Physiotherapy REPLICA H - ASL ROMA 4 - BRACCIANO (RM)

• ATOMS, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS: structure of the atom, energy and filling of orbitals, periodic table. • CHEMICAL BONDS: concept of electronegativity, ionic bond, homeopolar and heteropolar covalent bond, dipole, hydrogen bond. • STRUCTURE OF THE WATER. • THE STATES OF MATTER: general information. • CHEMICAL REACTIONS: types of chemical reaction, elements of thermodynamics, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, chemical kinetics, collision theory, activation energy, catalysts. • CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM: qualitative and quantitative aspect. • SOLUTIONS: definition and unit of measurement of concentration, colligative properties, osmosis. • IONIC BALANCES: definition and measurement of pH, acids, bases, • OXIDE-REDUCTIONS: definition, oxidations of biological interest. • CARBON COMPOUNDS: carbon, hybridization; hydrocarbons: properties and classification. • FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES: alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, amines STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES: • GLUCIDES: structure and properties of aldoses, glucose, and ketoses, fructose; reserve and structural carbohydrates, glycoproteins. • AMINO ACIDS: structure, peptide bond. • PROTEINS: the four levels of structural organization, characteristics of the alpha-helix and the beta sheet; fibrous and globular proteins, collagen. Hemoglobin: structure and function. Oxygen bond on the heme group. Regulation of the oxygen bond, Bohr effect, role of 2.3, bisphosphoglycerate • LIPIDS: structure and properties of fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol. • ENZYMES: classification, general properties, enzymatic kinetics and regulation. Enzymatic inhibition. Allosteria. • VITAMINS: structural characteristics and biochemical mechanism of action. • HORMONES: protein and steroid, structure and properties. Pathways and mechanisms of signal transduction, membrane receptors and nuclear receptors. Second messengers, cyclic AMP, G protein, inositol-3-phosphate. METABOLIC PROCESSES AND THEIR REGULATION: • DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF THE MAIN NUTRIENTS: glycemic control. Effects of insulin and glucagon. • GLUCIDES: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis. Krebs cycle. General structure of cycles and their regulation. Role of acetylCoA in metabolism. • LIPIDS: beta-oxidation and biosynthesis of fatty acids. General structure of cycles and their regulation. • PROTEINS: nitrogen metabolism. Elimination of the amino group of amino acids, transdeamination. Elimination of ammonia, ureogenesis. Fate of the carbonaceous skeleton of amino acids. • PRINCIPLES OF BIOENERGETICS: ATP structure. Reductions mitochondrial oxide, respiratory chain. Mechanism of ADP phosphorylation. • SKELETAL MUSCLE: structure and function of the skeletal muscle. Muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle metabolism. Role of lactic dehydrogenase and phosphocreatine. The Cori cycle.

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Massimo Stefani e Niccolò Taddei - Chimica, biochimica e biologia applicata - Zanichelli Michele Samaja e Rita Paroni – Chimica e Biochimica per le lauree triennali dell’area biomedica - Piccin David L. Nelson e Michael M. Cox -Introduzione alla Biochimica di Lehninger - Zanichelli Rita Roberti e Giovanna Alunni Bistocchi - Elementi di Chimica e Biochimica - McGraw-Hill

The teaching is carried out preferentially through lectures with the aid of visual material that will be provided to students as a support to the study of the program. Formative tests are planned at the end of the lessons in order to determine the understanding of the lesson by the students and to evaluate if further insights are needed on difficult topics.

Molecular Bases of Life teaching is divided into three modules. The exam is oral and will take place at the end of the course in the same day for the three modules. Each test consists of an interview conducted by the teacher of the module to discuss all parts of the program. To pass the exam, it is necessary to acquire a grade of 18/30, to demonstrate that the basic knowledge and skills of the topics related to the three modules have been understood and to assess the ability to make connections between the various parts of the program of each module. To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude, the student must instead demonstrate that he has acquired an excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, being able to connect them in a logical and coherent way. Each of the teachers, on the basis of the above criteria, expresses a mark out of thirty. The final grade is an average of the three grad

The teaching is carried out preferentially through lectures with the aid of visual material that will be provided to students as a support to the study of the program. Formative tests are planned at the end of the lessons in order to determine the understanding of the lesson by the students and to evaluate if further insights are needed on difficult topics.