Nursing - Course A - Roma Azienda Policlinico Umberto I

Activity type

Attività formative affini o integrative

SSD

MED/46

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

1

Hours distribution

12 classroom hours

Lecturers

ALESSANDRA VACCA

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

MED/04

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

2

Hours distribution

24 classroom hours

Lecturers

STEFANIA MARDENTE
AGOSTINA LONGO

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

MED/07

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

2

Hours distribution

24 classroom hours

Lecturers

Maria Antonella Zingaropoli

Activity type

Scienze medico - chirurgiche

SSD

MED/08

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

1

Hours distribution

12 classroom hours

Lecturers

CIRA ROSARIA TIZIANA DI GIOIA

Knowledge and Understanding:
• Define and describe the fundamental concepts of pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, semiotics, and nosology.
• Classify the main categories of diseases based on etiopathogenetic criteria.
• Understand the general mechanisms of cell damage (reversible and irreversible) and the main pathways of cell death (necrosis and apoptosis).
• Explain the processes of cellular adaptation to stress and pathological stimuli.
• Describe the abnormalities of growth and cell differentiation, understanding the concepts of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia.
• Understand the basic mechanisms of carcinogenesis, the differences between precancerous lesions and carcinoma in situ, and between benign and malignant tumors.
• Describe the nomenclature of tumors and the concepts of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
• Understand the clinical and diagnostic significance of tumor markers.
• Explain the concept of metastasis and the main routes of tumor dissemination.
• Describe the TNM system and the concepts of tumor grading and staging.
• Understand the mechanisms of innate and acquired immunity, and the role of the inflammatory process as a response to damage.
• Describe the characteristics of acute and chronic inflammation, and reparative processes.
• Explain the formation of exudative and transudative edema.
• Describe the systemic reactions of acute inflammation and the role of complement proteins.
• Interpret the clinical significance of inflammatory markers such as ESR and complete blood count.
• Understand the composition of blood proteins and the significance of protein electrophoresis.
• Describe the organization and main functions of the immune system, including organs and cells (white blood cell count).
• Distinguish between humoral and cellular immunity and understand the role of the MHC system.
• Understand the principles of vaccinations and the basic concepts of immunopathology (allergic reactions, anaphylactic shock, transfusion reactions).
• Explain the mechanisms underlying hemodynamic alterations such as edema, thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage, and shock.
• Understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertension and atherosclerosis.
• Describe the process of blood coagulation and the main coagulation tests.
• Understand the composition of body fluids, electrolyte balance, and buffer systems.
• Explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute and chronic renal failure and uremia.
• Interpret the basic results of urinalysis.
• Understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of jaundice, liver failure, and liver cirrhosis.
• Interpret the basic results of liver function tests.
Application of Knowledge and Understanding:
• Recognize the most common signs and symptoms associated with the main pathologies studied.
• Correlate pathophysiological alterations with the clinical manifestations of diseases.
• Understand the rationale behind laboratory and instrumental tests used in the diagnosis of major pathologies.
• Integrate pathophysiological knowledge with the basic principles of nursing care.
• Apply the basic concepts of pathophysiology in understanding the patient's care needs.
• Recognize the potential risks and complications associated with the main pathologies.
Autonomy of Judgment:
• Critically evaluate information related to the fundamental pathophysiology of diseases.
• Establish logical connections between pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical manifestations.
• Recognize the complexity and interdisciplinarity of the study of diseases.
Communication Skills:
• Use appropriate scientific terminology to describe pathophysiological processes.
• Communicate clearly and effectively pathophysiological concepts to colleagues and other healthcare professionals.
• Understand scientific communication related to the pathophysiology of diseases.
Learning Skills:
• Demonstrate the ability to update their knowledge in the field of pathophysiology through consultation of scientific sources.
• Recognize the relevance of pathophysiology for nursing practice and for their continuous professional development.
These learning outcomes provide a framework of the competencies that a nurse should possess upon completion of a course on the fundamentals of pathophysiology of diseases, providing the foundation for informed and safe clinical practice.

Knowledge of all the topics covered in the first semester courses (biology, biochemistry, physiology)

Module: Technical sciences of laboratory medicine
Arguments indicated by Prof. Mardente


Module: Pathology and pathophysiology
Pathogenetic Mechanisms
Definition of pathology, classification of diseases,
definition of reversible and irreversible cell damage. Cell death:
necrosis and apoptosis. Infarction markers (enzymes and isoenzymes measurable in serum)

General Oncology
Cellular adaptations and abnormalities of growth and cell differentiation. Carcinogenesis,
precancerous lesion, carcinoma in situ. Benign and malignant tumors. Nomenclature
of tumors. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Clinical and diagnostic significance
of tumor markers. Concept of metastasis and routes of metastasis.
The
TNM system, concepts of tumor grading and staging. Tumor markers.

Inflammatory Processes
Innate
immunity and the inflammatory process as a response to damage. Acute
inflammation, chronic inflammation, and reparative processes. Exudative edema. Systemic reactions
of acute inflammation. Complement proteins, ESR, complete blood count, and
inflammatory markers. Blood proteins, protein electrophoresis.

Pathophysiology of the Immune System
Immune
System and its main functions. Organs and cells of the immune
system, white blood cell count. Humoral immunity and cellular immunity.
MHC system. Vaccinations. Basics of immunopathology: allergic reactions
and anaphylactic shock; transfusion reactions.
Hemodynamic Alterations:
Transudative edema, thrombosis,
embolism, hemorrhage, and shock.
Hypertension and atherosclerosis.
Blood coagulation and coagulation tests.
Pathophysiology of the Urinary System:
Composition of body fluids.
Electrolyte balance and buffer systems.
Acute and chronic renal failure, uremia. Urinalysis.
Pathophysiology of the Liver:
Jaundice, liver failure, liver cirrhosis, liver function tests.




Module: Microbiology
• Classification of microorganisms, the human microbiota.
• The bacterial cell: shape, arrangement, and structure
• Bacterial spores
• Bacterial metabolism and nutrition
• Bacterial multiplication: growth curve
• Bacterial genetics: conjugation, transformation, and transduction
• Pathogenic action of bacteria; Virulence factors
• Viruses: structure and viral multiplication and pathogenic action
• Fungi: structure and replication, classification, pathogenesis, the different types of mycoses:
• Protozoa: characteristics
• Sterilization and disinfection
• Vaccines and sera
• Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics: basic concepts and antibiogram
• Pre-analytical phase in laboratory medicine
• Special bacteriology: introduction to the main groups of pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria/viruses/fungi)



Module: Anatomo pathology bases
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY: What Pathological Anatomy is, and who the Pathologist is and what they do. Exercise in observing and describing macroscopic alterations of organs and microscopic alterations in tissues in case of pathology, in order to develop and/or refine the ability to describe and recognize the variation from normality both in quality (variation of shape, volume, color, etc.) and in quantity (diffuse, focal, etc.).
THE PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY LABORATORY: Organization, procedures, equipment. How to access a Pathological Anatomy Service. Methods of tissue sampling and types of samples. How to request a histo-cytopathological examination and how to send samples.
ROLE OF THE PATHOLOGIST IN HISTOPATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS: MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION (tissue biopsy, management of the biopsy sample, principles of tissue fixation, preparation of histological slides, principles of histopathological techniques, intraoperative histological diagnosis, observation of sections under the microscope).
ROLE OF THE PATHOLOGIST IN CYTOPATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS: (management of the cytological sample, preparation of cytological slides, principles of cytopathological techniques, observation of smears under the microscope).
THE NECROSCOPIC DIAGNOSTIC FINDING: (what the autopsy is, legal regulation of necroscopic medicine, elements of autopsy technique and diagnostics).

Module: Technical sciences of laboratory medicine
Textbooks indicated by Prof. Mardente


Module: Pathology and pathophysiology
Parola – Patologia Generale ed Elementi di Fisiopatologia
Edises
https://www.edises.it ›


Module: Microbiology
patologia generale e microbiologia Bossi Rivanera Poletto editore


Module: Anatomo pathology bases
Ruco-Scarpa. Anatomia Patologica Le Basi. UTET Scienze Mediche Editore 2007.
(Chapters 1,2,3,4,5,6)
Didactic material presented during the lessons will be provided to students in electronic format.

Module: Technical sciences of laboratory medicine
N/D
Module: Pathology and pathophysiology
N/D
Module: Microbiology
N/D
Module: Anatomo pathology bases
N/D

Classes will be held in a classroom assigned by the Faculty. Instructors will use PowerPoint presentations and videos and will encourage interaction with students.
Lesson materials will be published on Classroom, so all students can access them via their institutional email address. Users with non-institutional email addresses will not be accepted.

66% Attendance at classes for the entire course is required to be admitted to the exam, in accordance with the regulations for healthcare professions. Instructors will use sign-in sheets or roll calls to record student attendance.

Ten multiple-choice questions for each 1 CFU module and fifteen microbiology questions. The exam will be passed if 18 correct answers are achieved, with at least 5 correct answers in each module and 7 correct microbiology answers.

1. A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cellular damage, resulting in cell death with disruption of organelles and cell membranes. What term would the nurse use to define this process?
A. Adaptation
B. Pathological calcification
C. Apoptosis
D. Necrosis

2. When planning care for a patient with cardiac disease, the nurse knows that in response to increased workload, myocardial cells will undergo:
A. Increase in size
B. Decrease in length
C. Increased excitability
D. Increased number

3. A 75-year-old man presents with chest pain during exertion. He had previously been diagnosed with arteriosclerosis. Chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to:

(a) Malnutrition
(b) Free radicals
(c) Ischemia
(d) Chemical toxicity
4. Proteinuria is indicative of only one of the following conditions:
a. Hypotension
b. Hyperproteinemia

Module: Technical sciences of laboratory medicine



Module: Pathology and pathophysiology



Module: Microbiology

• Arguments indicated by Prof. Mardente

• The course will be organized in four lessons, with a standard duration of two hours.