Industrial pharmacy

CINZIA FABRIZI

General expected learning outcomes
The general aim of the course is to provide students with basic knowledge of the morphology of the human body that will be necessary for the study of Physiology, Pathology and Pharmacology. At the end of the course students acquire an adequate knowledge of the anatomical nomenclature and terminology, as well as of the morphology, anatomical relationships and general organization of the different organs, apparatuses and systems of the human body.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will be able to identify and describe location and morphology of the organs of each system/apparatus of the human body. The student will be able to understand the terms and the names of common use in the anatomical language and will know how to link the above-mentioned terms and names to the right morpho-functional context.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will be able to recognize and distinguish the different organs in the human body and be able to clearly attribute to them those macroscopic, microscopic and functional characteristics that distinguish the anatomical structures as they have been illustrated during the course of Human Anatomy. The anatomical relationships, the external morphology and the relationships between structure and function will be identified by the student at the end of the course basing on the acquisition of the method learned during the lessons, through the systematic examination of the characteristics of the human organs implemented by the teacher during the course itself.

3. Making judgements
The use of critical thinking will be developed through classroom discussions during face-to-face (frontal) and interactive lessons. The ability to reason on the exposed themes will also be enhanced through the discussion of morpho-functional aspects characteristic of the different systems and apparatuses of the human body. Thus, students will develop solid anatomical bases useful for the future study of disciplines such as Physiology, Pharmacology and General Pathology.

4. Communication skills
The evaluation of each student will be based on an oral test which will focus on questions concerning all the topics of the program. The student is required to answer the questions demonstrating clarity in the exposition of the topic, ability to synthesize and illustrate with a correct anatomical terminology the fundamental aspects of the macroscopic, microscopic and functional anatomy of the organs of the human body.

5. Learning skills
The student will find an in-depth description of the human body in the recommended textbooks. The recommended textbooks will remain as a fundamental reference point of the student, together with the notes get during the lessons, and they will continue to be considered a precious tool in the perspective of future other courses in the student’s academic path.

Upon completion of the course, the student should know and be able to describe:
the different tissues of the human body
the musculoskeletal system
the splanchnology
the neuro-endocrine system

The student is expected to develop a critical discussion of the topics by associating the morphology of organs and tissues with their function.

A basic knowledge of cell biology and in particular of the functions and working principles of eucaryotic cells is an useful background for the student.

Introduction to Anatomy: an overview of the body (8 hours)
Epithelial tissue, structure and connection with the connective tissue; simple and stratified epithelia; exocrine glands; classification and principal locations. Connective tissue, structure and classification; connective tissue proper (loose and dense) and adipose tissue. Cartilage. Bone: structure of the compact bone (functional unit) and spongy bone. Blood: composition, morphology and function of blood cells. General description of the hematopoiesis. Muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue; structure and function of muscle fibers; neuromuscular junction; general description of muscle contraction. Nervous tissue: morphology and structure of neuron; classification and function of neurons; synapses; myelin sheet; myelinated and unmyelinated fibers; structure of peripheral nerves. Morphology and functions of glial cells.
Anatomical terminology: standard anatomical position; anatomical planes; anatomical terms of location and motion. Body cavities; topographic subdivision of the dorsal and ventral cavities. Structure of the solid and empty organs.

Locomotor apparatus (8 hours)
Organization of the skeleton. Classification and morphology of the bones (long, short, flat bones). Skeleton of the head: neurocranium and splanchnocranium. Vertebral column. Thoracic skeleton. Skeleton of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm and hand. Skeleton of the pelvis, thigh, leg and foot. General features and classification of joints (synarthrosis and diarthrosis). General organization, structural and functional classification of skeletal muscles.

Splanchnology (22 hours)
Cardiovascular system: general description. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart, conduction system, fibrous skeleton, cardiac valves, cardiac cycle. Pericardium. Heart location and shape. Pulmonary and systemic circulation. Arteries: aorta (origin and course), main collateral and terminal branches. Circle of Willis. Veins: main veins. Venous portal circle. Structure of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries, sinusoids). Fetal circulation.
Lymphatic system: structure and function of lymphatic vessels, circulation of the lymph. Structure and function of bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes.
Respiratory apparatus: gross, microscopic and functional anatomy of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. Pleura and mechanism of respiration.
Digestive apparatus: gross, microscopic and functional anatomy of oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, intra- and extra-hepatic biliary system, gall-bladder, exocrine pancreas. Peritoneum.
Urinary apparatus: kidney (gross, microscopic and functional anatomy), juxtaglomerular apparatus, urinary tracts (renal calices and pelvis, ureter, bladder, male and female urethra). Kidney vasculature.
General description of the male genital apparatus: testicle and spermatogenesis. Spermatic ducts. Annexed glands.
General description of the female genital apparatus: ovary and ovogenesis. Uterine tubes. Uterus. Vagina. Menstrual cycle.

Neuro-endocrine system (10 hours)
General description of the endocrine apparatus. Gross, microscopic and functional anatomy of pituitary gland, epiphysis, thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, testicles and ovaries.
Nervous system: general principles in neuroanatomy. Neural chains. Anatomy of the nervous system. General and specific sensitivity. General structure of the central nervous system. Spinal cord: gross anatomy and internal structure. Grey and white matter architecture. Spinal cord function. Definition of neuromere, dermatome and myomere. Main sensory and motor pathways. Reflex arc and spinal reflexes. Brainstem (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain): gross anatomy and internal structure. Cerebellum: outer surface and internal structure; organization and function of the cerebellar cortex. Diencephalon: structure and limits; hypothalamus; thalamus; subthalamus; epithalamus; metathalamus. Telencephalon: outer surface; interhemispheric commissures; capsules; basal nuclei; cerebral cortex. Sensory and motor cortical areas. Components of the limbic system and their functions. Cerebral ventricles (ependymal channel, IV ventricle, III and lateral ventricles) and cerebrospinal fluid. Spinal and brain meninges. Hematoencephalic barrier. Peripheral nervous system: spinal nerves; ganglia; general description of the spinal plexuses. General description of the cranial nerves. Autonomic nervous system: organization and function of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Sensory organs: general description of the anatomy of eye and ear.

Recommended textbooks

Bandiera, Belli, Boccafoschi, Ciarmela e altri: Anatomia Umana, Piccin

Carinci, Gaudio, Marinozzi: Anatomia Umana e Istologia, Ed. Edra
Martini, Tallitsch, Nath, Anatomia Umana, Ed. EDISES
McKinley et al., Anatomia Umana, Piccin
Saladin, Anatomia Umana, Piccin
Tortora, Principi di Anatomia Umana, CEA
Artico, Castano et al: Anatomia Umana-Principi, Ed. EdiErmes

Recommended atlases

Vigué-Martìn (volume unico), Ed. Piccin oppure - Prometheus Università, GILROY AM et al: ATLANTE DI ANATOMIA, Ed. UTET Scienze Mediche oppure - TILLMAN B.N.: ATLANTE DI ANATOMIA UMANA, Ed. Zanichelli oppure - NETTER F.J. (volume unico), Ed. Masson oppure - Tortora G.J.: ATLANTE FOTOGRAFICO DEL CORPO UMANO, Ed. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana - Farina: Atlante di Anatomia Umana descrittiva, Piccin, 2018

TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA, ISTOLOGICA, EMBRIOLOGICA
Sono disponibili le versioni ufficiali in latino ed in inglese della Terminologia Anatomica (TA), Terminologia Istologica (TH), Terminologia Embriologica (TE).
FICAT - Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology
http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/

The Human Anatomy course consists of 6 CFU and it is entirely based on lectures. The first lecture (1 CFU) deals with the histology of the human body; afterwards the gross and microscopic anatomy of the various organs and apparatuses of the human body are described. During the lessons slides showing diagrams, gross anatomy dissections, radiological images, CT, magnetic resonance and images obtained by optical and electron microscopy are used. All the lessons are interactive and the teacher stimulates students with questions aimed to highlight the interrelationships between the morphology and function of the various organs of the human body.

Attendance in this course is not mandatory but suggested.

Learning will be tested by an oral exam. The evaluation will take into account the knowledge and skills acquired by the student, the use of a correct anatomical terminology, the diligence shown during the course and the ability to study on his own using as references the textbooks and the notes taken during the lessons. The lack of knowledge in one or more subjects covered by the program will be considered insufficient; in order to pass the exam the student should show a complete knowledge of the subjects covered by the program.
The minimum score requested is 18/30. For scores below 18 the student is requested to repeat the test.
Aim of the exam is to evaluate the level of knowledge and comprehension reached by the student respect to the goals and purposes of the course.

vertebral column, skeleton limbs
Heart, aorta (origin and course), main collateral and terminal branches. Circle of Willis. Veins: main veins. Venous portal circle. Blood-brain barrier
Stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas
Kidney, nephron, bladder
uterus, ovary
endocrine system
spinal cord, brain, autonomic nervous system

• Introduction
  • Books: Martini


• Human tissues


• Skeleton and junctions


• Respiratory system


• Gastrointestinal system


• Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems


• Urinary and reproductive systems


• Endocrine system


• Central and peripheral nervous system