Industrial pharmacy

MARCO ARTICO
ELENA DE SANTIS

General expected learning outcomes
The general aim of the course is to provide students with basic knowledge of the morphology of the human body that will be necessary for the study of Physiology, Pathology and Pharmacology. At the end of the course students acquire an adequate knowledge of the anatomical nomenclature and terminology, as well as of the morphology, anatomical relationships and general organization of the different organs, apparatuses and systems of the human body.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will be able to identify and describe location and morphology of the organs of each system/apparatus of the human body. The student will be able to understand the terms and the names of common use in the anatomical language and will know how to link the above-mentioned terms and names to the right morpho-functional context.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will be able to recognize and distinguish the different organs in the human body and be able to clearly attribute to them those macroscopic, microscopic and functional characteristics that distinguish the anatomical structures as they have been illustrated during the course of Human Anatomy. The anatomical relationships, the external morphology and the relationships between structure and function will be identified by the student at the end of the course basing on the acquisition of the method learned during the lessons, through the systematic examination of the characteristics of the human organs implemented by the teacher during the course itself.

3. Making judgements
The use of critical thinking will be developed through classroom discussions during face-to-face (frontal) and interactive lessons. The ability to reason on the exposed themes will also be enhanced through the discussion of morpho-functional aspects characteristic of the different systems and apparatuses of the human body. Thus, students will develop solid anatomical bases useful for the future study of disciplines such as Physiology, Pharmacology and General Pathology.

4. Communication skills
The evaluation of each student will be based on an oral test which will focus on questions concerning all the topics of the program. The student is required to answer the questions demonstrating clarity in the exposition of the topic, ability to synthesize and illustrate with a correct anatomical terminology the fundamental aspects of the macroscopic, microscopic and functional anatomy of the organs of the human body.

5. Learning skills
The student will find an in-depth description of the human body in the recommended textbooks. The recommended textbooks will remain as a fundamental reference point of the student, together with the notes get during the lessons, and they will continue to be considered a precious tool in the perspective of future other courses in the student’s academic path.

The teaching of Human Anatomy aims to study all systems, from the macroscopic to the microscopic, and provides the knowledge necessary to understand pathologies and the mechanisms of action and toxicity of drugs.

The understanding of the Human Anatomy does not require any prerequisites or prior knowledge.

1. General introduction
• Definition and purposes of human anatomy.
• Reference planes and anatomical terminology (terminology of position, direction, movement).
• Organisation of the human body: levels of complexity (cell, tissue, organ, apparatus, system).
• General histology concepts: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues.
2. Integumentary system
• Structure and functions of the skin: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
• Skin appendages: hair, nails, skin glands (sebaceous and sweat glands).
• Pharmacological significance of the skin barrier (transdermal absorption).
3. Skeletal system
• General organisation of the skeleton.
• Bone tissue: structure and growth.
• Classification of bones and joints (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial).
• Notions of topographical anatomy:
o Axial skeleton (skull, spine, thorax).
o Appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs).
5. Nervous system
• General organisation of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
• CNS: brain (telencephalon, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum), spinal cord.
• PNS: cranial and spinal nerves.
• Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
• Notions of functional neuroanatomy relevant to pharmacology (neurotransmitters, main motor and sensory pathways).
6. Cardiovascular system
• Heart: external and internal morphology, valves, coronary circulation.
• Large vessels: aorta, vena cavae, main arteries and veins.
• Systemic and pulmonary circulation.
• Overview of microcirculation and capillaries.
• Anatomical relevance in the distribution and absorption of drugs
7. Respiratory system
• Upper and lower airways.
• Lungs: morphology, lobar structure, pleura.
• Respiratory muscles.
• Thoracic anatomical relationships.
8. Digestive system
• General structure of the digestive tract: mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine.
• Associated glands: liver, bile ducts, pancreas.
• Blood supply and innervation.
• Anatomical correlations with drug absorption and metabolism.
9. Urinary system
• Kidneys: external and internal morphology, nephron and urinary tract.
• Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
• Anatomical relationships and overview of nervous control.
11. Endocrine system
• Main endocrine glands: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, gonads.
• Anatomical and functional correlations with the action of hormonal drugs.
12. Sense organs (overview)
• Eye and visual apparatus.
• Ear and auditory-vestibular apparatus.
• Overview of smell and taste.

Testi consigliati 
1)Marco ARTICO: Appunti di Anatomia microscopica, Ed. CISU
2)Marco ARTICO et al.: ANATOMIA UMANA - ELEMENTI. Ed. EDI-ERMES  
Atlanti Consigliati:
TILLMAN B.N.: ATLANTE DI ANATOMIA UMANA, Ed. Zanichelli

The teacher delivers lectures with traditional methods with audiovisual aids and scheduling of lessons as reported on GOMP Aule/Orari system, published on the website of the School

1. Obligatory attendance
In accordance with current ministerial regulations for degree courses in healthcare professions (Ministerial Decree no. 270 of 19 February 2009 and subsequent implementing decrees, as well as the University's teaching regulations), attendance at teaching activities is compulsory. Regular attendance at lectures and any practical sessions is a necessary condition for ensuring the acquisition of the theoretical knowledge and basic skills required by the course.

2. Minimum attendance requirement
In order to be admitted to the final examination, students must have attended at least 67% of the lessons scheduled for the course.
Attendance is verified by means of attendance signatures or electronic registration in accordance with the procedures established by the Department or the Degree Programme.

In order to pass the oral examination in Human Anatomy, students must demonstrate:
-a sufficient level of knowledge of the general topics covered;
-a basic knowledge of topics related to human anatomy;
-the ability to connect different topics with adequate analysis and critical synthesis.

To obtain the maximum mark of 30/30 with honours, students must demonstrate:
-excellent and comprehensive knowledge of all topics covered during the course;
-the ability to integrate and present content in a logical, coherent and well-structured manner;
-the ability to critically explore the topics covered, including independently;
-appropriate and accurate use of anatomical language.

Knowledge (basic level):
• List the main bones that make up the upper limb.
• What are the three fundamental anatomical planes?
• Describe systemic and pulmonary circulation.
• Haemostasis. Respiratory dynamics.
• Indicate the main structures of the upper and lower airways.
• What is the pleura and what function does it perform?
• Explain inspiratory mechanics and the role of the diaphragm.
• What are the main anatomical subdivisions of the central nervous system?
• Which nervous structures are involved in pain transmission?
• Which nervous structures are involved in pain transmission?
• Corti's organ