Biomedical Laboratory techniques - Course A - Roma Azienda Policlinico Umberto I

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/10

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

2

Hours distribution

20 classroom hours

Lecturers

LUCIANA MOSCA

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/12

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

2

Hours distribution

20 classroom hours

Lecturers

ANDREA FUSO

Activity type

Primo soccorso

SSD

BIO/14

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

2

Hours distribution

20 classroom hours

Lecturers

GIOVANNI SEBASTIANO ALEMA'

Essential Objectives of the Integrated Course
Upon completion of the integrated course, students should:
• understand the structure and function of the main classes of biomolecules, with particular attention to macromolecules and supramolecular structures, and the main biochemical methodologies used in their study;
• recognize the principles underlying the structure-function relationships of biological macromolecules;
• be aware that the study of molecular structures provides the conceptual basis for understanding metabolic processes and cellular pathophysiology.
• understand the main metabolic pathways, their regulation at the molecular and cellular levels, and their integration;
• understand the main cellular molecular processes, their regulation at the molecular and cellular levels, and their integration, as well as the techniques used to study them.
• understand the pharmacological principles applied to patient treatment.

Knowledge of basics topics in chemistry and biology

Module: BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates and Lipids: classification, structure and properties.
Proteins: structural organization and function, globular and fibrous protein, collagen.
Oxygen transport. Erythrocytes. Hemoglobin structure and function. Oxygen binding regulation. Oxidative stress.
Enzymes as catalysts. Regulation of enzymatic activity. Inhibitors. Vitamins as coenzymes.
Digestion and absorption. Blood glucose control, insulin, glucagon. Liver role in metabolism.
Carbohydrates. Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, Krebs cycle, cycle structure and regulation. AcetylCoA role in metabolism. Anaerobic metabolism in muscle and erythrocytes.
Lipid metabolism. Oxidative metabolism in liver and muscle. Beta oxidation and fatty acids synthesis, cycle structure and regulation. Keton bodies.
Proteins. Amino acid degradation. Fate of amino acid nitrogen: urea cycle.
Oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial function. ATP structure. Respiratory chain. Mechanism of ADP phosphorylation.



Module: MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY
Nucleic acids biochemistry: purines and pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides. DNA and RNA structure, DNA conformation and topology.
DNA replication in eukaryotes and procaryotes. DNA repair mechanisms.
DNA transcription and RNA processing. RNA translation and protein synthesis.
Regulation of gene expression. Post-translational modifications. Epigenetic modifications.
Nucleic acids isolation and purification.
Basic techniques: nucleic acids electrophoresis, cloning, restriction enzymes, hybridization (Northern and Southern blotting, microarray, microchip). Capillary electrophoresis.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Endpoint PCR, real-Time PCR, digital-PCR. Gene expression analysis.
Nucleic acids sequencing Sanger sequencing, Pyrosequencing, RNA-Seq, ATAC-Seq.
Genome wide analyses. Genome alteration (mutation analysis, dieci and inverse hybridization, GWAS, MLPA). New biotechnology products, genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9.
DNA-proteins interactions: DNA footprint, ChIP.
Techniques for studying epigenetic modifications: DNA methylation, microRNA espressione, histone modifications.


Module: BASIS OF PHARMACOLOGY
General information on pharmacology.
PHYSIOLOGICAL PHARMACOKINETICS.
Physicochemical properties of molecules and mechanisms of drug passage across biological membranes;
Drug absorption: Characteristics of the main routes of drug administration; definition of bioavailability.
Distribution and apparent volume of distribution.
Drug elimination: kinetics, half-life, clearance; Renal and hepatic drug excretion.
Biotransformation: phases, induction and inhibition phenomena.
CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS:
Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters, steady state, loading and maintenance doses.
PHARMACODYNAMICS:
Characteristics of drug-receptor interaction. Relationship between drug concentration and drug-receptor complex.
Definition of agonist, partial agonist, reversible and irreversible competitive antagonist.
Dose-effect curves, ED50, efficacy and potency. Therapeutic index of a drug.
Drug targets, receptor types, effector systems

Module: BIOCHEMISTRY
Nelson DL Cox MM: Introduzione alla Biochimica di Lehninger, Quarte edizione, Zanichelli
Brown T: Conoscere la Biochimica, Prima edizione, Zanichelli
Campbell MK Farrell SO: Biochimica, EdiSES



Module: MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY
Francesco Amaldi, Piero Benedetti, Graziano Pesole, Paolo Plevani
TECNICHE E METODI PER LA BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE
Ed.: CEA/Zanichelli


Module: BASIS OF PHARMACOLOGY
The course's e-learning page contains textbook excerpts for each topic covered in class. Any pharmacology textbook is fine. The following are recommended:
Pharmacology. Mechanism of Action of Drugs, edited by Pratt WB. & Taylor P., Bologna, Zanichelli, 2002 - Biblioteca Comunale di Latina Aldo Manuzio Inventory LTM 49906 Shelfmark LTM 615.1 - Chapters 1-5 - Very thorough text
Pharmacology / Rang & Dale; Milan CEA, 2005 - Chapters 2, 3, 7, and 8. - A comprehensive text for medical students, oriented toward mechanisms rather than clinical aspects.
General and Molecular Pharmacology: The Mechanism of Action of Drugs / [edited by] Francesco Clementi, Guido Fumagalli, Turin UTET, 2004 Chapters 4, 5, 41-48 - Together with the following, these are in-depth texts on Pharmacology but perfectly usable by anyone.
Clinical Pharmacology, edited by Luciano M. Fuccella, Emilio Perucca, Cesare Sirtori; Turin UTET, 1998 - Chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 21.
Pharmacology / Mary J. Mycek, Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe, Bologna Zanichelli, 2000 - Chapters 1 and 2 - Basic text for the health professions
Other usable texts are:
Katzung, Piccin, Chapters 2, 3, and 4
Goodman & Gilman, McGraw-Hill, Chapters 1 and 3
Rossi-Cuomo, Minerva Medica, Chapters 1 and 2 (part)

Module: BIOCHEMISTRY
N/D
Module: MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY
N/D
Module: BASIS OF PHARMACOLOGY
N/D

Frontal lessons in presence

in presenza. Mandatory

Oral exam with the three professors of the integrated course. All the three modules have to be sustained in the same date

Description of a molecular process (e.g. RNA synthesis) and techniques to study that process (e.g. PCR)

Module: BIOCHEMISTRY



Module: MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY



Module: BASIS OF PHARMACOLOGY

• Introduction and Passage of Drugs Across Membranes
  • Books: Basi cellulari della farmacocinetica, Farmacologia generale e molecolare Clementi, Fumagalli, UTET Torino


• Routes of Administration, Absorption and Bioavailability
  • Books: Vie di somministrazione, Farmacologia generale e molecolare Clementi, Fumagalli, UTET Torino


• Drug distribution
  • Books: Distribuzione, Farmacologia generale e molecolare Clementi, Fumagalli, UTET Torino


• Drug excretion
  • Books: Escrezione, Elementi di Farmacologia e terapia medica, Kalant, Roschlau, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Milano


• Drug metabolism
  • Books: Metabolismo dei farmaci, Farmacologia generale e molecolare Clementi, Fumagalli, UTET Torino


• Clinical Pharmacokinetics
  • Books: Farmacocinetica Clinica, Farmacologia generale e molecolare Clementi, Fumagalli, UTET Torino


• Variability of pharmacological response
  • Books: Fattori di Variabilità di risposta ai farmaci, Farmacologia, Rossi-Cuomo, Torino, Minerva Medica


• Receptors and signal transduction mechanisms
  • Books: Meccanismi d'azione dei farmaci: principi generali Farmacologia, Rang, Dale, Ritter, Moore Milano, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana


• Drug-receptor interaction
  • Books: Aspetti quantitativi e qualitativi dell'interazione farmaco-recettore
    
    Farmacologia generale e molecolare Clementi, Fumagalli, UTET Torino