Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/09

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

3

Hours distribution

30 classroom hours

Lecturers

ELEONORA PALMA

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/16

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

3

Hours distribution

30 classroom hours

Lecturers

ROSA VACCARO
ROSA VACCARO

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/17

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

1

Hours distribution

10 classroom hours

Lecturers

LUCA MADARO
LUCA MADARO

Knowledge of the essential morphological characteristics and relative modes of functioning of the systems, apparatuses and organs in humans and their interactions. Study of the sense organs, the Central and Peripheral Nervous System, the endocrine system, the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory and genital systems. Histological characteristics of tissues: bone, striated muscle and nervous tissue.

At the end of the course, students must know the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions; the normal values of the main functional parameters in healthy humans; they must also know some of the techniques used to measure physiological parameters.

Requirements:
For a good understanding of the topics considered in this course, students should have a basic understanding of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Histology, Anatomy.

Module: PHYSIOLOGY

The cell as a fundamental unit: electrical parameters of the cell membrane and equivalent circuits; resting membrane potential; action potential.

Membrane receptors. Families of ionotropic receptors: structural analogies and functional peculiarities. Families of metabotropic receptors: structural analogies and functional peculiarities. Second messengers systems and signal transduction pathways.

Electrical synapses: structure and function. Chemical synapses. The neuromuscular junction.

The muscle: structure and function of the three muscle types. The contraction of skeletal.


The nervous control of skeletal muscle. Motor units.


General blood functions. Blood
constituents: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Haemostasis.

The heart:
physiological aspects of the myocardium; the cardiac cycle; regulation of the heart pump action. Myocardium excitation and conduction pathways; control mechanisms. the normal ECG. The circulation and the physical laws of haemodynamics. The functions of the arterial and venous systems. Cardiac output and venous return. . Control of blood flow and arterial pressure.


Functional organization of the motor system. The fundamental motor functions: posture; locomotion; Role of motor cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia.


Physiology of vision. The eye and dioptric media; phototransduction; optic pathways; Principles of cortical processing of visual information.

Biophysics and Physiology of the ear. Audition: transmission of acoustic stimuli to the cochlea; biophysics of the Organ of Corti; auditory pathways. Vestibular apparatus: signal transduction; use of vestibular signals.

Respiration: structure of the lungs. Pulmonary pressure and ventilation; Pulmonary volumes. Mechanical properties of the lungs. Pulmonary circulation. Gas exchange. Respiratory gas transport. Control of breathing.


Gastrointestinal physiology: motility, nervous control and blood circulation in the gastrointestinal tract. Food progression and mixing in the digestive tract. Gastrointestinal secretion: salivary, gastric, pancreatic, biliary, intestinal secretions. Food digestion. Absorption of water, nutrients and electrolytes in the small intestine. Absorption in the large intestine.




Module: HUMAN ANATOMY
Anatomical nomenclature. General organization of human body.
Skeletal and muscular system: General anatomy of bones, joints, muscles; anatomical basis of movement. Skull, vertebral column, neck, thoracic and abdominal wall, upper and lower limbs.
Cardiovascular system: Structure of arteries, veins and capillaries. Anatomy of heart, pericardium and pericardial cavity. Aorta and its principal branches; main arteries supplying head, trunk and limbs. Anatomy of superior and inferior vena cava system. Lymphatic drainage.
Respiratory system: Anatomy of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx and respiratory tract, lungs, pleural cavity. Mediastinum.
Digestive system: Anatomy of the mouth and salivary glands; pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine.
Central and peripheral nervous system: Anatomy of the brain, brainstem and spinal cord. Meninx and meningeal spaces. Afferent and efferent pathways. Anatomical basis of main motor control pathways. Autonomic nervous system. Cranial and spinal nerves. Eye’s and ear’s anatomy.



Module: HYSTOLOGY
-How to study cells and tissues. Histological techniques: overview of methods in cytology and histology; tissue preparation for microscopic examination; light and electronic instruments for studying cells and tissues. Basics of histochemistry and immuno-histochemistry. Cell integration. Differentiation. Notion of tissue, organ and system. Tissue renewal; stem cells and cell lineage kinetics.
-Epithelial tissue. Specializations of cells surface and cell polarity. Lining epithelia. Glands. Connective Tissues. General structure and functions of connective tissue.
-Connective tissue proper: extracellular matrix, fibers, ground substance and cells. Cartilage: types of cartilage; chondrogenesis and cartilage growth. Bone: bone architecture and functions. Osteogenesis; bone remodeling and homeostasis. Blood: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Hemopoiesis. Basics of immune system and organs.
-Muscle tissues: morphology and functional characteristics of skeletal, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.
-Nervous tissue. Neurons. Nerve fibers. Synapses. Neuroglia. Peripheral nerve terminals.

Module: PHYSIOLOGY
D.U. Silverthon Human Physiology


Module: HUMAN ANATOMY
Saladin K.S.: Anatomia e Fisiologia (Piccin).
Martini, Bartholomew – Elementi di Anatomia Istologia e Fisiologia dell’Uomo (EdiSES).
Marieb E.N, Keller S.M. - Elementi di Anatomia e Fisiologia dell'uomo (Zanichelli).


Module: HYSTOLOGY
AA. VV, Elementi di Istologia e cenni di Embriologia, Piccin;
L.P. Gartner e J.L. Hiatt, Atlante a colori e Testo di Istologia, Piccin;
A.L. Mescher, Junqueira Istologia, Testo e Atlante, Piccin;
AA. VV. Istologia di Monesi, Piccin
Pawlina W. & Ross M.H. , Istologia 3ed, Testo e Atlante, Ambrosiana
LINK ATLANTE: https://www.histologyguide.com/slidebox/slidebox.html

Module: PHYSIOLOGY
D.U. Silverthon Human Physiology


Module: HUMAN ANATOMY
Platzer, Shiozawa-Bayer: Atlante tascabile di Anatomia Umana v. 1 - Apparato Locomotore (CEA)
Dimon T.: Anatomia della voce (Piccin)
Netter F.H.: Atlante di Anatomia Umana (Edra)
Schünke et al.: Prometeus – Atlante di Anatomia Umana (EdiSES)
Paulsen, Waschke: Sobotta – Atlante di Anatomia Umana (Elsevier)
Anastasi, Tacchetti: Anatomia Umana – Atlante (Edi-ermes)
Gilman, Newman: Manter e Gratz’s – Le basi essenziali di Neuroanatomia Clinica e Neurofisiologia (Piccin)
Hendelman W.J.: Neuroanatomia Funzionale (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana)
Trevisi, Ricci: Anatomia Funzionale dell’Apparato Audio-Fonatorio (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana)



Module: HYSTOLOGY
AA. VV, Elementi di Istologia e cenni di Embriologia, Piccin;
L.P. Gartner e J.L. Hiatt, Atlante a colori e Testo di Istologia, Piccin;
A.L. Mescher, Junqueira Istologia, Testo e Atlante, Piccin;
AA. VV. Istologia di Monesi, Piccin
Pawlina W. & Ross M.H. , Istologia 3ed, Testo e Atlante, Ambrosiana
LINK ATLANTE: https://www.histologyguide.com/slidebox/slidebox.html

The lessons will take place in person in the classroom, using slides.

Mandatory attendance for 67% of the lectures

English:
To pass the exam the student must obtain not less than 18/30. The student must demonstrate that he/she
has acquired sufficient knowledge of the topics covered during the course.
To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude the student must instead demonstrate that he/she has acquired
excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, showing ability with the use of technical
terms and correct linguistic expressions.

Describe the physiology of muscle contraction.

Describe the mechanisms underlying the action potential.

Describe the mechanisms that determine filtration at the glomerular level.

Module: PHYSIOLOGY



Module: HUMAN ANATOMY



Module: HYSTOLOGY