Orthopaedics techniques - Roma Azienda Ospedaliera Sant’Andrea

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIOS-07/A

Year

1st year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

8 classroom hours

Lecturers

MARZIA ARESE

Activity type

Primo soccorso

SSD

BIOS-11/A

Year

1st year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

8 classroom hours

Lecturers

DANIELE CAPRIOLI

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

MEDS-03/A

Year

1st year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

8 classroom hours

Lecturers

IOLANDA SANTINO

Activity type

Scienze biomediche

SSD

BIOS-10/A

Year

1st year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

2

Hours distribution

16 classroom hours

Lecturers

ALESSANDRO PALMA

• Understand the atomic structure and be able to use the periodic table of elements.
• Understand the descriptions of concentration units on the labels of chemicals for medical use and know how to manage them.
• Recognize the main classes of biological molecules based on their functional groups and recall the basis of their structure/function relationship.
• Outline the main aspects of the structural and functional organization of the cell and its compartments.
• Have a clear understanding of the basic principles of the processes related to nucleic acids.
• Have a clear understanding of the main microbial agents and their specific management in healthcare.

For a profitable study and for an adequate understanding of the teaching materials, a good knowledge of elementary algebra, the concept of logarithm, and Cartesian graphs is indicated as a prerequisite.

Module: BIOCHEMESTRY
1) Basic Chemistry:
- The atom and the chemical bond, the periodic table, electronegativity, octet rule.
- The gaseous state and air composition, properties of oxygen and toxic gases. hyperbaric chambers.
- Water properties; polarity, hydrogen bond.
- Solutions: concentration and electrolytes.
- Acids and bases.strenght and pH. Remarks on equilibrium and biological buffers concepts.

2) Structure and function of biological molecules:
- Carbohydrates: from mono- to poly- saccharides (glucose, sucrose, glycogen, cellulose), remarks on blood groups.
- Lipids and biological membranes (cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides)..
- Amino acids and proteins. Structure-function relationships; globular ( myoglobin, hemoglobin, actin) and fibrous structures (myosin, collagen).
- Insights on membrane proteins and active transport mechanisms
- Overview of enzymatic mechanisms and of hormones /receptors signalling (insulin).
- Hints on enzymatic reactions and energy metabolism.
- Further remarks: proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (heparin, hyaluronic acid).
- Overview of plasma lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL)
- Overview of the structure/function of nucleotides and nucleic acids.


Module: BIOLOGY
PRINCIPLES OF GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
Principles of pharmacodynamics applied to therapy. Qualitative and quantitative aspects
of drug-receptor interactions. Receptors and ion channels: G-protein-gated receptors
, tyrosine kinase-gated receptors. Receptor-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels.
Regulation of calcium homeostasis.
Pumps and transporters. Intracellular receptors.
Modulation of receptor responses: desensitization, upregulation, and downregulation.
Principles of pharmacokinetics applied to therapy: dynamics of drug absorption,
distribution, and elimination.
Principles of pharmacodynamics: mechanisms of drug action and the relationship
between concentration and effect.

SPECIAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOTHERAPY
General and local anesthetics
Hypnotics and sedatives
Opioid analgesics and their antagonists
Drugs that affect renal and cardiovascular function
Diuretics


Module: MICROBIOLOGY
MCROBIOLOGY
-Morphological and structural features of bacterial cells and viruses. Pathogenic and pathogenic opportunistic concept. Sporulation
- Bacterial virulence factors. General characteristics of microorganisms common causes of human infections.
- Morphological, structural and metabolic characteristics of mycetes of medical interest.



Module: PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction to Cell Biology
Biological Molecules and Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids and Proteins
Cellular Organization
The Cell Membrane
Cytoskeleton
Cell Organelles
Gene Expression and Regulation
Cell Communication and Signaling
Cell Division and the Cell Cycle
Mendelian Genetics
Human Genetics and Mutations

Module: BIOCHEMESTRY
consider an english version among the following list:
- Samaja, Paroni “Chimica e Biochimica” Ed. Piccin
- Bertoldi, Colombo " Chimica e Biochimica " EdiSES
- Stefani, Taddei “Chimica, Biochimica e Biologia applicata” Zanichelli
- Marinello, Raggi. “Elementi di Chimica e Biochimica Medica”. Ed ETS
- Catani, Gasperi “Appunti di Biochimica per le lauree triennali” PICCIN


Module: BIOLOGY
Rang, Dale, Ritter & Moore: Farmacologia
Calabró: Compendio di Biotecnologie Farmaceutiche


Module: MICROBIOLOGY
Principi di Microbiologia Clinica. E. Lanciotti. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana
Microbiologia Medica ed infezioni. Elliot. EMSI


Module: PHARMACOLOGY
“Basi molecolari e cellulari della vita”,
A. Bevilacqua, P. Chieffi, L. Speranza, S. Canterini, M. Pesce, M. Montorsi
Ed. Piccin

Module: BIOCHEMESTRY
see textbook section


Module: BIOLOGY
see textbook list


Module: MICROBIOLOGY
N/D
Module: PHARMACOLOGY
see textbook list

The program includes lectures and progress tests to monitor the progression of knowledge and skills acquired.
Additional small group lessons can be organized for students experiencing difficulties upon request.

in-person class, mandatory

The exam consist of a written part with multiple-choice questions on the basic aspects of the topics covered in class. The written test may be followed by a short oral exam to better define the final grade (i.e. in case of threshold grade or excellent grade in the written test).

In solution, an acid:
a) set a pH >7
b) release H+
c) release OH-
d) if it is a weak acid, it behaves like a strong base
Correct answer: b

Cholesterol:
a) is a membrane lipid
b) is composed of two fatty acid molecules linked to a polar head group
c) is a monosaccharide
d) is a trivalent alcohol that binds three fatty acid molecules to form triglycerides
Correct answer: a

Of the following, indicate the most complex structure:
a) the amino acid glycine
b) insulin
c) acetic acid
d) the insulin receptor
Correct answer: d

Module: BIOCHEMESTRY

• Atomic structure, periodic table of elements,
  chemical bond, functional groups and basic
  molecules, polarity (week 1)
  • Books: see textbook section
    
    (TESTI)


• solutions, electrolites,
  acids bases and pH (week 2)
  • Books: see textbook section (TESTI)


• Carbohydrates, relevant examples; carboidrati
  complessi: glicosaminoglicani; Liphids and membranes (week 3)
  • Books: see textbook section (TESTI)


• Aminoacids and proteins,
  structure-function relationship; relevant examples (week 4)
  • Books: see textbook section (TESTI)


• Overview on
  nucleotides, DNA and RNA and  metabolic processes (week 5)
  • Books: see textbook section (TESTI)

• Module 1 – Introduction and Cellular Organization. Contents: Introduction to cell biology. Fundamental properties of living cells. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. General organization of the cell. Biological molecules and macromolecules: proteins and nucleic acids. Learning objective: To understand the basic structure and chemical composition of the cell as the fundamental unit of life.


• Cell Structure and Dynamics. Contents: The cell membrane: composition, structure, and functions. Transport of substances and communication with the environment. Cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Cell junctions and extracellular matrix (ECM). Learning objective: To acquire knowledge of the structural components of the cell and the mechanisms that determine its shape, movement, and interactions with the surrounding environment.


• Module 3 – Cellular Functions and Regulation. Contents: Cellular organelles and functional compartmentalization. Gene expression: replication, transcription, translation. Regulation of gene expression. Cell communication and signaling. Learning objective: To understand how the cell produces energy, synthesizes macromolecules, and regulates gene expression in response to internal and external signals.


• Module 4 – Cell Division and Genetics. Contents: Cell cycle and its control mechanisms. Mitosis and meiosis. Mendelian genetics: Mendel’s laws, dominant and recessive traits. Human genetics: point mutations and chromosomal mutations, overview of genetic diseases. Learning objective: To understand how the cell divides and how genetic information is transmitted and modified, with reference to examples of human diseases.