Imaging and Radiotherapy techniques - Course A - Roma Azienda Policlinico Umberto I

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/09

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

2

Hours distribution

20 classroom hours

Lecturers

MARIA AMALIA DI CASTRO

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/17

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

1

Hours distribution

10 classroom hours

Lecturers

GABRIELLA DOBROWOLNY

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/16

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

3

Hours distribution

30 classroom hours

Lecturers

STEFANIA ANNARITA NOTTOLA

- Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student should know and understand:
• The morphology, structural organization and function of the systems and organs of the human body, at both macroscopic and microscopic levels;
• The spatial relationships between the various organs of the human body;
• The anatomical terminology useful for the morphological and functional description of anatomical structures.
- Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student should have acquired the following skills:
• A methodological study criterion useful in describing the architecture and spatial relationships among the various structures of the human body;
• The ability to connect the macroscopic and microscopic organization of systems and organs with the corresponding functions.
- Making informed judgments and choices
At the end of the course, the student should have acquired the following skills:
• The ability to reflect autonomously and critically on the structural organization (macroscopic and microscopic) and on the function of the systems of the human body;
• The ability to understand the relationship between morphology and function of organs, even intuiting the pathophysiological potential of the structures under examination.
- Communicating knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student should be able of:
• Exposing in a thorough, precise and comprehensive manner the anatomo-physiological knowledge acquired through appropriate use of the specific language of the disciplines.
- Capacities to continue learning
Upon completion of the course, the student should:
• Demonstrate the ability to reach conclusions independently, providing examples and making parallels based on what has been learned from the syllabus;
• Acquire a method of study that allows the ability to independently update on the contents of human histology, anatomy and physiology, also using supplementary sources not necessarily provided by the teacher.

Basic knowledge of physics, chemistry and biology.

Module: PHYSIOLOGY
Body organization: Physiology, levels of organization, structure-function interactions
Homeostasis: indoor and outside-liquid-compartments homeostatic mechanisms (positive and negative feedback)
Biophysics of the membrane: the plasma membrane, forces driving the transport through the membrane (chemical force, electric force), resting membrane potential, equilibrium potential, passive and active membrane transport, osmosis, tone
Nervous system: organization, nerve cells, the genesis of the electrical signals (resting potential, graded potential, action potential), functions of myelin, synapses and synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters, spinal reflexes, simple reflex arc. central and peripheral nervous system
Skeletal muscle: cellular and molecular structure, sarcomere, muscle contraction, excitation-contraction coupling, muscle metabolisms
Cardiovascular system. Blood: composition, functions, blood groups ABO and Rh system
Heart: heart muscle, excitement infarction and impulse conduction (pacemaker cells ritmiche- car, conduction system) cardiac cycle, cardiac output, neural control of cardiac output
Circulatory system: forces that regulate the flow of blood, functions of the arterial and venous system, venous return, venous return, capillaries functions (comprehensive exchange-filtration and absorption), blood pressure (systolic-diastolic), nervous control of blood pressure
Respiratory system: upper and lower airways, pulmonary pressures, Boyle's law, inhale, exhale, pulmonary ventilation, alveolar ventilation, area composition, respiratory membrane, Dalton's Law, gas exchange at the alveolar level, gas exchange at the tissue level
Digestive system: digestion, secretion
Hormones and control of metabolism
Urinary system and its functions. Regulation of pH.



Module: HISTOLOGY
- Study Methods in Cytology and Histology: optical and electron microscopy techniques; preparation of tissues for microscopic examination. The eukaryotic
cell, the subcellular organelles and the main cellular processes (cell cycle, mitosis, differentiation, stemness).
- Epithelial Tissue: structural and functional classification of epithelia; basement membrane; general structure of covering epithelia; notes on the histological
organization of exocrine and endocrine glands. The thyroid gland.
- Connective Tissue: Classification; extracellular and amorphous matrix; types of cells and varieties of connective tissue.
- Adipose Tissue: general characteristics and classification into white and brown adipose tissue; plasticity of the adipose organ; adipokines.
- Cartilage Tissue: general characteristics; cell types and cell matrix; cartilage growth; hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage; functions and histophysiology of
cartilage.
- Bone Tissue: general characteristics and structure of bones; classification into non-lamellar and lamellar bone; compact and spongy bone; the osteon; cell types
and intercellular substance; histogenesis of bone tissue: intramembranous and endochondral ossification; bone remodeling.
- Blood: general characteristics; plasma and cell types; differential white blood cell count (leukocyte formula); blood vessels.
- Hematopoiesis and differentiative lineages.
- Muscle Tissue: general characteristics of tissue structure and its contractile properties:
- Striated Skeletal Muscle Tissue: organization of skeletal muscle from the muscle fiber to the myofibrils; sarcoplasmic reticulum, the sarcomere, and muscle
contraction; cell types; satellite cells and muscle regeneration;
- Striated Cardiac Muscle Tissue;
- Smooth Muscle Tissue.
- Nervous Tissue general characteristics; neurons and their classification; axonal and dendritic transport; interneuronal synapses; neuroglia of the CNS and PNS;
the myelin sheath and myelination; nerve fibers.


Module: HUMAN ANATOMY
Systematic Anatomy
1) General anatomical features of the human body: Terminology, systems, organs.
2) Osteology, Syndesmology and Myology: Gross anatomy of skeleton, joints and muscles.
3) Angiology: Gross and microscopic anatomy of the vascular system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lymph glands and hemopoietic organs.
4) Splanchnology: Gross and microscopic anatomy of the visceral system, including the digestive apparatus, the respiratory apparatus, the urinary apparatus, the female and male reproductive apparatuses and the endocrine glands.
5) Neuroanatomy: Functional anatomy of the nervous system, including notes on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the sensory organs.
6) Notes on the anatomical structure of the skin and its appendages.

Essential Concepts on Topographical (Regional) Anatomy

Module: PHYSIOLOGY
- Fondamenti di Anatomia e Fisiologia, F. H. Martini, J. L. Nath, E. F. Bartholomew, Edises
-Principi di Fisiologia, Zocchi, Edises


- Fisiologia. Stanfield. EdiSES
- Fisiologia Umana: un approccio integrato. D U: Silverthorn
- Sherwood L., Fisiologia Umana, Zanichelli, Bologna



Module: HISTOLOGY
Di Felice, Dobrowolny, Ricci, Scicchitano, Viscomi-FUNDAMENTALS OF HISTOLOGy-Ediz. Scientifiche Falco


Module: HUMAN ANATOMY

Anatomia per le Lauree Triennali e Magistrali, Macchiarelli et al., III Edizione (Sorbona, Casa Editrice Idelson-Gnocchi, 2024)

Anatomia, Seeley, Amenta et al. (Sorbona, Casa Editrice Idelson-Gnocchi)

Module: PHYSIOLOGY
N/D
Module: HISTOLOGY
N/D
Module: HUMAN ANATOMY
N/D

Face-to-face lectures with the use of PPT slides. Teacher-student interaction is welcomed. Videodissections could also be used.

The attendance is compulsory.
Attendance recording: paper-based

The evaluation of the course includes an oral exam.
The following elements will be taken into consideration: the ability to reason and self-study and specific preparation (70%); attendance and active involvement (30%). There will be the possibility to perform a written intermediate (ongoing) test on a part of the program. The intermediate test will be scheduled soon after one-half of the course.

The final evaluation will be elaborated and expressed in thirtieths.

Description of a tissue; description of the morphology and function of a system and/or of a specific organ inside a system.

Module: PHYSIOLOGY

• Introduction to the study of Physiology


• Mechanisms of transport across plasma membrane, membrane potential and action potential


• Nervous system and synaptic transmission


• Muscle and contraction


• Heart and cardiac cycle


• Cardiocirculatory apparatus


• Capillary and venous return


• Pulmonary system 


• Gastrointestinal system


• Urinary system

• Elements of cytology and histological methods The lining epithelial
  • Books: Di Felice, Dobrowolny, Ricci, Scicchitano, Viscomi-FUNDAMENTALS OF HISTOLOGy-Ediz. Scientifiche Falco


• The glandular tissues. The connective tissue. Adipose tissue
  • Books: Di Felice, Dobrowolny, Ricci, Scicchitano, Viscomi-FUNDAMENTALS OF HISTOLOGy-Ediz. Scientifiche Falco


• Cartilage tissue Bone tissue. Blood and hematopoiesis 
  • Books: Di Felice, Dobrowolny, Ricci, Scicchitano, Viscomi-FUNDAMENTALS OF HISTOLOGy-Ediz. Scientifiche Falco


• Skeletal muscle tissue Cardiac
  muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue
  • Books: Di Felice, Dobrowolny, Ricci, Scicchitano, Viscomi-FUNDAMENTALS OF HISTOLOGy-Ediz. Scientifiche Falco


• Nervous tissue
  • Books: Di Felice, Dobrowolny, Ricci, Scicchitano, Viscomi-FUNDAMENTALS OF HISTOLOGy-Ediz. Scientifiche Falco

• 24-10-25 Introductory remarks; Musculoskeletal system: bones
  • Books:  


• 31-10-25 Musculoskeletal system: joints and muscles


• 07-11-25 Cardiovascular system 1


• 14-11-25 Cardiovascular system 2


• 21-11-25 Digestive system


• 28-11-25 Respiratory system


• 05-12-25 Urinary system; Male genital system


• 12-12-25 Female genital system; Endocrine system


• 19-12-25 Nervous system


• 09-01-26 Ongoing exam