Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences - delivered in blended mode

ORIETTA GANDINI
MARIA HELENA STABILE
MARELLA MARODER

Understanding of the general mechanisms of damage to the organism and inflammatory response;
The etiopathogenesis of fundamental alterations of the structures, functions and control mechanisms at various levels of integration of the body systems;
Understanding the fundamental principles of immune response; defensive aspects and possible pathological consequences;
Understanding the molecular basis of oncology; etiopathogenesis of neoplastic transformation, progression to malignancy and metastasis.
Understanding of the general pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases with particular reference to human diseases of wider diffusion and social impact;
General objectives
The main educational purpose of the General Pathology course is to transfer the knowledge on the biological basis of diseases in humans.
The course aims to provide skills related to the fundamental principles of etiology and pathogenesis by providing basic knowledge to make the students able to address the study of the main biological chemical and physical pathogenic factors active on the human organism and of the etiopathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the alterations of the homeostasis at the base of the diseases, development and progression of pathological events.
A further purpose is represented by the acquisition of the fundamental and common elements of medical terminology.
Specific objectives
The main knowledge provided will be:
- The basic elements and principles of etiopathogenesis and disease determinism;
- Knowledge of pathological manifestations at the molecular and cellular level, as well as on the tissues, organs, systems and systems of the human organism;
- The study of the pathophysiological processes of the main systems;
- The fundamentals of the immune system and its role in the defense against disease and in the determinism of pathological processes.
The main skills of the student, applicable to the acquired knowledge, will be:
- Knowledge of the main etiological causes of the disease, as well as the scientific-experimental methodologies to understand the etiopathogenetic mechanisms;
- Critical analysis and evaluation of pathological processes;
- The acquired knowledge of the etiopathogenetic determinism of diseases and the adequate knowledge of medical terminology allows to understand drugs mechanisms of action providing the ability to communicate with doctors and others health workers and the ability to deepen the study independently.

The course will provide knowledge on the pathogenesis and molecular basis of human diseases in order to
identify potential therapeutic targets, as well as knowledge on basic medical terminology.
During the course the student will acquire knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of human
diseases, as well as the capacity to link molecular alterations to the identification of therapeutic targets,
specifically referring to multifactorial diseases.

Knowledge of general physiology and biochemistry and human anatomy is useful for the understanding of the course contents and the achievement of the learning objectives.

Introduction to pathology. Health and Disease. Etiology and pathogenesis.
Cellular pathology.
Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia. Necrosis and apoptosis.
INFLAMMATION
The acute inflammatory reaction. The vascular response. The inflammatory exudate. The chemical mediators of acute inflammation. Local sequelae of acute inflammation. Systemic manifestations of inflammation. Fever.
Chronic inflammation. Classification of chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation. Reaction of tissue to inflammation: repair-healing, regeneration and scarring
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Hypersensitivity. Autoimmune diseases.
NEOPLASIA
Characteristics of tumors. Benign and malignant tumors. Classification. Biology of the neoplastic cell. The aetiology of tumors. Mechanisms of oncogenesis . Oncogenes. Tumor suppressor genes. Tumor markers. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Disorders of the blood
The anemias. The haemorrhagic diseases. Pathophysiology of haemostasis.
Disorders of the circulation. Hypertension and hypotension. Thrombosis. Embolism. Ischemia. Infarction. Shock
Diseases of arteries Atherosclerosis. Aneurisms.
Diseases of the heart .Cardiopathy: angina pectoris. Heart failure. Myocardial infarction.
Diseases of the liver: Acute and chronic hepatitis. Cirrhosis of the liver. Bile formation and jaundice. Epatocellular failure. Acute and chronic cholecystitis. Gallstones
Diseases of the endocrine glands
Thyroid disorders. Goitre. Hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism.
Adrenal gland disorders. Diabetes mellitus.
Diseases of the kidney
Nephritic and nephrotic syndrome. Renal and urinary tract infection. Nephrolithiasis. Acute and chronic renal failure.
Diseases of the respiratory system
Respiratory failure. Pneumonia. Bronchopneumonia. Edema of the lungs. Chronic bronchitis, emphysema and bronchial asthma.

F. Celotti: Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia. Edises
G.M. Pontieri, M. Russo e L. Frati: Patologia Generale e fisiopatologia generale. Piccin

The didactic model adopted consists of lectures with the use of slides in PowerPoint as a telematic support.

Attending the course is optional, although highly recommended.

The examination consists in the oral discussion of topics explained through the course. The attendance at lessons, the reasoning skills and the ability to present the topics in a critical and exhaustive way will be considered for the final evaluation. The oral examination is scheduled at the end of the course...

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• Cellular adaptations and cell injury: apoptosis and necrosis


• Acute and chronic inflammation


• The innate immune system: pattern-recognition receptors, the complement system, and phagocytosis


• The innate immune system: pattern-recognition receptors, the complement system, and phagocytosis


• Antigen presentation: the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)


•  T lymphocytes


• Humoral immunity: B lymphocytes and antibodies


• Hypersensitivity reactions


• Benign and Malignant Tumors. Classification of NeoplasmsCharacteristics of the neoplastic phenotype


• Molecular basis of cancer: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes


•  Etiology of cancer and mechanisms of carcinogenesis.   


• Phases of the neoplastic process. Invasion and metastasis


• hematologic pathophysiology


• anemias


• Ischemic heart disease: angina pectoris, myocardial infarction


• Etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis and complications: thrombosis, embolism


• Hypertension and hypotension. Shoc


• Pathophysiology of hemostasis. Hemorrhagic diseases (bleeding disorders). Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)


• Type 1 and 2 diabetis


• Pathophysiology of the integrated hypothalamic/pituitary system: diabetes insipidus, hypopituitarism


• Pathophysiology of the thyroid: goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism


• Pathophysiology of the adrenal cortex: adrenocortical insufficiency, adrenocortical hyperfunctio


• Pathophysiology of the urinary system. Urinalysis. Nephritic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrom


• Pathophysiology of the urinary system. Infectious diseases of the urinary tract. Nephrolithiasis. Acute and chronic renal failure


• Hepatic pathophysiology: acute and chronic viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, jaundice, biliary tract stones, acute and chronic cholecystitis.


• Hepatic pathophysiology: acute and chronic liver failur