Nursing REPLICA O-ASL FROSINONE UMBERTO I

Histology: general characteristics of the tissues. Methods for the morphological study of tissues. Optical microscopes (optical microscopes with transmitted light, fluorescence and confocal) and electronic microscopes (TEM and SEM), basic principles (resolving power and magnification) and use; preparation of a histological preparation for light (paraffin preparation) and electron (ultrafine sections; freezing/fracture) microscope; the main stains for light and electron microscopy, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. EPITHELIAL TISSUES General information (organization, vascularization and innervation) and embryonic derivation. Characteristics of epithelial cells [shape, polarity, apical surface specializations (cilia, microvilli, stereocilia), lateral surface specializations [adhesive molecules and junction complexes (ultrastructural and molecular organization of occluding, adherent, desmosome junctions), gap junctions, basal surface specializations (structural and molecular organization, function of the basal lamina), the cytoskeleton. Epithelial stem cells. Classification of epithelial tissues (lining and glandular). Lining epithelia. general characteristics, classification, distribution and functions. The mucous membranes, serous membranes, skin and endothelium (notes on the structure of capillaries, fenestrated and sinusoid, passage of molecules and cells through the endothelium and blood vessels). Epidermis (keratinocytes and cornification, melanocytes, Langherans cells and Merkel cells). Glandular epithelia: histological organization of the exocrine and endocrine glands (parenchyma and stroma). Exocrine glands (location, organization, types of adenomeres and excretory ducts), classification and secretions. Oxyntic cells. Myoepithelial cells. Endocrine glands. General characteristics . Concept of cell secretion, autocrine, paracrine, apocrine, holocrine and merocrin) and histological organization. Hormones (polypeptides, catecholamines and steroids). Examples of histological organization and functions of endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, testicle, pancreas. CONNECTIVE TISSUES General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution and functions. Connective tissues proper (classification, distribution and functions): loose (areolar) and dense (regular and irregular). Mesenchymal stem cells. Resident cells (fibroblasts, reticular cells, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes. Integrins and interactions with molecules of the intercellular substance. Intercellular substance (amorphous matrix and protein fibers). Amorphous matrix (GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and interstitial fluid. Protein fibers. Collagens and their molecular organization in particular collagen, synthesis and fibrillogenesis). Elastin and elastic fibers (molecular characteristics of elastin, fibrillins and their synthesis). Connective tissues proper with special properties adipose (white and brown), reticular, elastic, pigmented, mucosal. The supporting connective tissues. Cartilaginous tissues. Hyaline cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: staining characteristics, perichondrion, chondroblasts/chondrocytes, collagen fibers). Special types of hyaline cartilage (metaphyseal/seriate/conjugation and articular) Elastic cartilage distribution and growth: staining characteristics, perichondrion, chondroblasts/chondrocytes, intercellular substance. Fibrous cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: staining characteristics, perichondrion, chondroblasts/chondrocytes, intercellular substance). Bone tissues. 1. General characteristics of their composition and histological organization (types of bones, vascularization, innervation). Cells (osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts). Intercellular substance (mineralized matrix, collagen fibers, glycoproteins). Lamellar bone tissue (compact or spongy) and non-lamellar. Periosteum and endosteum. Osteoblasts molecules Osteocytes. Osteoclasts: cytological and functional characteristics Role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in calcium metabolism (parathyroid hormone, calcitonin). Notes on osteoporosis 2. Ossification. Direct ossification. Indirect ossification. Example of ossification of the bones of the face and skull. Example of indirect ossification of a long bone of the axial skeleton (primary ossification center and secondary ossification centers). Growth in length (metaphyseal cartilage) and width and ossification of a bone. Formation of a Osteon. Mechanisms of mineralization Blood and lymph. Blood (composition and functions). Plasma (serum) and corpuscle elements (hematocrit, , blood smear). Red blood cells [structural characteristics (size, shape and cytoskeleton) and functional characteristics (numbers, hemoglobin, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, hemolysis processes. Platelets [structural characteristics (size, chromomer, shape and cytoskeleton, granules) and functional characteristics. Platelet activation (collagen adhesion, granule exocytosis, phospholipid and thrombin and fibrinogen receptor exposure, aggregation). Notes on intrinsic and extrinsic blood clotting. White blood cells (types and numbers, the leukocyte formula, diapedesis). Neutrophils: characteristics and functions. Eosinophils: characteristics and functions). Basophilic characteristics and functions). Monocytes and lymphocytes: characteristics and functions). Lymph (composition and function). Hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, The immune system. Innate and acquired immunity. Notes on the functions of B, T and NK lymphocytes (concept of antigen, antibodies, complement, clonal selection, gene rearrangement, immune memory, HLA system, the different classes of T lymphocytes). TOOTH TISSUES Mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cement. Soft tissues: periodontium and pulp. MUSCLE TISSUES General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution. Skeletal muscle tissue. General organization of a muscle. Muscle fibers are cytological (shape and size, colorability, bands and striae) and ultrastructural. Myofibrils and contractile myofilaments, the sarcomere. Actin filaments, myosin filaments... Neuromuscular synapse, motor plate, functioning of a cholinergic synapse. The molecular mechanism of muscle contraction Smooth muscle tissue. General organization of the fabric. Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of smooth muscle cells (caveolae, gap junctions, dense bodies, contractile filaments). Organization of contractile filaments Characteristics and stimuli (nervous, hormonal, mechanical, NO) of contraction. Cardiac muscle tissue. General tissue organization, cardiomyocyte network and intercalary discs. Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the cardiomyocyte (intercalary discs, contractile filaments, sarcomere, dyads, mitochondria). Special cardiomyocytes of the sino-atrial node and Purkinje cells. NERVOUS TISSUE General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution. CNS and SNPs. The autonomic nervous system. General tissue organization (neuronal networks, synapses, glia, gray matter and white matter). Connective linings (the meninges) and vascularization (the blood-brain barrier). Special histological methods for the study of nervous tissue. Cytological (shape and size, Nissl plates, cytoskeleton, Golgi) and ultrastructural (neurotubules and neurofilaments, actin filaments, REG) characteristics of the neuron. Morphological and functional classification of neurons. Dendrites. The axon and its coatings (the myelin sheath and the concept of nerve fiber). Structure, ultrastructure and molecular organization of the myelin sheath. The axoplasmic flow. Regenerative capabilities of the axon. General principles of neuron function (resting potential, action potential, and nerve impulse propagation). Electrical and chemical synapses. Interneuronal chemical synapses (synaptogenesis, types and structure, pre- and postsynaptic density, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides).

Students must possess the fundamental notions of Anatomy, Cell and Tissue Biology and Biochemistry of organs and systems acquired in secondary schools

Ross Michael H., Pawlina W. Histology. Text and atlas. With elements of cellular and molecular biology. Ambrosiana Publishing House; 2010

In order to take the exam, it is required to attend lectures of a number of hours equal to or greater than 67% of the hours assigned to the individual modules, in accordance with the relevant European legislation. Attendance is recorded by teachers by adopting the assessment methods established by the CCdS.

The assessment of the achievement of the objectives set by the course includes an oral exam. By means of open-ended questions regarding the contents of the course, it will be ascertained whether the student has achieved the goal of knowledge and understanding of the contents.

The frontal lesson is mainly focused on the explanation and repetition of a certain amount of information. It involves a design to organize the contents in an organic way and to choose the most suitable methods so that the explanation can capture attention and reach a satisfactory level of learning. Images to support the lesson must also be shared, through the use of PowerPoint.