Health Professions of Technical Sciences (diagnostic) - Course A - Roma Azienda Policlinico Umberto I

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIO/09

Year

2nd year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

2

Hours distribution

20 classroom hours

Lecturers

GABRIELE RUFFOLO

Activity type

* Scienze e tecniche di laboratorio biomedico

SSD

MED/46

Year

2nd year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

2

Hours distribution

20 classroom hours

Lecturers

LUCIA DI MARCOTULLIO
CINZIA FIONDA

Activity type

* Scienze e tecniche audiometriche

SSD

MED/32

Year

2nd year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

2

Hours distribution

20 classroom hours

Lecturers

GIANNICOLA IANNELLA

Activity type

* Scienze e tecniche di neurofisiopatologia

SSD

MED/26

Year

2nd year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

2

Hours distribution

20 classroom hours

Lecturers

GIULIA DI STEFANO

Students will possess skills in the fundamental principles of the physiology of major organs and systems, the pathological mechanisms affecting the central nervous system and the auditory system, and the laboratory medicine approaches useful for disease diagnosis.

Basic knowledge of the anatomy of the main organs and systems is required.

TECHNICAL SCIENCES OF LABORATORY MEDICINE
1- Introduction to laboratory medicine: description of the characteristics, organization, and functions of laboratory medicine. Examples of applications of laboratory methodologies in clinical pathology, biomedical radiology, and neurophysiology.
2- Neuroinflammatory diseases: pathophysiological bases and diagnostic approaches.
3- Sepsis: pathophysiological bases and diagnostic approaches.
4- The interaction between the intestine and the central nervous system.
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Cellular physiology.
- Physiology and properties of the plasma membrane
- Electrical parameters of the cell membrane and equivalent circuits; resting potential; action potential
- General information on junctions, channels, cell receptors, and cellular transport.
- Membrane permeability, passive diffusion, and Fick's law.
- Physiological mechanisms of osmotic phenomena
2. Physiology of the nervous system and excitable cells and principles of muscle contraction
- Synapses: properties and morphology. Electrical synapses and chemical synapses. Main neurotransmitters of the human nervous system. Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Inhibitory and excitatory synapses. Mechanisms of synaptic integration: spatial and temporal summation
- Electrical properties of the cell and conduction of nerve impulses. Basics of cellular electrophysiology and physiological principles of the action potential and its propagation.
- Basics of fundamental nervous circuits. Simple reflex arc, myotatic and inverse myotatic reflex. Sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system.
- Skeletal muscle: Sarcomere and function of sarcomeric proteins
- Excitation-contraction coupling and physiology of the neuromuscular junction
- Types of muscle fibers and motor units.
- Smooth muscle: Types of smooth muscle. Activation, regulation, and control of smooth muscle contraction.
3. Physiology of the cardiopulmonary system
- The cardiac muscle: hemodynamic pump
- Cardiac cycle: systole and diastole, structure and function of the heart valves, heart sounds, regulation of the heart's pumping activity.
- Rhythmic excitation: Cardiac pacemaker, cardiac conduction system, and control of excitation and conduction in the heart.
- Flow and pressure in different somatic regions. Stroke volume and cardiac output. Cardiac workload. Systemic circulation and regulation of blood flow and blood pressure. Baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes.
- Structure of the Lung
- Lung Pressures and Volumes
- Ventilation and Pulmonary Perfusion: Properties of the Alveolar-Capillary Membrane and Gas Exchange
- Lung Compliance
- Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
4. Physiology of the Kidney:
- Water Compartments and Fluid-Electrolyte Balance
- Urine Formation: Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption. Countercurrent Exchange and Multiplication
- Regulatory Mechanisms: Control of Blood and Extracellular Volume. Hormonal Regulation: Antidiuretic Hormone, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance: Buffer Systems
5. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System
- Structure of the Gastrointestinal System and the Enteric Nervous System
- Digestion of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
- Structure and Function of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle
- Gastrointestinal Secretions: Acids, Bases, and Digestive Enzymes
- Functions of the Intestinal Epithelium and Nutrient Absorption
NEUROLOGY
1. Diagnostic Techniques in Peripheral Neuropathies
2. Diagnostic Techniques in Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System
3. Diagnostic Techniques in Infectious Diseases
4. Diagnosis of Myopathies
5. Disturbances of Consciousness
AUDIOLOGY
• Anatomy and physiology of the peripheral and central auditory system.
• Anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system.
• Physiology of hearing and balance.
• Epidemiology of hearing loss and vestibular disorders.
• Audiological clinical assessment.
• Audiological evaluation in adults and children.
• Pure-tone audiometry.
• Speech audiometry.
• Immittance testing: tympanometry and acoustic reflex assessment.
• Otoacoustic emissions (OAE).
• Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and other electrophysiological tests.
• Universal newborn hearing screening.
• Classification of hearing loss: conductive, sensorineural, and mixed.
• Sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
• Presbycusis.
• Pediatric hearing loss and congenital deafness.
• Tinnitus: diagnostic work-up and treatment principles.
• Peripheral and central vestibular disorders.
• Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).
• Ménière's disease.
• Vestibular neuritis.
• Clinical and instrumental vestibular assessment.
• Vestibular rehabilitation.
• Hearing rehabilitation.
• Hearing aids: indications, types, and fitting principles.
• Cochlear implants and other implantable hearing devices: clinical indications and basic principles.
• Multidisciplinary management of audiological patients.

TECHNICAL SCIENCES OF LABORATORY MEDICINE:
The instructor will provide handouts, scientific articles, and teaching materials.

PHYSIOLOGY:
Netter's Physiology. Piccin.
Belfiore: Human Physiology. Ed. Ermes
Klinke, Pape, Kurtz, Silbernag Physiology. Ed. Ermes.
For further information:
Conti: Medical Physiology, Vol. I and II, Ed. Ermes
Guyton and Hall, Medical Physiology, Elsevier.

NEUROLOGY:
"The Neurology of Wisdom", Author: Berardelli
Publisher: Esculapio
Publication Date: 2022
Edition: 4

AUDIOLOGY
KJ Lee's Essential Otolaryngology, 12th edition

Module: PHYSIOLOGY
N/D
Module: TECHNICAL SCIENCES OF LABORATORY MEDICINE
N/D
Module: AUDIOLOGIA
N/D
Module: NEUROLOGY
N/D

The course is divided into lectures.

Mandatory

The exam will consist of an oral examination to assess the student's achievement of the learning objectives.
To pass the exam, a grade of at least 18/30 is required.
During the oral examination, the student must demonstrate mastery of the objectives described above.
To achieve a grade of 30/30 with honors, the student must demonstrate excellent knowledge of all the topics covered in the course.
Evaluation will take into account the student's ability to reason and present topics clearly and with appropriate terminology, demonstrating the ability to connect them in a logical and coherent manner.

1- What are neuroinflammatory diseases?
2- What are the diagnostic approaches used for bacterial and viral infections affecting the CNS?
3- What are the pathophysiological mechanisms of sepsis?

• Introduction to Laboratory Medicine: Description of the characteristics, organization, and functions of laboratory medicine. Examples of applications of laboratory methodologies in clinical pathology, biomedical radiology, and neurophysiology (5 hours)


• Neuroinflammatory diseases: pathophysiological bases and diagnostic approaches (5h)


• Sepsis: pathophysiological bases and diagnostic approaches (5h)


• The interaction between the intestine and the central nervous system (5h)


• Cellular physiology and basic mechanisms of synaptic transmission (4h)


• Physiology of the nervous and neuromuscular system (4h)


• Physiology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems (4h)


• Physiology of the Urinary System (4h)


• Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System (4h)


• Topic 1: Diagnostic techniques in peripheral neuropathies (4h)


• Topic 2: Diagnostic techniques in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (4h)


• Topic 3: Diagnostic techniques in infectious diseases (4h)


• Topic 4: Diagnosis of myopathies (4h)


• Topic 5: Disturbances of the state of consciousness (4h)


• Anatomy
  and physiology of the peripheral and central auditory system. (4h)


• Immittance
  testing: tympanometry and acoustic reflex assessment. (4h)


• Otoacoustic
  emissions (OAE). (4h)


• Pediatric
  hearing loss and congenital deafness. (4h)


• Vestibular
  neuritis. (4h)


• Clinical and instrumental vestibular assessment (4h)