetics and Molecular Biology Master’s Degree Programme, in compliance with the University Educational regulations, one ECTS equals 8 hours of lecture, 12 hours of laboratory or of exercises supported by a teacher, or 20 hours of professional training (for small groups supported by a teacher) or of directed study (students’ individual classroom exercises/lab activity, supported by a teacher).

The syllabus of each course, that is available on the Degree Programme website, indicates the apportionment of ECTS and hours of lecture according to the different activities, together with the prerequisites, learning outcomes and general programmes. The overall workload to achieve the degree is 120 ECTS.

In the Genetics and Molecular Biology Master’s Degree Programme, the individual study or other individual educational activities shall account for at least 50% of the student’s overall workload.

5.2 Academic calendar

The academic calendar is the following:

• lectures will be held from October until the end of January (first semester) and from March to mid-June (second semester).

• Sessions of exams are scheduled in February and from June to mid-October.

• Terms devoted to lectures and to exams cannot overlap.

5.3 Exams

The assessment of the students’ progress is expressed per each course by assigning them a mark, given in thirtieths, ranging from 18 (minimum) to 30 (maximum) or a qualification.

The following elements contribute to the final assessment:

• a written exam, generally divided in several written tests, that students have to undergo both during the programme and upon its completion;

• an oral exam;

• the students’ individual work.

6. Attendance, mandatory preliminary exams, admission to following years

No mandatory preliminary exams are provided for the courses included in the curriculum.

7. Part-time learning

Terms and modalities to apply for part-time learning as well as the relating rules are established in the University Programme Manifesto and are available on Sapienza website. The Master’s Degree Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology provides for part-time students a number of ECTS per year equal to 40 or higher.

Over the years, some courses agreed for part-time learning might have changed or been cancelled. In such cases, the Study Programme Council will show students the new curriculum.

8. Irregular students and validity of the acquired ECTS

In compliance with the University Programme Manifesto, that is available at http://www.uniroma1.it/node/5966, full-time students are deemed as being irregular when they have not passed all the exams and have not acquired the number of ECTS required for the achievement of the degree within two years. In this case, the terms to achieve the degree are governed by the University Programme Manifesto.

9. Tutorship

Students of the Master’s Degree Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology may benefit from the tutorship provided by Professors Isabella Saggio, Franca Pelliccia, Alessandro Fatica and Sabrina Sabatini.

10. Honours Programmes

The Honours Programme provides students with educational activities additional to the standard study programme which they are enrolled in. Such activities are curricular and cross-curricular studies, seminars and internships chosen within the courses of the relating degree class, according to a programme that will be tailor-made and agreed upon with each student. Students admitted to the Honours Programme will be assigned to a teacher or a tutor who will support and will cooperate with them in the organisation of the agreed upon activities. The students’ maximum annual workload will be 200 hours.

10.1 Cycles

Each cycle of the Honours Programme has a one-year duration and is aimed at students attending the second year of the Master’s Degree Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology.

10.2 Admission requirements

Students may be admitted to the Honours Programme upon completion of the first year of the Degree Programme. The essential requirements are:

a) acquisition of at least 60 ECTS within October 31 of the first year;

b) attainment of a weighted average of the examination marks not lower than twenty-nine/thirtieths (29/30), with votes for each single exam not lower than twenty-seven/thirtieths (27/30).

An admission committee specially appointed by the Study Programme Council will check the above mentioned requirements.

The Erasmus students who perform part of their curriculum at a foreign university and are admitted to the Honours Programme may attend part of such Programme at the hosting university.

The Study Programme Council may arrange for the Honours Programme students a period of study or internship at other Italian or foreign universities, institutions, advanced learning and research institutes.

10.3 Mid-term check

In order to successfully complete the Honours Programme, students, besides performing the activities typical of such programme, must have acquired all the ECTS required for the second year within October 31 of the relating academic year and must have obtained a weighted average of marks not lower than twenty-nine/thirtieths (29/30), with votes for each single exam not lower than twenty-seven/thirtieths (27/30).

10.4 Final acknowledgements

Upon achievement of the Master’s Degree, students who have completed the Honours Programme will be awarded a certificate issued by the Faculty Dean, according to the modalities provided for all the other certificates, that will be recorded on the students’ academic records. Together with the above certificate, the university will award students a prize equal to the amount of the tuition fees paid in the last academic year.

11. Degree exam

To be admitted to the degree exam, students must have acquired all the ECTS provided for by their curriculum for the activities other than the degree exam and must have abode by the administrative formalities provided for by the University Educational regulations.

The degree exam consists in the discussion of a degree thesis, that is, a piece of writing that graduands present to the examination committee at the end of their study programme, i.e. after successfully sitting all the exams provided for by the Master’ Degree Programme. Should the Study Programme Council deem it appropriate, the thesis will be drawn up in English, though its title shall be in Italian.

The thesis is the result of the experimental work performed by students and constitutes an essential portion of the master’s degree curriculum. To prepare their degree thesis, students have to attend a lab of the Faculty and in particular that of a Department whose teachers belong to this Master’s Degree Programme. Students who intend to prepare a thesis in research labs of different faculties or in non-academic structures, shall submit to the Director of the Master’s Degree Programme a statement of the researcher available to assist them in the performance of their experimental work and in the preparation of the thesis. Such statement shall be drawn up on a special form and shall be accompanied by the required documentation. If the Director of the Master’s Degree Programme deems that the elements provided may ensure a satisfactory quality of work and a good experience in the field of biological disciplines, approves the statement. The Director of the Master’s Degree Programme will moreover appoint a biology teacher who will collaborate with the external supervisor and who will be jointly responsible with the latter throughout the progress of the experimental and thesis work.

The final mark is awarded by taking into account the candidate’s academic records, the thesis contents and presentation as well as any further elements aimed at considering the candidate’s getting through the exams in the due times established by the academic system. The examination committee gives the final mark in one hundred tenths and may unanimously award the candidate the highest marks magna cum laude.

Should there be an international agreement with the “Master de Sciences et Applications – mention Génétique” of the Université Paris Diderot and the Université Paris Descartes, students admitted to the curriculum to achieve the double degree will prepare an experimental thesis to be discussed according to the provisions of the agreement.

12. Application of art. 6 of the Student Regulations (Royal Decree of June 4, 1938, no. 1269)

Students enrolled in Genetics and Molecular Biology Master’s Degree Programme may enrol, each academic year, in maximum two additional courses of different study programmes of the same Sapienza academic system and level and sit the relating exams in order to enrich their study plan, pursuant to art. 6 of Royal Decree of June 4, 1938, no. 1269. Such exams neither contribute to the acquisition of the ECTS required to attain the degree nor to average marks, but are merely meant to be included in the student’s academic records.

The Study Programme Council will express its own opinion should the Student Office require it. Considering the scientific and cultural meaning of such rule, such application may be filed only by students who have acquired at least 21 ECTS of the Master’s Degree Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology.

Students wishing to benefit from the opportunity offered by the above article will have to file a written application to the Student Office of the Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, according to the modalities provided for by art. 29 of the University Programme Manifesto.

The learning outcomes of this Master’s Degree will include:

1) an in-depth knowledge of the unicellular and multicellular organisms (animals and plants) that may be used as models to study basic mechanisms of gene expression or more complex processes such as cell development, differentiation and transformation;

2) the acquisition of genetic concepts and methodologies, with special regard to those used in the genetic dissection of complex processes and to study human populations;

3) an in-depth and updated knowledge of the molecular bases of the main processes involved in the regulation of nucleic acid and protein structure and function;

4) the knowledge of basic methodologies to study and manipulate biological macromolecules;

5) the ability to investigate and develop basic methodologies which may be usefully applied to biomedical and biotechnological research;

6) the acquisition of genetic-molecular skills for the diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases;

7) the skills suitable to identify the biological processes grounding the physiopathology of organs and systems, as well as their modulation, with special regard to human beings. Within the framework of the curriculum of this Master’s Degree, special attention will be paid to individual study plans and to the level of ability achieved by students to understand scientific problems and the experimental strategies suitable to the attainment of the set targets. To this purpose, students will be incited to autonomously formulate their study plan. Special focus will be laid on the drawing up of their degree thesis, that will consist in an original experimental work. During the preparation of thesis, students will be always assisted by teachers also with seminars and tests.

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