Elements of the History of Architecture Single channel
Chair (Coordinator) and Rapporteur: CARMEN VINCENZA MANFREDI
Module 1: Elements of the History of Architecture I
- Activity type
- Formazione nella storia e rappresentazione
- SSD
- ICAR/18
- Year
- 2nd year
- Semester
- 2nd semester
- CFU
- 6
- Hours distribution
- 60 classroom hours
- Lecturers
- CARMEN VINCENZA MANFREDI
Module 2: Elements of the History of Architecture II
- Activity type
- Formazione nella storia e rappresentazione
- SSD
- ICAR/18
- Year
- 2nd year
- Semester
- 1st semester
- CFU
- 6
- Hours distribution
- 60 classroom hours
- Lecturers
- SIMONE LUCCHETTI
Learning outcomes
The course aims to provide the methodological tools necessary for the knowledge of the history of contemporary architecture in the Western world, in relation to the historical-cultural and geographical context of reference. The selection of the topics that will be treated aims at the understanding of architectures in their triple aspect: typological-functional, structural and figurative
Prerequisites
Knowledge of the geography and general history of the treated period; a basic grounding in history of art and in geometric drawing (orthographic and axonometric projections)
Programme
Elements of History of architecture I (Lecturer Simone Lucchetti)
The origins of Mediterranean cultures, Egypt and Crete. - Micaenean civilisation.- From the greek Middle Ages to Archaism – The origin of the Greek Temple and of the Architectural Orders. - The Great Archaic Temples
The Classical Age: Olympia, Paestum, Athens. - The Acropolis and the Parthenon - Pericles, Mnesicles, Callicrates and Ictinus.
Hellenism: Alexandria and antique Urban Planning. Ippodamus and Dinocrates – Pergamon – The Reconstruction of the Archaic Temples: Ephesus, Sardis, Miletus. - The great Sanctuaries: Pergamon, Coos, Rhodes.
Roman Architecture: Rome under the Tarquinii – the Hellenistic influence. – The use of arches, and the discovery of concrete and of the vault. - The great Republican Sanctuaries in Latium.- The application of Architectural Orders to arched walls (Tabularium Motif) – The Architecture of the great Dictators: Pompey, Cesar, Augustus. The Fora of Cesar and Augustus as prototypes of the Imperial Fora.- The Corynthian Order. -. Baiae and the first great cupolae.- Claudius and the rough ashlar -. Nero and The Domus Aurea. – The Flavii: the Colosseum, Rabirius. - Trajan and Apollodorus of Damascus.- The Age of Hadrian.- From the Severii to Diocletian. Spalatus - Maxentius and Costantine - Arches and Mausoleums – Roman Building Types: Residences, Thermae, Places of Entertainement.
Late Antiquity and Early Christianism. - Pagan and Christian Art. – Rome and the first Basilicas. –Eastern and Western influences: triconcae and tetraconcae.- Syrian Churches.- .Ravenna – Theodoric and Justinian – Costantinople - Saint Sophia.
Between VII and X century: Visigoth Spain and Lombard Italy. The Arabs and Omayyad Architecture – Carolingian Architecture: Aachen, Saint Gallen and benedictine influence – the Westwerk- The crisis of the Sacred Roman Empire. The Ottonian Renaissance: Spira, Worms, Mainz, France, Tours, Cluny II.
Romanesque architecture: The Concept of Romanesque in Europe. France: Burgundy, Provence, Loire, Poitou, Perigord, Auvergne, Normandy and Norman England – The churches on «Camino de Santiago» – the crisis of the Benedectine Order – Bernard of Clairvaux and cisterceans architecture – Northern Italy: Lombardy and Emilia, Venice – Tuscany- Rome the XII century Renaissance – Montecassino –the Normans in Southern Italy and in Sicily: Puglia Cefalù and Monreale.
The gothic architecture: Origins and limits of the concept of Gothic Art.-Definitions, spatial conceptions and structural systems – Suger, the reconstruction of the of St-Denis abbey and the gothic architecture in Ile-de-France: Saint Denis, Paris, Chartres, Reims – Germany: The Koln cathedral – England: Canterbury Lincoln, London
Italy in the XIII and XIV century. – The influence of the new religious orders: Franciscans and Dominicans – Frederic II – the Central Italy cathedrals: Orvieto, Siena, Florence and Perugia – Venice – Emilia and Lombardy – Arnolfo di Cambio – Rome – Naples and the southern Kingdom.
Europe in the XIV and XV century and the end of Gothic Art- The european Late Gothic. Florentine culture towards the Renaissance: tradition, cult for Antique Classicism and Humanism.
Elements of History of architecture II (Lecturer: prof. Carmen V. Manfredi)
Introduction:
History and historiography of architecture; architecture as a synthesis of structures, functions and language; Architecture, city and territory: construction and transformation of built space and landscape; building typologies; structural systems: trilithic system, truss, arch, vaults; plans, elevations and sections: methods of representing architecture.
1 From the end of the Middle Ages (1401) to the beginning of the modern age (1492)
The fifteenth century. and the search for space-time unity through perspective; the work of the major protagonists: Brunelleschi in Florence, L. Battista Alberti in Florence, Rimini and Mantua and the De re aedificatoria; Filarete and Bramante in Milan; research on the central and longitudinal systems of religious buildings; the architecture of the noble palaces in Florence and Rome; the design of urban spaces: Pienza.
2 From the discovery of America (1492) to the Council of Trent (1545-1563)
The pontificate of Julius II: D. Bramante, the new Petrian basilica; the Roman palace (D. Bramante, Raffaello Sanzio, B. Peruzzi, A. Da Sangallo the Younger); Michelangelo in Florence (complex of S. Lorenzo: Medici Chapel, facade, library); G. Romano in Mantua; Michelangelo in Rome (S. Pietro, Campidoglio); J. Sansovino in Venice.
3 From the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1563) to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War up to the so-called "Italian period" (1628-1631)
J. B. Da Vignola: the Gesù and the church of the reform; the suburban residences (Villa Giulia, Palazzo Farnese in Caprarola); D. Fontana and the plan of Sixtus V; A. Palladio: the villas and religious architecture; the architectural treaties.
4 From the triumph of the Catholic reform in Italy (1631) to the publication of the Encyclopèdie (1751)
Baroque architecture in Rome (G.L. Bernini, F. Borromini, P. Berrettini Da Cortona, C. Rainaldi).
Late Baroque and the new urban spaces in Rome: port of Ripetta (A. Specchi), steps of Trinità dei Monti (F. De Sanctis), piazza Sant’Ignazio (F. Raguzzini);
5 From the Seven Years War (1756-63) to the American and French revolutions (1750-1830)
Towards neoclassicism: G.B. Piranesi and its influence on European architecture; Classic and Picturesque Revival in Great Britain: R. Adam, Soane and J. Nash; urban spaces in Italy. Influences of the Enlightenment and Rationalist Theories in European Architecture: M.A. Laugier, J.G. Soufflot, E. Boullèe, C.L. Ledoux; F. Schinkel in Germany.
United States of America: neo-Palladianism and T. Jefferson; Washington.
The design of specialized building types and public buildings: Parliaments, museums, libraries etc.
6 From the Industrial Revolution to the American Civil War (1830-1861); and from the unification of Italy to the First World War (1861-1914)
Classic Romanticism and Revival: H. Labrouste and E.E. Viollet-le-Duc in France; Gothic Revival in Britain: Ruskin, W. Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement; Expansion plans for European capitals: Paris, Vienna, Barcelona and, in the Kingdom of Italy: Rome.
The architecture of iron and glass and the great exhibitions in France and England: Paxton, Eiffel; new types and construction technologies: covered markets, galleries, department stores (G. De Angelis in Rome).
Historicist eclecticism and renewal of building typologies and techniques in the United States of America: the Chicago School and its protagonists (H.H. Richardson, W. Le Baron Jenney, H. Sullivan; F.L. Wright and the Prairie Houses (1889-1910).
Art Nouveau in Europe: V. Horta in Brussels; H. Van de Velde; C.R. Mackintosh and the Glaslow School; O. Wagner and the Modern Architektur; J. Olbrich, J. Hoffmann and the Viennese Secession; A. Gaudì and Catalan Modernism; the spread of Liberty in Italy.
Proto-rationalism and the construction technique of reinforced concrete in the works of A. Perret; Tony Garnier and the Cité industrielle (1901); the rationalism of Peter Beherens and the Deutscher Werkbund; A. Loos; W. Gropius and A. Meyer before the Great War.
7 Between the two world wars (1918-1939)
The post-Impressionist figurative avant-gardes and their expressions in architecture: the Futurism of A. Sant’Elia in Italy; German Expressionism (E. Mendelshon); Russian Constructivism (V. Tatlin); De Stijl and neoplasticism: van Doesburg, G.T. Rietveld; the Scandinavian school: G. Asplund and A. Aalto;
Rationalism: W. Gropius and the Bauhaus; Mies van der Rohe; Le Corbusier; the Italian Movement for Rational Architecture: M. Piacentini, G. Terragni.
8 From World War II to the end of the Cold War
Post-war reconstruction in Europe: United Kingdom (Greater London Plan and New Towns Acts); France (A. Perret and the reconstruction of Le Havre); Le Corbusier and the Unité d’abitation in Marseille; Hans Scharoun in Germany (the two Berlin and Hans Scharoun). Italy: the "Fanfani plan" and "the ideology of the village" from the post-war reconstruction to the economic miracle.
Books
C. Bozzoni, V. Franchetti Pardo, G. Ortolani, A. Viscogliosi, L'architettura del mondo antico (Bari 2006).
H. Berve, G. Gruben, H. Hirmer, I templi greci (Firenze 1962).
G. Rocco, Introduzione allo studio degli ordini architettonici antichi (Roma 1995).
R. Bonelli, C. Bozzoni, V. Franchetti Pardo, Storia dell'architettura medioevale (Bari 1997)
D. Watkin, Storia dell’architettura occidentale, (London 1986), Bologna: Zanichelli (1990) 2016 (6a ed.)
P. Murray, L'architettura del Rinascimento italiano, Editori Laterza, Bari, (1986) 2006
R. Wittkower, Arte e architettura in Italia 1600-1750, Torino, Einaudi, (1972) 1993
E. Dellapiana, G. Montanari, Una storia dell’architettura contemporanea, Novara: UTET– De Agostini, (2015) 2021 (2a ed.)
Bibliography
C. Bozzoni, V. Franchetti Pardo, G. Ortolani, A. Viscogliosi, L'architettura del mondo antico (Bari 2006).
H. Berve, G. Gruben, H. Hirmer, I templi greci (Firenze 1962).
H. Lauter, L'architettura ellenistica (Darmstadt 1986).
G. Rocco, Guida alla lettura degli ordini architettonici antichi. I. Il dorico (Napoli 1994).
G. Rocco, Introduzione allo studio degli ordini architettonici antichi (Roma 1995).
J. Charbonneaux, R. Martin, F. Villard, La Grecia ellenistica (Milano 1971).
L. Crema, L'architettura romana, in Enciclopedia classica, Sezione III, Archeologia e storia dell'arte classica, vol. XII, Archeologia (Arte romana), tomo I (Torino 1959).
J.B. Ward-Perkins, Architettura romana (Milano 1979).
P. Gros, Architettura e società nell'Italia romana (Roma 1987).
F. Coarelli, I santuari del Lazio in età repubblicana (Roma 1987).
J.-P. Adam, L'arte di costruire presso i Romani. Materiali e tecniche (Milano 1989; ed. or. Paris 1984).
R. Ginouvès, R. Martin, Dictionnaire méthodique de l'architecture grecque et romaine, I, Matériaux, techniques de construction, techniques et formes du décor (Roma 1985).
R. Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture (Harmondsworth 1965); trad. it. aggiornata Architettura paleocristiana e bizantina (Torino 1986).
C. Mango, Architettura bizantina (Milano 1974).
S. Bettini, Lo spazio architettonico da Roma a Bisanzio (Bari 1978).
J. Hubert, J. Porcher, W. Volbach, L'impero carolingio (Milano 1968).
L. Grodecki, F. Mutherich, J. Taralon, F. Wormald, Il secolo dell'Anno Mille (Milano 1974).
L. Grodecki, L'architecture ottonienne (Paris 1958).
J.K. Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture (Harmondsworth 1959; 1974).
H.E. Kubach, L'architettura romanica (Milano 1972).
R. Toman (a cura di), Il Romanico (Colonia 1996).
R. Bonelli, C. Bozzoni, V. Franchetti Pardo, Storia dell'architettura medioevale (Bari 1997).
R. Toman (a cura di), Il Gotico (Colonia 1996).
L. Grodecki, L'architettura gotica (Milano 1977).
G.C. Argan, L'architettura italiana del Duecento e Trecento (Firenze 1937).
J. White, Art and Architecture in Italy 1250–1400 (Harmondsworth 1962).
E. Battisti, Filippo Brunelleschi (Milano 1976).
P. Sanpaolesi, Brunelleschi (Milano 1955).
F. Coarelli, Roma. Guida archeologica (Roma-Bari 1980).
R. Krautheimer, Roma. Profilo di una città, 312–1308 (Roma 1981).
A.M. Romanini (a cura di), Roma anno 1300 (Roma 1983).
W. Lotz, Architettura in Italia 1500-1600, a cura di D. Howard, Milano, Rizzoli 1997
R. Wittkower Princìpi architettonici nell'età dell'umanesimo. Giulio Einaudi editore, Torino 1964
J. Summerson, Il linguaggio classico dell’architettura dal Rinascimento ai maestri contemporanei, Torino, Einaudi, (1970) 2000
A. Muntoni, Lineamenti di Storia dell’architettura contemporanea, Laterza, Roma-Bari (1997) 2005
Lessons mode
The lessons will take place with the support of projections and possible in-depth seminars of particularly significant cases connected to the architectural events pertaining to the very long time span covered.
During the course, opportunities for in-depth learning will be identified through:
• Graphic-analytical exercises – following the chronological order of the topics covered – to develop an understanding of architecture and urban spaces through hand drawing, an essential approach for architecture students to understand and describe architectural structures. All exercises completed during the course will be reviewed and will form part of the student's learning experience.
• Active participation of students in lectures to progressively assess their understanding and assimilation of knowledge, using methods indicated during the course.
The lectures may be supplemented by guided visits to monumental complexes, buildings and parts of the city of Rome, intended to introduce students to the direct observation of architecture and of the urban context.
Frequency
Strongly recommended.
In order to acquire an adequate working method, regular attendance at lessons is required (including hours dedicated to graphic-analytical in-depth studies) and the systematic study of the topics covered, from the texts indicated in the bibliography, to facilitate the progressive assessment of understanding and assimilation of knowledge.
Exam mode
The examination consists of:
an oral interview, during which the student will be subjected to an overall assessment, in relation to the following:
1) knowledge of the topics covered by the program, acquired from the texts indicated in the Basic Bibliography and in the Supplementary Bibliography (in both cases, exclusively with regard to the parts indicated in the program and in the in-depth analyzes related to the exercises to be carried out in the classroom);
2) quality of the work done during the exercises, to be taken to the exam in full form.
Example exam questions
The questions will focus on the topics listed in the program with particular attention to the description of the architectural organisms treated and their historical-geographical contextualization. The student can take advantage of the possibility to start with a topic of their choice, and continue with the verification of the topics of the course, for which a brief graphic description may also be requested.
Candidate should visually and verbally delineate the architectural elements that constitute an architectural order.
The candidate should elucidate a significant monument, situating it within its historical and architectural context, referencing the innovative contributions the building made to the architecture of its era.
The candidate should elucidate the functioning of primary structural systems across various epochs (e.g., trilithic system, arches, vaults, domes; ribbed vaults and domes).
Arguments
- Simone Lucchetti The origins of Mediterranean cultures, Egypt and Crete. -
Micaenean civilisation.- From the greek Middle Ages to Archaism – The origin of
the Greek Temple and of the Architectural Orders. - The Great Archaic Temples - The Classical Age: Olympia,
Paestum, Athens. - The Acropolis and the Parthenon - Pericles, Mnesicles,
Callicrates and Ictinus.
Hellenism: Alexandria and
antique Urban Planning. Ippodamus and Dinocrates – Pergamon – The
Reconstruction of the Archaic Temples: Ephesus, Sardis, Miletus. - The great
Sanctuaries: Pergamon, Coos, Rhodes. - Roman Architecture: Rome under
the Tarquinii – the Hellenistic influence. – The use of arches, and the
discovery of concrete and of the vault. - The great Republican Sanctuaries in
Latium.- The application of Architectural Orders to arched walls (Tabularium
Motif) – The Architecture of the great Dictators: Pompey, Cesar, Augustus. The
Fora of Cesar and Augustus as prototypes of the Imperial Fora.- The Corynthian
Order. -. Baiae and the first great cupolae.- Claudius and the rough ashlar -.
Nero and The Domus Aurea. – The Flavii: the Colosseum, Rabirius. - Trajan and
Apollodorus of Damascus.- The Age of Hadrian.-
From the Severii to Diocletian. Spalatus - Maxentius and Costantine -
Arches and Mausoleums – Roman Building
Types: Residences, Thermae, Places of Entertainement. - Late Antiquity and Early
Christianism. - Pagan and Christian Art. – Rome and the first Basilicas.
–Eastern and Western influences: triconcae and tetraconcae.- Syrian Churches.-
.Ravenna – Theodoric and Justinian – Costantinople - Saint Sophia.
Between VII and X century:
Visigoth Spain and Lombard Italy. The Arabs and Omayyad Architecture –
Carolingian Architecture: Aachen, Saint Gallen and benedictine influence – the
Westwerk- The crisis of the Sacred Roman Empire. The Ottonian Renaissance:
Spira, Worms, Mainz, France, Tours, Cluny II. - Romanesque architecture: The
Concept of Romanesque in Europe. France: Burgundy, Provence, Loire, Poitou,
Perigord, Auvergne, Normandy and Norman England – The churches on «Camino de
Santiago» – the crisis of the Benedectine Order – Bernard of Clairvaux and
cisterceans architecture – Northern Italy: Lombardy and Emilia, Venice –
Tuscany- Rome the XII century Renaissance – Montecassino –the Normans in
Southern Italy and in Sicily: Puglia Cefalù and Monreale. - The gothic architecture: Origins
and limits of the concept of Gothic Art.-Definitions, spatial conceptions and
structural systems – Suger, the reconstruction of the of St-Denis abbey and the
gothic architecture in Ile-de-France: Saint Denis, Paris, Chartres, Reims –
Germany: The Koln cathedral – England: Canterbury Lincoln, London - Italy in the XIII and XIV
century. – The influence of the new religious orders: Franciscans and
Dominicans – Frederic II – the Central Italy cathedrals: Orvieto, Siena,
Florence and Perugia – Venice – Emilia and Lombardy – Arnolfo di Cambio – Rome
– Naples and the southern Kingdom.
Europe in the XIV and XV century
and the end of Gothic Art- The european Late Gothic. Florentine culture towards
the Renaissance: tradition, cult for Antique Classicism and Humanism. - Prof. Carmen V. Manfredi Introductory
Lecture. History and historiography of architecture; architecture as a synthesis
of structures, functions, and language; Architecture, City, and Territory: construction
and transformation of built space and landscape; building typologies; structural
systems: trilithic system, arches and Vaults; steel structures and reinforced concrete
frames. Plans, elevations and sections: methods of architectural representation exercise no. 1 - 1750-1830. Towards Neoclassicism: Rome, J. J.
Winckelmann, the Pio-Clementino Museum; G. B. Piranesi and his influence on
European architecture; Classical Revival and Picturesque in Great Britain: R.
Adam (Kedleston House, Adelphi complex), Soane (Bank of England), and J. Nash
(Regent's Park); influences of the Enlightenment and rationalist theories on
European architecture: M. A. Laugier; the neoclassicism of J. G. Soufflot
(Church of Sainte-Geneviève), E. Boullèe (Newton Cenotaph, museum project), C.
L. Ledoux (Royal Saltworks at Chaux) in France; F. Schinkel (Altes Museum) in
Germany; the urban utopias of Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and Etienne Cabet.
United States of America: Neo-Palladianism and T.
Jefferson (State Capitol, University of Virginia); Washington.
The
design of specialized building types and public buildings: parliaments,
museums, libraries, etc. - 1830-1914 Romanticism, Historicism, and
Positivism in the Technological and Linguistic Innovations of the Industrial
City
Romanticism
and Classical Revival: H. Labrouste (Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève,
Bibliothèque Nationale) and E.E. Viollet-le-Duc in France; Gothic Revival in
Great Britain: Ruskin, W. Morris, and the Arts and Crafts Movement (Red House);
Expansion and Modernization Plans for European Capitals: Paris, Vienna,
Barcelona, Rome; the Garden City.
Architecture
of Iron and Glass and New Typologies: The Great Exhibitions in England (Paxton)
and France (Eiffel); Covered Markets (Halles Centrales), Galleries (Vittorio
Emanuele II in Milan), Department Stores (Eiffel-Boileau in Paris, Giulio De
Angelis in Rome).
Historicist
eclecticism and the renewal of building typologies and techniques in the United
States: Balloon Frame, Bogardus, American cities and urban parks; the Chicago
School and its protagonists: H.H. Richardson (Marshall Field department store),
W. LeBaron Jenney (First Leiter Building), Adler and Sullivan (Chicago
Auditorium Theater, Guaranty Building); F.L. Wright and the Prairie Houses
(1889-1910).
Art
Nouveau in Europe: V. Horta in Brussels; H.P. Berlage in Amsterdam; H. Van de
Velde; C.R. Mackintosh and the Glaslow School; O. Wagner and Modern
Architecture; J. Olbrich, J. Hoffmann and the Viennese Secession; A. Gaudí and
Catalan Modernism; the spread of Liberty in Italy.
Proto-rationalism
and the reinforced concrete construction technique: A. Perret; Tony Garnier and
the Cité Industrielle (1901).
The
rationalism of Peter Beherens and the Deutscher Werkbund; A. Loos; W. Gropius
and A. Meyer before the Great War. - 1918-1939: Artistic avant-garde,
Rationalism and Functionalism
The
figurative avant-garde and their expressions in architecture: Futurism by A.
Sant'Elia in Italy; German Expressionism (E. Mendelshon); Russian
Constructivism (V. Tatlin); De Stijl and Neoplasticism: van Doesburg, G.T.
Rietveld;
Rationalism:
W. Gropius and the Bauhaus; Mies van der Rohe (projects for skyscrapers and
houses in masonry and reinforced concrete, the Barcelona Exhibition Pavilion,
Villa Tughendat); Le Corbusier (Maison Domino, Maison Citroën, Villa Savoye);
the Italian Movement for Rational Architecture: M. Piacentini, G. Terragni, A.
Libera. The International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM). The
Scandinavian School: G. Asplund and A. Aalto
United
States of America: The International Style at MoMA; F.L. Wright, organic
architecture (Fallingwater, Johnson Wax building) and the Broadacre city - 1945-1970. Architecture and cities in the USA and
reconstruction in Europe
Mies
van der Rohe between New York and Chicago; A. Aalto (Baker House, MIT); F.L.
Wright (Guggenheim Museum, New York); Saarinen (General Motors, Warren,
Michigan; TWA Terminal, New York).
Post-war
reconstruction in Europe: United Kingdom (Greater London Plan and New Towns
Acts); France (A. Perret and the reconstruction of Le Havre); Le Corbusier and
the Unité d’abitation in Marseille; Hans Scharoun in Germany (the two Berlins
and Hans Scharoun). Italy: the “Fanfani Plan” and the “Ideology of the Village”
from post-war reconstruction to the economic miracle.
L.
Kahn and the New Historicism (Yale University Art Gallery, Connecticut; The
Salk Institute in La Jolla, California; Bangladesh Parliament in Dhaka, pp.
415-419).
Robert
Venturi’s Postmodernism. - 1990-2010. 21st-century
architecture in Rome:
Contemporary cultural venues and their
urban context: the Auditorium Parco della Musica, the MAXXI, and the Ara Pacis
Museum
Sustainability goals
- Academic year2026/2027
- Degree program to which the course belongsProject Management in Building Construction
- Mandatory presenceNo
- LanguageITA
- CFU12 CFU, distributed among 2 integrated didactic modules
- Total duration120 hours