Pharmacy

Activity type

Discipline chimiche

SSD

CHIM/01

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

4

Hours distribution

24 classroom hours, 12 training hours

Lecturers

BARBARA CHIAVARINO

Activity type

Attività formative affini o integrative

SSD

MED/36

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

3

Hours distribution

24 classroom hours

Lecturers

GIUSEPPE DE VINCENTIS

Activity type

Discipline chimiche

SSD

CHIM/03

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

4

Hours distribution

32 classroom hours

Lecturers

BARBARA CHIAVARINO

OBIETTIVI FORMATIVI
A - Conoscenza e capacità di comprensione
OF 1) Conoscere la struttura della tavola periodica
OF 2) Conoscere il significato delle varie proprietà atomiche (raggio, elettronegatività, affinità
elettronica, calore di atomizzazione)
OF 3) Conoscere la struttura del nucleo atomico
OF 4) Conoscere i principi degli equilibri in soluzione
OF 5) Comprendere il significato di una costante condizionale di formazione
OF 6) Conoscere la reattività in acqua di specie inorganiche
OF7) Conoscere i concetti di radiofarmaco diagnostico e terapeutico
B – Capacità applicative
OF 8) Saper illustrare l’andamento periodico delle principali proprietà
OF 9) Saper dedurre la stabilità di un nucleo atomico dal numero di protoni e neutroni
OF 10) Saper calcolare il pH di acidi e basi forti e deboli per via algebrica
OF 11) Saper calcolare il pH di acidi e basi forti e deboli e loro miscele per via grafica
OF 12) Saper prevedere l’ordine di precipitazione tra più sali sia per via algebrica che via grafica
OF 13) Saper calcolare la concentrazione di prodotti e reagenti di reazioni all’equilibrio
C - Autonomia di giudizio
OF 14) Essere in grado di valutare le principali proprietà di un elemento in base alla posizione
sulla tavola periodica
OF 15) Essere in grado di progettare la sintesi di un nucleo atomico di massa assegnata
OF 16) Essere in grado di prevedere lo spostamento di una reazione ionica all’equilibrio
D – Abilità nella comunicazione
OF 17) Saper illustrare un diagramma di distribuzione.
OF 18) Saper illustrare le proprietà degli elementi presenti nei vari gruppi
OF 19) Saper descrivere la produzione e la ricostruzione di un radiofarmaco
E - Capacità di apprendere
OF 20) Avere la capacità di consultare la letteratura sugli argomenti trattati nel corso
OF 21) Avere la capacità di comprendere una procedura analitica di laboratorio basata su
equilibri ionici in soluzione

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the structure of the periodic table
OF 2) Knowing the meaning of the different atomic properties (atomic radius, electronegativity,
electron affinity, atomization heat)
OF 3) Knowing the structure of the atomic nucleus
OF 4) Knowing the principles of solution equilibria
OF 5) Understanding the meaning of a conditional formation constant
OF 6) Knowing the reactivity of inorganic species in water
OF7) Knowing the meaning of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
B - Application skills
OF 8) Being able to illustrate the periodic behavior of the main atomic properties
OF 9) Being able to deduce the stability of an atomic nucleus from the number of protons and
neutrons
OF 10) Being able to algebraically calculate the pH of strong and weak acids and bases
OF 11) Being able to graphically calculate the pH of strong and weak acids and bases and their
mixtures
OF 12) Being able to predict both algebraically and graphically the precipitation order between
different salts
OF 13) Being able to calculate the concentration of products and reactants of equilibrium
reactions
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 14) Being able to evaluate the main properties of an element basing on its position on the
periodic table
OF 15) Being able to design the synthesis of an atomic nucleus of assigned mass
OF 16) Be able to predict the displacement of an ionic equilibrium
D - Communication skills
OF 17) Being able to illustrate a distribution diagram
OF 18) Being able to illustrate the properties of the elements belonging to the various groups
OF 19) Being able to describe the production and reconstruction of a radiopharmaceutical
E - Ability to learn
OF 20) Having the ability to consult the literature on the topics covered in the course
OF 21) Having the ability to understand an analytical laboratory procedure based on ionic
equilibria in solution

At the end of this course students will be able to undesrtand the relationships between atom structure and chemical-physical properties. They will understand the main periodic properties of the elements, the causes of periodicity anomalies, and their influence on the reactivity of the most common compounds. They will have acquired knowledge of statistics and data analysis, including parameter estimation and confidence intervals, as well as basic statistical tests (t-tests). They will be able to evaluate acid-base equilibria, complexation equilibria, precipitation equilibria, and redox equilibria, and their graphical representations. They will understand the criteria for nuclear stability and instability, the main types of spontaneous decay, and the main induced nuclear reactions. They will also understand the reactivity of the main classes of inorganic compounds and their preparation methods.

Although there are no explicit prerequisites, it is important for a good understanding of the course that the student masters the fundamental knowledge learned during the General and Inorganic Chemistry course and during the Mathematics course of the first year of university.

Module: Analytical chemistry
Analytical Chemistry. Purpose of Analytical Chemistry. Steps of sample preparation. Classification of analytical methods. Evaluation of analytical data. Precision and Accuracy. Types of Errors. The statistical treatment of random. Effects and correction of systematic errors. Blunders. The chemical equilibrium. Effect of electrolytes on chemical equilibria. Ionic strength and activity coefficients. Debey-Huckel equation. Acid-base equilibria. Definition of acid and basic according to Arrhenius, Brønsted and Lowry, Lewis. The principle HSAB, Hard and soft acids and bases. Calculation of pH for strong, weak and polyprotic acids and bases. Graphical representation of acid base equlibrium: logarithmic charts. Graphical method in the calculation of the pH. Hydrolysis equilibria. Graphical method for the calculation of pH. Distribution diagrams. Hydration and hydrolysis of the cation. Hydroxides, oxides, oxoacids, Oxoanions. Anions hydrolysis. Buffer solutions. Buffering capacity. Coordination Compounds. Theoretical aspects. Reactions of complex formation. Role of coordination compounds in biochemistry. Application of Coordination Compounds in Analytical Chemistry. Stability and lability.



Module: Complements of general chemistry
Definition of radiopharmacy and radiopharmaceuticals
Chemical types of radiopharmaceuticals currently in use
Quality controls of radiopharmaceuticals
Experimental radiopharmaceuticals in daily clinical practice
The Rules of Good Preparation of Radiopharmaceuticals for Nuclear Medicine


Module: Elements of nuclear medicine
Complements of General Chemistry. The Periodic Table. Radial and angular part of the electron wave function. Energy levels of atomic orbitals as a function of the atomic number. Characteristic electronic valence configurations. Electrons and valence orbitals of an atom. Electronic valence configurations of ions. Shielding effect and effective nuclear charge. Slater rules. Variation of Z* in the periodic table. Types of atomic radii. Periodicity of covalent radii. Scandide and Lanthanide Contraction. Periodic behavior of ionic radii. Effects of relativity on the orbital. Electronegativity of Pauling. Periodic behavior of Pauling electronegativity. Electronegativity of Allred-Rochow. Oxidation number. Periodic behavior of the most common oxidation numbers. Periodic behavior of the ionization energies and electronic affinity. Binding energies and single frequency. Periodic behavior of the heats of atomization of the elements. Physical properties of the elements, the main allotropes of non-metals. The metallic bond. Physical properties of metals. Standard reduction potentials. Periodic trends of stability of high oxidation states and acids. Stability of low oxidation states. The series of activity of metals.

Systematic of Inorganic Chemistry. Hydrogen. Elements of the Group I. Properties and reactivity. Elements of Group II. Properties and reactivity. Elements of Group III. Properties and reactivity. Group IV elements. Properties and reactivity. Elements of the V Group. Properties and reactivity. Elements of Group VI. Properties and reactivity. Elements of Group VII. Properties and reactivity. Noble gases.

Elements of Nuclear Chemistry. Properties of the nucleus, mass, radius, nuclear forces. Colomb nuclear barrier. Nuclear energy. Unit of measure. Nuclear energy per nucleon as a function of A. Factors determining the stability/instability of a nucleus. Stability of the nuclei as a function of A and Z. Semiempirical mass equation. Nuclear models: liduid drop and shells. Spontaneous nuclear reactions. Types of radioactive decay: positron emission (beta+ decay), Negatronic Emission (beta- decay), Electron Capture. Alpha decay. Gamma emission. Internal conversion. X-ray fluorescence Auger effect. Interaction of radiation with matter. Systems for detection of radiation. Counters: Ionization, Proportional, Geyger Muller, scintillation. Kinetics of decay. Decay constant, half-life time. Specific activity. Mixtures of nuclides. Kinetics of mixed decay, decay chain. Radioactive equilibrium, balance transient. Induced nuclear reactions. Notation and energy. Reactions induced by protons, alpha particles, neutrons. Summary of nuclides. Nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion. Natural and Artificial radioisotopes. Dating with Carbon 14.

Module: Analytical chemistry
N/D
Module: Complements of general chemistry
Didactic material provided by the teacher
Book: La qualità nella preparazione dei radiofarmaci. Indicazioni per la pratica clinica. Lucignani. Editore Springer



Module: Elements of nuclear medicine
N/D

Module: Analytical chemistry
N/D
Module: Complements of general chemistry
N/D
Module: Elements of nuclear medicine
N/D

The course has the following organization:

• theoretical lessons in the classroom

• deepening of theoretical issues in the classroom

• resolution of numerical problems in the classroom

• at the end of the lessons, one (or more) simulation test of the exam (self-assessment test) will be made, following by relative correction in the classroom.

The student will find on the e-learning platform the slides and teaching material (examination procedures, program, recommended texts) useful for the preparation of the exam. It is understood that the slides are a guide to the exam topics, but can never replace the recommended texts and lectures given by the teacher.

Attendance is mandatory

The purpose of the exam consists in verifying the level of understanding and deepening on the subject exposed during the course. It also intends to evaluate the student's reasoning skills and the ability to summarize the arguments carried out in the vision of an organic framework of the subject.

The exam consists of a written test with open answers and exercices related to the topics of the program done.

Exams are held during the exam periods provided for in the university teaching regulations, while intermediate tests are not in progress so as not to interfere with the regular attendance of the semester lessons, as established by the study program board.

During the lessons, exam exercises will be shown and done toghether in the classroom, and some typical questions on the various topics of the course will be asked to the students.
Moreover, at the end of the lessons, one (or more) simulation test of the exam (self-assessment test) will be made, following by relative correction in the classroom.

Module: Analytical chemistry



Module: Complements of general chemistry



Module: Elements of nuclear medicine