Medicine and Surgery

Activity type

Farmacologia, tossicologia e principi di terapia medica, Fisiopatologia, metodologia clinica, propedeutica clinica e sistematica medico-chirurgica

SSD

BIO/14, BIO/14

Year

5th year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

3

Hours distribution

38 classroom hours

Lecturers

FERDINANDO NICOLETTI
STEFANIA MACCARI

Activity type

Farmacologia, tossicologia e principi di terapia medica

SSD

BIO/14

Year

4th year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

4

Hours distribution

50 classroom hours

Lecturers

FERDINANDO NICOLETTI
STEFANIA MACCARI

Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the Pharmacology I and Toxicology are: 1) Principles of Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics; 2) Selected themes of endocrine pharmacology and pharmacology of the gastro-intestinal system; 3) Drugs used in inflammation, cardiovascular and lung disorders, and bacterial and viral infections; 4) Toxic effects of stress response at the level of endocrine and gastrointestinal systems at different age of life. A particular attention will give to the early origin of adult diseases; 5) Pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
At the end of the course, students will have the skills in general and specific pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal system. The response to stress, as a capacity to adapt to internal and external stimuli, will be treated as an example of toxicity to the body when the stress response is chronic and not acute. Stress as a factor that affects the response to the drug for all diseases.

Pharmacology II and Toxicology
Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the course are: 1) the toxic aspects related to the stress response of the central nervous system throughout life. Particular attention will be given to the early origin of adult diseases; 2) pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders;
At the end of the course the students will have the skills in pharmacology of the central nervous system. The response to stress as the ability to adapt the central nervous system. Stress as a factor that influences the psychopharmaceutical response.

Contents:
Fondamenti di Pharmacology
Key words in pharmacology, names of drugs, classification of the drugs, EU reglementation of drugs; Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination; diffusion of the drugs; way of administration; secondary effects; 4 types of receptors; agonist/antagonist; dopaminergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, glutamate, histamine and glucocorticoid receptors: role in physiology and pathology; development of a new medication; preclinic study until the registration and commercialisation; ethical experimentation and its reglementation; Talidomide; example of a preclinical experimentation using an animal model; epigenetic animal model.
Stress and endocrine pharmacology
Introduction of stress and GAS response; homeostasis and allostasis load; clinical pharmacology of the adrenal cortex. Glucorticoid receptors; Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and response to stress. Individual differences in the response to stress; stress and chances in medicine studies; from homeostasis to pathology; bio-behavioral disorders and stress; Early life stress programs the phenotype in the adult; PRS animal model; Stress and anti-stress endocrine systems.
Drug addiction
Compulsive drug taking; different kind of drugs and different kind of users; the reward circuit; DA system; individual difference in drug taking; factor of vulnerability; stress and drug addiction; animal model of drug addiction; comorbidity depression and addiction; Ethanol consumption.
Pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Animal model definition; animal model of stress-related diseases such as sleep inflammation and gastro-intestinal disorders; neuropharmacology in the PRS animal model; animal model of Alzheimer disease.

Module: Pharmacology I and toxicology
N/D
Module: Pharmacology II and toxicology
N/D

Contents:
Principles of Pharmacodynamics
Definitions of potency, efficacy, receptor agonists (full and partial) and antagonists, orthosteric agonists and antagonists, negative and positive allosteric
modulators, super agonist, receptor reserve, habituation and tolerance, physical and motivational dependency. Classification of G-protein coupled
receptors. Classification of G proteins. AGS and RGS. GRKs and arrestins: their role in receptor desensitization and internalization. Signal transduction
mechanisms: focus on the adenylate cyclase/cAMP pathway and polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis. Pharmacology of nitric oxide. Pharmacology of
phosphodiesterases and drug treatment of erectile dysfunction. Dopaminergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, histamine: role in physiology and pathology.
Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Pharmacology of cholinesterases. Voltage-sensitive calcium channels.
Principles of Pharmacokinetics
Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Bioavailability and AUC. Phase I reactions of drug metabolism: cytochrome-P450
(CYP1A1, 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, 3A7, 4F2), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, epoxide hydrolase.
Phase II reactions: glucuronidation and UGT, SULTs, amino acid conjugation, N-acetyltransferases, TPMT, COMT, GSH-transferases. Efflux pumps
with focus on mdr-1 (glycoprotein-P).
Selected themes of endocrine pharmacology and pharmacology of the gastro-intestinal system
Drug treatment of GH deficiency and acromegalia. Drug treatment of hyperprolactinaemia. Clinical pharmacology of the adrenal cortex. Insulin
receptors. Drug treatment of type-1 and type-2 diabetes (IDDM and NIDDM): short- and long-acting insulins, sulphonylureas, metformine, rosiglitazone,
incretins, DPP-IV inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors. Ovary cycle and contraceptives. Drug treatment of hyper- and hypothyroidism.
Anti-acid drugs (proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists). Drug treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disorders (IBDs). Drug
treatment of HBV and HCV infections.
Drugs used in inflammation, cardiovascular and lung disorders, and bacterial and viral infections
Antiarrhythmic drugs, diuretics, antihypertensive drugs, drugs used in the treatment of heart failure. Antiinflammatory drugs: NSAIDs and
corticosteroids. Biological drugs used in autoimmune disorders. General principles of antibiotic resistance. Pharmacology of microbioma.
Pharmacological aspects of social microbiology. -lactamic antibiotics. Aminoglicosides. Glycopeptidic and lipopetidic antibiotics. Tetracyclines.
Inhibitors of 50 S ribosomal subunit. Fluoroquinolones. Drugs used in the treatment of HIV infection.
Pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Drugs used in the treatment of: migraine, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. Drugs used in the treatment of
schizophrenia, major depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorders.

Module: Pharmacology I and toxicology
N/D
Module: Pharmacology II and toxicology
N/D

Module: Pharmacology I and toxicology
N/D
Module: Pharmacology II and toxicology
N/D

Module: Pharmacology I and toxicology
N/D
Module: Pharmacology II and toxicology
N/D

Module: Pharmacology I and toxicology
N/D
Module: Pharmacology II and toxicology
N/D

Module: Pharmacology I and toxicology
N/D
Module: Pharmacology II and toxicology
N/D

Module: Pharmacology I and toxicology
N/D
Module: Pharmacology II and toxicology
N/D

Module: Pharmacology I and toxicology
N/D
Module: Pharmacology II and toxicology
N/D