Physiotherapy - Course E - ASL Roma 6 - Ariccia (RM)

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

MEDS-02/B

Year

1st year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

10 classroom hours

Lecturers

ESTERINA PASCALE

Activity type

Scienze medico chirurgiche

SSD

MEDS-04/A

Year

1st year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

10 classroom hours

Lecturers

ROCCO PALERMO

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

MEDS-03/A

Year

1st year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

2

Hours distribution

20 classroom hours

Lecturers

MARIA ELENA MARCOCCI

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

MEDS-02/A

Year

1st year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

10 classroom hours

Lecturers

ROCCO PALERMO

The course aims to provide students with adequate knowledge and skills to understand the etiopathogenesis of the molecular, cellular and structural changes associated with the pathological manifestations of specific organs and systems and the biochemical and morphological parameters related to distinct pathological conditions. In addition, the course provides a thorough understanding of the characteristics of the major microorganisms that cause disease in humans and their interaction with the host.

Knowledge of General Physiology and Human Anatomy is crucial for understanding the course contents and achieving the learning objectives. Basic knowledge of Biochemistry and Genetics is also important to this purpose. Additionally, familiarity with Biology is helpful.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Introduction to General Pathology and general eziology: Definition of health, homeostasis and adaptation. Definition of etiology and pathogenesis. Disease as a disruption of homeostasis and loss of health. Disease progression. Concept and mechanisms of cellular damage and stress. Physical and chemical agents as causes of disease
Inflammatory response: basics of Innate and adaptive immunity. Definition and general characteristics of Inflammation. Inflammatory cells and receptors. Symptoms of inflammation. Chemical mediators of acute inflammation. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Chemokines. Stages and progression of acute inflammation: vascular changes. Exudate. Phagocytosis. Stages and progression of chronic inflammation. Systemic manifestations of inflammation: acute-phase proteins, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leukocytosis. Hyperthermia and fever. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.
Basics of immunopathology: Classification and mechanisms of cellular and tissue damage in hypersensitivity reactions (types I, II, III, and IV). Immunodeficiencies. Central and peripheral immune tolerance. Mechanisms underlying loss of tolerance and pathogenesis of autoimmunity.
Etiopathogenesis of tumors: Mechanisms controlling cell proliferation. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes. Stages of the neoplastic process: initiation, promotion, and progression. Angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis. Mechanisms of metastatic spread. Clinical Effects of Tumors.

ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY
Role of Pathological Anatomy in the diagnosis and management of diseases. Types of pathological examinations. Fundamentals of biopsy techniques, histological and cytological analysis, and staining methods. Principles of immunohistochemistry and cytopathology.
Cellular and tissue responses to persistent stress and pathological stimuli: Hypertrophy. Hyperplasia. Atrophy. Metaplasia. Reversible and irreversible injury. Intracellular accumulations. Hydropic swelling. Steatosis. Accumulation of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, glycogen, and pigments. Bilirubin metabolism and jaundice. Lysosomal storage diseases. Cell Death. Morphology, biochemical and molecular features of necrosis and apoptosis. Distinctive features of apoptosis with respect to cell death by necrosis.
Cellular and tissue alterations in the inflammatory process: Types of exudative inflammation. Inflammatory edema. Chronic inflammation: granulomatous and non-granulomatous. Granulomas from a foreign body and immunological granulomas. The reparative process and wound healing.
Overview of histopathological classification and nomenclature of tumors: Benign and malignant epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. Leukemias and lymphomas. Benign and malignant melanocytic tumors. Morphological and biochemical features of tumor cells. Differentiation and anaplasia. Dysplasia. Precancerous lesions, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma. PAP-test. Phases of neoplastic development: initiation, promotion, and progression. Clinical criteria for tumor classification: grading and staging.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Fundamentals of Laboratory Medicine
Principles of Laboratory Medicine and of test evaluation. Analytical variability, errors, and
internal and external quality control. Reference values.
Diagnostic value of laboratory tests. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.
Tissue specificity of markers: enzymes and isoenzymes. Main applications in muscle diseases.
Basic diagnostic tests and urgent and emergency tests.
Complete blood count. Anemia.
Indexes of inflammation and tissue necrosis.
Urinalysis. Laboratory tests for assessing renal function.
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis.

MICROBIOLOGY
Bacteriology. Structural and functional characteristics of the prokaryotic cell. Bacterial virulence factors. Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis. Bacterial toxins. Bacterial spores. Biofilm formation. Microorganism–host interaction: resident bacterial flora and exogenous pathogenic bacteria. Antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, and mechanisms of resistance to antibacterial agents. Common and emerging nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections. Disinfection and sterilization. Overview of the principal medically relevant bacteria.
Virology. General characteristics of viruses: composition, morphology, and structure. Viral replication cycle. Pathogenesis of viral infections. Antiviral drugs. Overview of the principal medically relevant viruses.
Mycology. General characteristics of fungi. Mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity. Superficial and systemic mycoses. Antifungal drugs. Overview of the principal medically relevant fungi.
Basics of Immunology: innate and adaptive defenses against microbial invasion; overview of vaccines and vaccination strategies.

For the General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy modules, one of the following textbooks is recommended:
- G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia generale. Piccin
- F. Celotti - Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia. Edises

For the Clinical Pathology module, one of the following textbooks is recommended:
- M. Ciaccio-Elementi di Biochimica clinica e Medicina di laboratorio. Edises
- G. Federici-Medicina di laboratorio McGraw-Hill

For the Microbiology module, one of the following textbooks is recommended:
- S. De Grazia, D. Ferraro, G. Giammanco - Microbiologia e Microbiologia clinica. Per le professioni sanitarie e Odontoiatra. Pearson.
- E. Lanciotti - Microbiologia clinica. Cea

Course materials are available on the Google Classroom platform of the course.

Module: PATOLOGIA GENERALE
N/D
Module: PATOLOGIA CLINICA
N/D
Module: MICROBIOLOGIA E MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA
N/D
Module: ANATOMIA PATOLOGICA
N/D

The adopted teaching model primarily consists of lectures, utilizing PowerPoint slides as telematic support. To enhance the student active engagement, it will be scheduled also didactic moments inspired by the "flipped classroom" approach. The lesson slides will be posted on the course Google Classroom platform before each lecture, allowing students to review them in advance. The student will find on the Google Classroom platform of the course the teaching material helpful in preparing for the exam.

To take the exam related to the integrated course, it is necessary to have documented the presence in the classroom of at least 66% of the hours corresponding to the credits assigned to the integrated course. The attendance will be measured by roll call at the beginning of the lesson

The exam consists of an interview to evaluate the student's knowledge of the topics covered during the course, clarity of exposition, and property of language. To pass the exam, achieving a grade of not less than 18/30 in each module is necessary by demonstrating sufficient knowledge of the course content and expounding the topics enough. To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude, the student must demonstrate excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, being able to link them logically and with appropriate scientific language.

• Main cellular responses to injurious stimuli.
• Mechanisms and types of cellular adaptations to the stress.
• Apoptosis: definitions and molecular mechanisms.
• Necrosis: definition and pathogenesis; main morphological features.
• Vascular modifications in acute inflammation: mechanisms and main mediators.
• Inflammatory exudate: definition and main morphological features.
• Inflammatory granuloma: types and formation.
• Pathogenesis of fever.
• Proto-oncogenes and oncogenes: definitions and activation mechanisms.
• pRB: normal cellular functions, mechanisms of inactivation, and consequences.
• Tumor invasiveness and metastasis: definitions and mechanisms.
• Steatosis eziology and pathogenesis.
• Dysplasia and Pap Test
• Clinical criteria for tumor classification: grading and staging
• Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of biochemical markers.
• Tissue specificity, enzymes and isoenzymes.
• Complete blood count, diagnostic of anemia.
• Markers of inflammation: sensitivity and specificity of blood proteins and VES.
• Diagnostic evaluation of urine and cerebrospinal fluid.
• Pathogenic mechanisms and transmission routes of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
• Antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal drugs and mechanisms of resistance.
• Methods of infection control through sterilization and disinfection.
• Immune response to infections and the role of vaccines in prevention.
• Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections.

• Fundamentals of General Pathology and general eziology – 2h
  • Books: - G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia generale. Piccin                         - F. Celotti - Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia. Edises                                               - Teaching and didactic material available at the Google Classroom platform of the course


• Inflammatory response – 4h
  • Books: - G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia generale. Piccin                         - F. Celotti - Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia. Edises                                               - Teaching and didactic material available at the Google Classroom platform of the course


• Basics of immunopathology – 2h
  • Books: - G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia generale. Piccin                         - F. Celotti - Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia. Edises                                               - Teaching and didactic material available at the Google Classroom platform of the course


• Etiopathogenesis of tumors – 2h
  • Books: - G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia generale. Piccin                         - F. Celotti - Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia. Edises                                               - Teaching and didactic material available at the Google Classroom platform of the course


• Role of Pathological Anatomy in the diagnosis and management of diseases – 2h
  • Books: - G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia generale. Piccin                         - F. Celotti - Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia. Edises                                               - Teaching and didactic material available at the Google Classroom platform of the course


• Cellular and tissue responses to persistent stress and pathological stimuli – 4h
  • Books: - G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia generale. Piccin                         - F. Celotti - Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia. Edises                                               - Teaching and didactic material available at the Google Classroom platform of the course


• Cellular and tissue alterations in the inflammatory process – 2h
  • Books: - G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia generale. Piccin                         - F. Celotti - Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia. Edises                                               - Teaching and didactic material available at the Google Classroom platform of the course


• Overview of the of histopathological classification and nomenclature of tumors – 2h
  • Books: - G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia generale. Piccin                         - F. Celotti - Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia. Edises                                               - Teaching and didactic material available at the Google Classroom platform of the course


• Fundamentals of Laboratory Medicine.Principles of Laboratory Medicine and of test evaluation. Analytical variability, errors, andinternal and external quality control. Reference values - 2h
  • Books: - M. Ciaccio-Elementi di Biochimica clinica e Medicina di laboratorio. Edises- G. Federici-Medicina di laboratorio McGraw-Hill


• Diagnostic value of laboratory tests. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.Tissue specificity of markers: enzymes and isoenzymes. Main applications in muscle diseases - 2h
  • Books: - M. Ciaccio-Elementi di Biochimica clinica e Medicina di laboratorio. Edises- G. Federici-Medicina di laboratorio McGraw-Hill


• Basic diagnostic tests and urgent and emergency tests.Complete blood count. Anemia - 2h
  • Books: - M. Ciaccio-Elementi di Biochimica clinica e Medicina di laboratorio. Edises- G. Federici-Medicina di laboratorio McGraw-Hill


• Indexes of inflammation and tissue necrosis. Urinalysis. Laboratory tests for assessing renal function. - 2h
  • Books: - M. Ciaccio-Elementi di Biochimica clinica e Medicina di laboratorio. Edises- G. Federici-Medicina di laboratorio McGraw-Hill


• Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination - 2h
  • Books: - M. Ciaccio-Elementi di Biochimica clinica e Medicina di laboratorio. Edises- G. Federici-Medicina di laboratorio McGraw-Hill


• Bacteriology - 8h
  • Books: - S. De Grazia, D. Ferraro, G. Giammanco - Microbiologia e Microbiologia clinica. Per le professioni sanitarie e Odontoiatra.  - Pearson.E. Lanciotti - Microbiologia clinica. Cea


• Virology - 8h
  • Books: - S. De Grazia, D. Ferraro, G. Giammanco - Microbiologia e Microbiologia clinica. Per le professioni sanitarie e Odontoiatra.  - Pearson.E. Lanciotti - Microbiologia clinica. Cea


• Mycology - 2h
  • Books: - S. De Grazia, D. Ferraro, G. Giammanco - Microbiologia e Microbiologia clinica. Per le professioni sanitarie e Odontoiatra.  - Pearson.E. Lanciotti - Microbiologia clinica. Cea


• Basics of Immunology - 2h
  • Books: - S. De Grazia, D. Ferraro, G. Giammanco - Microbiologia e Microbiologia clinica. Per le professioni sanitarie e Odontoiatra.  - Pearson.E. Lanciotti - Microbiologia clinica. Cea