Medical Biotechnology

Activity type

Medicina di laboratorio e diagnostica

SSD

MED/46

Year

2nd year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

4

Hours distribution

32 classroom hours

Lecturers

ANTONIO FRANCESCO CAMPESE
SILVIA PICONESE
ENKE BALDINI

Activity type

Discipline fondamentali applicate alle biotecnologie

SSD

MED/04

Year

2nd year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

8 classroom hours

Lecturers

ROBERTA SANTARELLI

Activity type

Discipline medico-chirurgiche e della riproduzione umana

SSD

MED/15

Year

2nd year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

2

Hours distribution

16 classroom hours

Lecturers

ILARIA DEL GIUDICE

Activity type

Medicina di laboratorio e diagnostica

SSD

MED/08

Year

2nd year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

8 classroom hours

Lecturers

ALESSANDRO CORSI

Activity type

Morfologia, funzione e patologia delle cellule e degli organismi complessi

SSD

VET/01

Year

2nd year

Semester

1st semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

8 classroom hours

Lecturers

ANTONIO FRANCESCO CAMPESE

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the student will know the fields of medicine in which biotechnology has made significant changes in the understanding and treatment of pathologies and the progress achieved in particular in: immunology, hematology, oncology, endocrinology and regenerative medicine.
He/she will know the organization of the species most frequently used in animal experimentation and possess information on Italian legislation regarding animal experimentation and the unavoidable ethical question that these studies raise. He will be able to hypothesize the creation of animal models for the pathophysiological study of human diseases and for the identification of therapeutic targets. Through face-to-face lectures, the student will learn a pathway of disease knowledge and biological problem solving.
He/she will be able to understand how the discipline “Hematology” has been the model for the study of neoplastic diseases, drawing a pathway from the molecular characterization of a disease to its treatment. The student will learn about chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as a model in which biotechnology has produced exciting data. He will also know the biological basis and clinical application of molecularly targeted therapeutics and recent antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies.
As well as in endocrinology he/she will be able to see how molecular biology has enabled the characterization of certain diseases and will be able to analyze the possibility and limitations of the gene therapy approach in this field. He will know the main molecular mechanisms of immune-evasion by viruses, especially herpesviruses, and the causes of persistence in the host, and he will know models of oncogenesis related to viral infections (EBV, KSHV). He/she will know the processes of tissue regeneration and repair in relation to the mechanisms involved in their regulation, indicating their possible use in humans with special emphasis on skeletal muscles.
He/she should be able to design studies for the purpose of suggesting innovative pathogenetic and/or therapeutic pathways.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course the student should be familiar with the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and with the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations. At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, preclinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathological hematopoiesis. Acute and chronic lymphoid leukemias as models for understanding the development of neoplasms and pathways of cure by molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as demonstrating the possibility of cure when the causative molecular mechanisms of a disease are known. Knowledge and understanding of the biological and organizational basis for performing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Knowledge and understanding of the biological basis and clinical application of antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: The student will be able to actively compose a research project in the field of hematology modeled after the pathways learned. He/she will be able to participate, for example, in a Ph.D. program in Hematological Disciplines.
Pathologic Anatomy (COURSES).
Knowledge and Understanding: By the end of this course the student should be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: Know the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Know the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections, and cancers. Know the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4, CD8 and Treg T cells) in the development of these diseases. Know the main mouse models used to study cells of immunity in the above diseases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Immunology: Apply acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limitations and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of Laboratory Animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: short course aimed at knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the most frequently used species in biomedical research i.e. Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with details of the mouse and rabbit. Hints regarding hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, employed to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural particularities of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals essential for anyone facing the responsibility-ethical and biotechnological-of animal experimentation.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the course the student should be able to identify a topic of study (related if possible to his/her scientific interests and/or academic profile such as e.g., internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and relate it to the description of anatomical peculiarities significant for the development of the investigation. The student -performed a brief literature search, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or English and discuss his/her paper in light of the literature consulted.
Animal Models of Disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the educational course the student should know: advantages and limitations of genetically modified mouse models; the essential procedural elements for the generation, characterization and maintenance of mouse colonies; the specific characteristics of the main types of genetically manipulated mouse models, both conventional and conditional; basic knowledge of European and Italian legislation inherent to the use of animals for scientific purposes;
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to discriminate the specific characteristics, advantages and limitations of the different types of genetically modified mouse models and critically evaluate their potential role in the study of human diseases; recognize what limits are imposed by the legislature on animal experimentation;
Models of viral immunoevasion and oncology (SANTARELLI):
Knowledge and Understanding: Upon completion of the module, the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) the strategies by which these viruses “evade” the immune response; 3) the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of tumors associated with EBV and HHV-8 (or KSHV) infections. Indeed, these herpesviruses are considered useful models for investigating the mechanisms of oncogenesis; 4) the experimental approaches that have led to the development of currently adopted therapies, including cellular therapies
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: based on the knowledge acquired following this module, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and experimental approaches of the scientific papers presented during the course. He or she should also demonstrate that he or she has developed the ability to interpret the results present in the scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (BALDINI):
Knowledge and understanding: the student will be expected to know: i) the pathophysiological basis of major endocrine diseases; ii) some examples of animal models of endocrine diseases; iii) applications of molecular biology techniques for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in endocrinopathies; iv) gene therapy approaches for the treatment of endocrinopathies.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student, starting from the current limitations of molecular biology and biotechnology in the diagnosis, therapy, prognosis, and follow-up of endocrine diseases, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnology and its positive impact on the quality of life of patients.

Critical and judgment skills:
The student will be able to connect the knowledge learned in the course and link animal models for studying the diseases presented. Establish the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understand and make judgments about the possibility of generating “knock-out” or “knock-in” animals for a gene whose mutation is causative or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been covered in depth (Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judge the depth of results and correctness of experimental approach.
Ability to communicate what has been learned: for this the student will be evaluated in the examination.
Ability to pursue study independently in the course of life: the indication to use scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed site, on the topics covered in the lectures, for the preparation for the examination will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnology.

INTEGRATED COURSE: MOLECULAR MEDICINE AND ANIMAL MODELS OF DISEASE - REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
COORDINATOR: Prof.Roberta Santarelli
GOALS:
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the student will know the fields of medicine in which biotechnology has brought about significant changes in the understanding and treatment of pathologies and the progress achieved in particular in: immunology, haematology, oncology, endocrinology.
The student will know the characteristics of the main laboratory animal models as well as the techniques for the generation of the main types of genetically modified mouse models. The student will therefore be able to propose well-designed animal models for the pathophysiological study of human diseases and for the identification of therapeutic targets. Through frontal lessons the student will undertake a path of knowledge of pathologies and solution of biological problems. He will be able to understand how Hematology represented the study model of neoplastic pathologies and created a path from the molecular characterization of a disease to its cure. The student will know the model of chronic myeloid leukemia or acute promyeloid leukemia as a path in which biotechnology has produced exciting data. Likewise, in endocrinology, he will be able to verify how molecular biology has been pivotal for the characterization of some pathologies and to analyze possibilities as well as limits of the gene therapy approach in this field. The student will also know the main molecular mechanisms underlying immune evasion by Herpesviruses (used in this course as a model) and the persistence of these viruses in the host as well as the oncogenesis associated to EBV and KSHV infections and the new therapeutic approaches developed on the basis of this knowledge. Besides, the student will learn the main mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and of the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The student must be able to design studies in order to suggest innovative pathogenetic and/or therapeutic pathways.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the student has to know the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs as well as the general principles of tissue engineering, especially skeletal; he has also to be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes. Furthermore, the student has to know the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections and tumors as well as the essential procedural elements for the generation, characterization and maintenance of mouse colonies. Furthermore, he has to know and be able to propose animal models useful for the study of human pathologies, e.g. for the study of immune cells in the aforementioned pathologies and of gamma-herpesvirus oncogenesis, as well as for the development of new therapeutic strategies.

(Dublin Descriptors 1) Knowledge and understanding
● Hematology (Del Giudice): Knowledge of normal and pathological hematopoiesis. Acute and chronic lymphoid leukemias as models for understanding the development of neoplasms and treatment pathways. Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyeloid leukemia as evidence of the possibility of cure of a disease when the causal mechanisms are known. Knowledge and understanding of the organization to perform hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Knowledge of the problems of homeostasis and thrombosis, especially as a link with cardiological pathologies.
● Pathologic Anatomy (Corsi): At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main cellular and molecular mechanisms, involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and of the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, with particular attention to the skeletal system, including possible applications and limits.
● Immunology (Piconese). Know the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Know the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), chronic viral infections (HBV, HCV, etc.) and tumors. Know the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4, CD8 and Treg T cells) in the development of these pathologies. Know the main mouse models used for the study of immune cells in the aforementioned pathologies.
● Anatomy of laboratory animals (Campese). Course aimed at the knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the most frequently used species in biomedical research with particular regard to mice, rats and rabbits. Description of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy, with the acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals, essential for anyone who has to deal with animal experimentation.
● Animal models of disease (Campese). At the end of the educational path the student will have to know: advantages and limitations of genetically modified mouse models; the essential procedural elements for the generation, characterization and maintenance of mouse colonies; the specific characteristics of the main types of genetically manipulated mouse models, both conventional and conditional, as well as mouse models for the study of human pathologies; the basic knowledge of European and Italian legislation concerning the use of animals for scientific purposes.
● Models of immunoevasion and viral oncology (Santarelli). Upon completion of the course unit, the student must know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) the strategies through which these viruses subvert the immune response; 3) the molecular mechanisms leading to the development of tumors associated with EBV and KSHV infections; 4) the experimental approaches that have led to the development of currently adopted therapies, including cellular ones.
● At the end of the teaching module in Endocrinology (Baldini) the student will have to know: i) the pathophysiological bases of the main endocrine pathologies, including endocrine neoplasms, and in particular tumors of the thyroid gland; ii) the application of molecular biology techniques useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of endocrine neoplasms; iii) the application of biosensors in endocrinology; iv) gene therapy and regenerative medicine approaches for the treatment of endocrinopathies.

(Dublin Descriptors 2) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
● Hematology: the student will be able to actively compose a research project in the hematological field on the model of the study paths learned. He will be able to participate for example in a PhD in Hematological Disciplines.
● Pathologic Anatomy: At the end of the course the student should be able to evaluate critically the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical model in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions for reparative/regenerative purposes.
● Immunology: the student must be able to apply the acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. He must also be able to identify limits and criticalities in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
● Anatomy of laboratory animals: at the end of the course the student must be able to identify a topic of study (related if possible to his scientific interests and/or academic profile such as, for example, internship, experimental thesis, etc. ) and correlate it to the description of significant anatomical peculiarities for the development of the investigation.
● Animal models of disease: the student must be able to apply the acquired knowledge to discriminate the specific characteristics, advantages and limitations of the different types of genetically modified mouse models and critically evaluate their potential role in the study of human pathologies; recognize the limits imposed by the legislator on animal experimentation;
● Models of immunoevasion and viral oncology: on the basis of the knowledge acquired following this course unit, the student must be able to discuss both the rationale and the experimental approaches of the scientific works presented during the course. Furthermore, he has to be able to demonstrate the ability to present and interpret the results in the scientific article chosen for the exam and propose a possible alternative experimental strategy as well.
● Endocrinology: Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student, starting from the current limits of molecular biology techniques and biotechnology in the field of diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and follow-up of endocrine pathologies, will have to acquire awareness of: a) the potential offered by animal models in the study and characterization of endocrinopathies; b) the usefulness of biotechnologies and their positive impact on patients' quality of life.

(Dublin Descriptors 3) Critical and judgment skills
The student will be able to connect the knowledge learned during this course and connect the animal models of study of the pathologies presented as well as establish the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in various fields of study. The student will also be able to understand and make judgments on the possibility of generating "knock-out" or "knock-in" animals for a relevant gene in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been studied (Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, etc..). Finally, the student will be able to establish and judge the depth of the results and the correctness of results and of experimental approaches as well.

(Dublin Descriptors 4)
The student will be evaluated during the exam.

(Dublin Descriptors 5) Ability to continue studying autonomously throughout life
The indication for the use of scientific works published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed website, on the topics covered by the lectures, for the preparation for the exam will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnology.

REQUIREMENTS
Students must possess the concepts of histology, human anatomy, physiology in order to understand the different pathological situations in the chosen specialist fields. In particular, they must have knowledge of the hematopoietic tissue, of the heart, of the endocrine and skeletal systems, of the immunocompetent populations and their role in the control of neoplastic diseases. Furthermore they must have knowledge of genetics, in the basic concepts of transmission of genetic characteristics to progeny, type and consequences of gene mutation, gene expression. Also, he must know the main morphological, immunophenotypic and molecular technologies, to build characterization pathways and hypothesize therapeutic solutions.
● Hematology. Notions of histology of hematopoietic tissue. Notions of Biochemistry, structure of nucleic acids, and proteins. Expression pathways of molecules. Cell cycle concepts. General concepts on immunocompetent populations. Concepts of genetics: structure of chromosomes, structure and expression of genes, concepts of the transmission of pathological genes.
● Pathologic Anatomy. In order to properly understand the teaching contents and achieve the learning objectives, at the beginning of the teaching activities the student must be in possession of the basic knowledge acquired and matured during the attendance of previous courses related to biology, cell and molecular, biochemistry, embryology, anatomy, histology, general pathology and pathological anatomy.
● Anatomy of laboratory animals. In order to optimize the teaching contents, the student must be in possession of the fundamental notions of macroscopic and structural organization of the human body as well as the basic principles of physiology in order to implement the comparative description of the anatomy of different species. This presupposes, in particular, an already acquired knowledge of the anatomical method and terminology.
● Immunology. Preparatory to the course is the knowledge of the cells and molecules of the adaptive immune system and their main physiological functions.
● Animal models of disease. At the beginning of the teaching activity, the student must possess the basic knowledge of cellular and molecular biology, immunology, biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, general pathology.
● Models of immunoevasion and viral oncology. At the beginning of the teaching activity, the student must possess knowledge of cellular and molecular biology, immunology, biochemistry, anatomy, histology and general pathology.
● Endocrinology module. Students must have a good knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology of the endocrine glands. They must also have a good knowledge of the main molecular biology techniques.

SYLLABUS

Course unit: Molecular and regenerative medicine (Del Giudice) Hematology
Hematopoiesis: morphological, immunophenotypic and molecular characterization of the stem cells that give rise to the erythroid, myelo-monocytic, megakaryocytic lineages and evaluation of the mechanisms of cell differentiation and maturation (2 hours).
Blood count as an indicator of hematopoiesis (2 hours).
The use of stem cells in the therapy of the hemopathic patient: methods of separation, collection, typing and evaluation of regeneration according to the principles of the "Good Manufacturing Practice" (2 hours).
Chronic myeloid leukemia: a disease that represents a study model of the leukemic event and an example of the successes obtained in medicine by biotechnology (2 hours).
Acute leukaemias: diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic indications based on immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular characterization suggesting targeted therapies (2 hours).
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the most common leukemia in the western world is treated following algorithms based on the biological characteristics of the disease (2 hours).
Physiology of hemostasis and thrombosis. Molecular characterization of thrombotic risk factors (2 hours).
The new therapies in hematology: cell therapies and molecular therapies (2 hours).

Course unit: Pathologic anatomy (Corsi): Tissue homeostasis: general concepts (2 hours). Control mechanisms of cell proliferation (2 hours). Stem cells: biological properties, plasticity and role in tissue regeneration and repair (2 hours). Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, with particular reference to skeletal tissue: principles, applications and limits (2 hours).


Course unit: Models of immunoevasion and viral oncology (Santarelli) Molecular mechanisms adopted by herpesviruses to escape immunosurveillance (2 hours). The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): latency and tumorigenesis (2 hours). Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8 or KSHV) and associated malignancies (2 hours). Herpesvirus microRNA: role in latent infection, immunoevasion and oncogenesis (2 hours).

Course unit:Anatomy of laboratory animals (Campese)
Knowledge of the general microscopic and macroscopic organization of the animal species most commonly used ad models in biological research, with particular regard to mice, rats and rabbits. (3 hrs)
Main topics
General anatomy: anatomical terminology principles; systems; organs’ structure. (1 hrs)
Locomotor system(1 hrs)
Bones, joints and muscles (1hrs)
Cardio-vascular apparatus(1 hrs)
Digestive, respiratory, urinary and genital systems(1 hrs)

Course unit: Animal models of disease (Campese)
Aims and advantages in the generation and use of murine models for the study of human diseases (1 hr);
- Ethical issue and laws about animal experimentation (3R’s; dlgs 26/2014) (2 hrs);
- Genotyping technics: PCR and Southern blotting (1 hr);
- Characterizing and maintaining of genetically modified colonies (1 hrs);
- Methods for the generation of ‘conventional’ genetically modified murine models: transgenic and knock-out mice (2 hrs);
- ‘Conditional’ and/or inducible genetically modified murine models: the Cre/LoxP system; ‘conditional’ knock-in mice; the use of reporter genes (the IRES-GFP system) (2 hrs);
- Mouse genome engineering via the CRISP/Cas9 system (2 hrs)
- Methods for the genetic manipulation of the hematopoietic system: retroviral vectors and ‘bone-marrow transplantation’ (2 hrs);
- Immunodeficient murine models (2 hrs)
- Examples of murine models for the study of human diseases: T cell leukemia, regulatory T cells in experimental autoimmune diabetes (1 hrs).

Course unit: Animal models of disease (Piconese) Immunology
Introduction to the adaptive immune response. Main mechanisms of immunotolerance. Aberrant immune responses in immunopathology.
B lymphocyte-mediated immunopathology: main functions, tolerance mechanisms, roles of antibodies in autoimmunity. Pathogenesis of lupus and disease models. Rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis and disease models.
Immunopathology mediated by T helper lymphocytes: definition of subpopulations, polarization mechanisms, roles in autoimmunity. Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and related animal models.
Immunoregulation and regulatory T lymphocytes: development, physiological roles, focus on the suppression of anticancer immunosurveillance. Animal models of cancer.
Antiviral immunity mediated by CD8 T lymphocytes: activation mechanisms and main functions, functional exhaustion, protective effects in viral infections. Mouse models of the CD8-mediated response in viral infections.

Recommended scientific articles and reviews

Module: Molecular medicine and animal models of disease I
N/D
Module: Molecular medicine and animal models of disease II
N/D
Module: Molecular medicine and animal models of disease III
N/D
Module: Regenerative medicine I
N/D
Module: Regenerative medicine II
N/D

The teaching is essentially based on in-class lectures characterized by a strong interactive component between the teacher and the students. Other teaching methods may include group or individual work on the analysis of methods and results of publications in international scientific journals

Attendance is verified by the teacher through signature/call sheets on updated lists provided by the Teaching Secretariat. The certificate of attendance, of at least 67% of the teaching activities of the teaching course, is necessary for the student to take the relative exam.

EVALUATION
The exam will consist of an oral test, during which questions will be asked to assess the knowledge and understanding of the topics covered in class. The student has to demonstrate that he has acquired a knowledge of the topics proposed, with critical ability, and be able to propose interpretations and/or solutions to problems related to the subjects studied. For some modules (Santarelli, Corsi and a part of the Campese exam), the oral exam will consist of a critical analysis of a scientific article selected by the student related to the course programme.
The evaluation will take into account: a) the ability to critically discuss the methods and results of the selected scientific article; b) the knowledge of the topics covered by the exam questions; c) the adequacy of the answer to each of the questions in relation to the skills that should be acquired at the end of the course; d) the logical reasoning to answer questions; e) the use of appropriate language.
All modules must be passed with a score of ≥ 18/30. The final grade will consist of the average of the individual modules. The score 30 cum laude is intended for students who are able to logically and coherently connect the topics covered. The property of scientific language will also be a parameter subject to evaluation

Course unit: Models of immunoevasion and viral oncology (Santarelli)
Regarding the presented article, what experiments would you have conducted if you had been the author of this paper?

Course unit: Pathologic anatomy (Corsi)
Which comments would you have made if you had been one of the reviewers of the presented article?

Course unit:Anatomy of laboratory animals (Campese)
- Discuss a topic based on the use of a laboratory animal model on the basis of the content of related scientific literature

Course unit: Animal models of disease (Campese)
-Aims, features and techniques for the generation of transgenic mice
-Aims, features and techniques for the generation of knock-out mice
-The meaning of the 3R's principles

• The course calendar will be published by the degree program secretariat.