Nursing - Roma Azienda Ospedaliera Sant’Andrea

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/10

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

2

Hours distribution

24 classroom hours

Lecturers

ELENA FORTE

Activity type

Scienze propedeutiche

SSD

FIS/07

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

1

Hours distribution

12 classroom hours

Lecturers

Fausto Casaburo

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

MED/03

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

1

Hours distribution

12 classroom hours

Lecturers

SIMONA PETRUCCI

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/13

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

1

Hours distribution

12 classroom hours

Lecturers

CECILIA BATTISTELLI

The course aims to provide students with the knowledge and tools necessary to understand the structure and composition of macromolecules, cells and vital processes in humans.
By the end of the course, students should be able to explain fundamental aspects of human biology and physiology in molecular terms and be aware of the importance of the conceptual tools of biochemistry, biology, genetics and physics in the cultural training of nurses.

Students taking this course must have a basic knowledge of mathematics and science.

Module: Biochemistry
Atom and chemical bonds; radioactivity, functional groups.
The gaseous state and its laws.
Composition of the air and properties of oxygen. Henry’s law
Chemical and physical properties of water.
Solutions: definition and concentration units.
Electrolytes.
Colligative properties: osmotic pressure; edema and dehydration.
Passive diffusion: the dialysis
Acids and bases, pH and biological buffers
Macromolecules: definition, structure and function.
Lipids: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids cholesterol and derivatives.
Transport of lipids, lipoproteins.
Biological membranes: structure, function, transport systems.
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (cellulose, starch and glycogen).
Amino acids and proteins: structure and amino acids properties.
Structural organization of proteins. Fibrous and globular proteins. Proteins of connective tissue.Insulin. Hemoglobin and oxygen transport.
Enzymes: enzyme activity, coenzymes and cofactors. Active site and specificity.
Metabolism: anabolism and catabolism. Role of ATP.
Notes on the following pathways: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Lactic and alcoholic fermentation.



Module: Applied Physic
N/D
Module: Genetics
Main topics: Nucleotides, the double helix model of DNA, semi-conservative mechanism of DNA replication. From DNA to proteins: transcription, RNA splicing, genetic code, translation.
GENES AND GENE MUTATIONS: The gene. Origin of mutations. Point mutations, deletions, insertions, mutations of splicing sites, dynamic mutations. Consequences of mutations.
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES: number, structure and function. Cell division mechanisms (mitosis and meiosis), independent assortment and recombination. Organization of the human genome. Normal and altered karyotype.
Numerical (aneuploidy, polyploidy) and structural (deletions, inversions and translocations) chromosomal anomalies. Main clinical conditions related to chromosomal abnormalities.
MENDEL'S LAWS: Mendel experiments. Concepts of hereditary characters, genes, alleles, loci. Pedigree building and models of transmission: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant and X-linked recessive, Y-linked. Monogenic inheritance in humans.

MONOGENETIC INHERITANCE IN HUMANS. Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance: Unstable Mendelian inheritance, Mendelian inheritance with parental effect, mitochondrial inheritance. DIGENIC INHERITANCE. MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE.



Module: Biology
Introduction to the study of cell biology: diversity and similarity of living organisms. Biology and the scientific method. The origin and evolution of cells. Cells as experimental models. Tools for studying cells. The chemistry of the cell: The molecular components of a cell, structure and functions: water, lipids, membranes, carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins. The use of energy by cells, biological reactions and enzymes. Nucleic acids. Flow of genetic information. DNA replication. The organisation of DNA in the cell. Chromosomal DNA and its compaction into the chromatin fibre. DNA polymerases, the origin of replication, telomerases. Transcription: from DNA to RNA. Transcription in prokaryotes. Transcription and RNA maturation in eukaryotes. Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA. Translation: from RNA to protein. The genetic code. Structure and function of the ribosome. Translation: initiation elongation and termination. Destination of proteins to different cellular compartments. Cell membranes and transport mechanisms. RER, REL and Golgi apparatus. The cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. Cellular junctions. Mitochondria. Cell cycle and regulation, meiosis and mitosis.

Module: Biochemistry
Teaching materials and bibliography provided by the lecturer

Textbook of Biochemistry for Nurses Paperback – by Ashok Kumar J. (Author) or other texts covering the whole program


Module: Applied Physic
N/D
Module: Genetics

- Sadava D., Hillis D.M., Craig H.H. Life: The Science of Biology.




Module: Biology
Teaching materials and bibliography provided by the lecturer

Module: Biochemistry
N/D
Module: Applied Physic
N/D
Module: Genetics
N/D
Module: Biology
N/D

Lectures covering the topics listed in the programme

Mandatory

Written test consisting of multiple choice questions or open questions/exercises (on online platform or paper); oral part on specific topics of the program, deepened during classes.

Genetics
1. Which of the following is not an alteration in chromosome number?
a. Monosomy
b. Diploidy
c. Trisomy
d. Aneuploidy
e. Tetraploidy
2 . Mark the correct answer. In autosomal dominant diseases:
f. An affected patient must necessarily have both heterozygous parents
g. An affected parent (mother or father) has a 50% chance of having an affected child, regardless of gender
h. The affected father will transmit the mutation exclusively to all his daughters
i. The affected mother will pass the mutation on to all her children, regardless of gender
j. Male-to-male transmission is never possible

Module: Biochemistry

• Introduction to the course, atoms, molecules, moles Chemical bonds. Radioactivity


• Redox reactions Gas laws, Dalton's and Henry's laws. Solutions: general information and definitions


• concentrations of solutions. dilutions colligative properties Acid-base reactions, pH and buffer systems


• Carbon chemistry, hydrocarbons. Monomers, polymers, classes of biological molecules. Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides: structure and function. Lipids, structure and function: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids


• Cholesterol, eicosanoids and vitamins. Lipid transport. Amino acids, peptide bonds, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. Globular and fibrous proteins: haemoglobin and collagen.


• Enzymes, function and structure. Metabolism: catabolism and anabolism.ATP. Overview of glucose catabolism: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.Oxidative phosphorylation.

• Main topics: Nucleotides, the double
  helix model of DNA,  semi-conservative
  mechanism of DNA replication. From DNA to proteins: transcription, RNA
  splicing, genetic code, translation.
  
  GENES AND GENE MUTATIONS: The gene.
  Origin of mutations. Point mutations, deletions, insertions, mutations of
  splicing sites, dynamic mutations. Consequences of mutations
  • Books: -                     
    
    Sadava D.,
    
    Hillis D.M., Craig H.H. Life: The Science of Biology.


• MENDEL'S LAWS: Mendel experiments.
  Concepts of hereditary characters, genes, alleles, loci. Pedigree building and
  models of transmission: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked
  dominant and X-linked recessive, Y-linked. 
  • Books: -                     
    
    Sadava D.,
    
    Hillis D.M., Craig H.H. Life: The Science of Biology.


• MONOGENETIC INHERITANCE IN HUMANS. Mendelian and non-Mendelian
  inheritance: Unstable Mendelian inheritance, Mendelian inheritance with
  parental effect, mitochondrial inheritance. DIGENIC INHERITANCE. MULTIFACTORIAL
  INHERITANCE.
  • Books: -                     
    
    Sadava D.,
    
    Hillis D.M., Craig H.H. Life: The Science of Biology.


• HUMAN CHROMOSOMES: number, structure
  and function. Cell division mechanisms (mitosis and meiosis), independent
  assortment and recombination. Organization of the human genome. Normal and
  altered karyotype.
  • Books: -                     

• Diversity and similarity of living organisms. The scientific method. 


• The chemistry of the cell: The molecular components of a cell, structure and functions. 


• Nucleic acids. Flow of genetic information. DNA replication. The organisation of DNA in the cell.


• Transcription: DNA to RNA and RNA maturation in eukaryotes. Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA. 


• Translation: from RNA to protein. The genetic code. Structure and function of the ribosome. Destination of proteins to different cellular compartments.


• Cell membranes and transport mechanisms. 


• RER, REL and Golgi apparatus.


• Cellular junctions. The cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. 


• Energy use by cells, biological reactions and enzymes. Mitochondria and energy metabolism. 


• Cell cycle and regulation, meiosis and mitosis.