Clinical Engineering

FRANCESCA APOLLONIO
MICAELA LIBERTI

The course aims to provide both the basic knowledge and the methodological tools to tackle the study of the fundamental applications of electromagnetism. The fundamental concepts of electrostatics and magnetostatics, already presented in physics courses, are taken up again to arrive at the presentation of Maxwell's equations in integral and differential form. Considerable emphasis is given to the study of the propagation of plane waves in free space and their reflection and refraction properties on a flat interface. Finally, the theory of electromagnetism is applied to the study of transmission lines and radiation in order to introduce the student to the principal problems of an electromagnetic application.
Specific objectives
• Knowledge and understanding: know and understand the fundamental equations and theorems of electromagnetism, free space plane waves and their reflection and refraction properties on a plane interface, the formalism of transmission lines, the fundamentals of radiation in free space.
• Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: knowing how to apply the theoretical knowledge acquired to solve simple numerical problems on the course topics.

Upon completion of the course, students will have acquired the fundamental knowledge and methodological tools required to describe, analyse, and solve basic problems in applied electromagnetics.

In particular, they will be able to:

-know and understand Maxwell’s equations in both integral and differential form, as well as the main theorems of electromagnetism;
-understand the electromagnetic properties of material media, constitutive relations, and boundary conditions;
-describe the propagation of electromagnetic waves in free space and in material media, with particular reference to polarisation, reflection, refraction, dispersion, and attenuation;
-understand the principles of electromagnetic energy conservation and transport through Poynting’s theorem;
-know the fundamentals of transmission-line theory, electromagnetic radiation, and antennas.

With regard to the ability to apply the acquired knowledge, students will be able to:
-apply the fundamental equations and theorems of electromagnetism to the solution of basic problems;
-use phasor representation and vector-calculus tools to analyse electromagnetic fields under time-harmonic conditions;
-determine the main quantities associated with plane-wave propagation, reflection, and transmission at interfaces between different media;
-analyse simple transmission lines by evaluating impedance, reflection coefficient, standing waves, and matching conditions.

Finally, students will be able to explain the fundamental principles and phenomena of electromagnetism using appropriate scientific terminology; describe the procedure adopted to solve a problem, justify the assumptions made, and discuss the physical meaning of the results; and accurately represent physical quantities, models, and results through analytical expressions, diagrams, and graphs.

Teaching of Mathematics, Physics and Geometry.
In particular, the student must be able to use differential and integral calculus,
have the basics of complex numbers and
know the fundamental laws of physics

Fundamental properties of fields: electromagnetics in physics and engineering;
electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields;
time-domain Maxwell’s equations;
Time-harmonic fields: frequency-domain representation;
phasors and complex vectors; frequency spectrum;
Characteristics of media: constitutive relations;
dispersion and losses; boundary conditions between media;
Principles and theorems: Poynting theorem in time and harmonic regimes;
theorems of uniqueness and of equivalence; formalization of electromagnetic
problems; Free-space propagation and waves: Helmholtz equation and properties of waves in harmonic
regime; plane waves and characteristics of propagation
and polarization; plane-wave spectrum; Waves in complex environments: Snell’s laws;
reflection coefficients; particular reflection and transmission phenomena;
Transmission-line theory:
Radiation and antennas: field generation by sources and Green’s function for free space;
basic antennas and relevant parameters;

Gerosa Lampariello: Campi Elettromagnetici

1. G. Conciauro, “Introduzione alle onde elettromagnetiche”; McGraw-Hill, Milano 1993.
2. C.A. Balanis, “Advanced engineering electromagnetics”; Wiley, New York 1989.
3. A.J. Baden Fuller, “Engineering electromagnetism”; John Wiley & Sons, New York 1993
5. S. Ramo, J.R. Whinnery, T. Van Duzer, “Fields and waves in communication electronics”; Wiley, New York 1984.
6. D. M. Pozar, “ Microwave engineering”; Wiley, New York 1998.

The course is structured into two parts: the first consists of traditional classroom lectures, while the second includes numerical exercises and activities based on the use of a software environment (matlab)

Not Mandatory but recommended in particular for the exercises

Students will be marked on the bases of a written exam (tipically 2 exercises)
and an oral question chosen over the whole program.

To pass the exam you must achieve a grade of no less than 18/30.
The student must demonstrate that she/he has acquired sufficient knowledge of
course topics and be able to discuss and comment on at least one of them.

To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude, the student must demonstrate that she/he has
acquired excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, being
able to connect them in a logical and coherent way.

Fundamental Equations of Electromagnetism
Constitutive Relations
Boundary Conditions
Poynting’s Theorem in the Time Domain
Poynting’s Theorem in the Complex Domain
Helmholtz Equation
Plane Waves in Free Space
Classification of Plane Waves
Plane Waves in Stratified Media
Reflection and Refraction
Transmission Lines
Load Termination Conditions for a Transmission Line
Reflection Coefficient
Line Impedance
Basic Matching Conditions
Standing Waves
Electrodynamic Potentials
Introduction to Electromagnetic Radiation

• Fundamental equations of EM fields
  • Books: Textbook: Gerosa and Lampariello, Lezioni di Campi Elettromagnetici.


• Constitutive relations
  • Books: Textbook: Gerosa and Lampariello, Lezioni di Campi Elettromagnetici.


• Boundary Conditions
  • Books: Textbook: Gerosa and Lampariello, Lezioni di Campi Elettromagnetici.


• Energy Conservation
  • Books: Textbook: Gerosa and Lampariello, Lezioni di Campi Elettromagnetici.


• Plane Waves in free space
  • Books: Textbook: Gerosa and Lampariello, Lezioni di Campi Elettromagnetici.


• Plane waves in stratified media
  • Books: Textbook: Gerosa and Lampariello, Lezioni di Campi Elettromagnetici.


• Reflection and Refraction
  • Books: Textbook: Gerosa and Lampariello, Lezioni di Campi Elettromagnetici.


• Transmission lines
  • Books: Textbook: Gerosa and Lampariello, Lezioni di Campi Elettromagnetici.


• Radiation