Biomedical Engineering

MANUELA GAROFALO
MANUELA GAROFALO
MICHELA FRANZO'
MICHELA FRANZO'

Knowledge of the pathophysiology of organs in particular, syndromes involving the loss of organ function and possible replacement with devices.

Other objectives are the analysis of reactions to non-biological materials, the possible use of 3D printing to support medicine and the use of artificial intelligence.

Knowledge of conditions requiring the use of engineering support devices in hospitals and clinics. Learning about their clinical indications, functioning, complications and limitations.

Notions of normal human anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and physics.
Knowledge of computer science (ability to understand a code), signal processing (sampling frequency, Nyquist frequency) and biomedical signals (ECG and PPG).

1. Anatomy and physiology of the urinary system
2. Renal diseases and acute and chronic renal failure
3. Conservative and replacement therapy of renal disease
4. Dialysis techniques and possible application incidents
5. Organ preservation techniques: cold storage and perfusion machine
6. Anatomy and physiology of the liver
7. Hepatic diseases and acute and chronic liver failure
8. Conservative therapy and support devices
9. MARS (Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System)
10. Liver transplant
11. Treatment of sepsis with devices
12. Anatomy and physiology of the pancreas
13. Diabetes mellitus
14. Devices for the control and treatment of diabetes
15. Pancreas transplant
16. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system
17. Respiratory failure
18. Device for the treatment of respiratory failure respiratory
19. Lung transplant
20. Application of wearable technologies in various areas of the medical sector. In-depth analysis of Extended Reality technology, its potential and its limitations. Creation of a Mixed Reality experience on the Unity Engine platform (C# language) for a holographic viewer capable of real-time representation of data acquired from a sensorised bracelet for monitoring vital parameters.
o State of the art in the use of wearable and extended reality technologies in healthcare
o Operation of the MAXREFDES104 sensorised bracelet for the acquisition of vital signs (ECG, PPG and temperature) and acquisition in the classroom of data from a subject to be used for the implementation of the project
o Introduction to the use of the Unity platform (steps for installing the software and drivers required for mixed reality, starting a project, basic features for project implementation) and the properties of 3D models (mesh and texture). Classroom exercise.
o Introduction to the C# language (Visual Studio platform, language properties), examples of simple C# code and classroom development of the code needed for the project (code for reading and graphically representing the vital signs acquired). Classroom exercise.
o Completion of the final Unity project in the classroom, consisting of a mixed reality scene that graphically displays the vital signs previously acquired by the sensorised bracelet at an appropriate frequency in a holographic visualisation (determining the frequency of data representation based on the sampling frequency and the computational capacity of the computer, determining the need for any data processing prior to representation).
o Discussion on the limitations and potential of the technology presented and the project implemented in relation to its application in a clinical context.

- Fisiologia medica. Guyton e Hall. Edizioni Edra 2021.
- Handbook of Dialysis. Daurgirdas M.D, Blake P. Fifth Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2014.
- Hepatology: A clinical textbook. Mauss - Berg - Rockstroh - Sarrazin – Wedemeyer. Flying Publisher 2008.
- Trapianti di organi e tessuti. Venuta F. Rossi M. Editore SEU 2009.
- Kidney transplantation: Principles and practice. Peter Morris, Stuart J. Knechtle
- Elsevier Health Sciences, 30 giu 2008.
Teaching material provided by the teacher, slides, bibliographic references for articles: summary of the steps for the creation of the Unity project (software installation, C# code and creation of a holographic scene on Unity). Technical data sheet of the sensorized bracelet. References cited. Useful links to online manuals and guides for using the software

group exercises and frontal lessons

Regular attendance is strongly recommended.

Oral interview and project presentation

Dialysis Techniques
Perfusion Machine Parameters
MARS Indications

• Anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. Kidney diseases and acute and chronic renal failure.
  • Books: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. John E. Hall, PhDElsevier Health Sciences. 13 th ed.


• Dialysis techniques and possible complications.
  • Books: Handbook of Dialysis. Daurgirdas M.D, Blake P. Fifth Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2014.


• Conservative and replacement therapy for kidney disease.
  • Books:  Handbook of Dialysis. Daurgirdas M.D, Blake P. Fifth Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2014.


• Organ preservation techniques: cold storage and perfusion machines 


• Anatomy and physiology of the liver. Liver diseases and acute and chronic liver failure.
  • Books: Hepatology: A
    
    clinical textbook. Mauss - Berg
    
    - Rockstroh - Sarrazin – Wedemeyer. Flying Publisher 2008.


• Conservative therapy and support devices of liver. MARS
  • Books: Artificial Liver Support with CytoSorb and MARS in Liver Failure: A Retrospective Propensity Matched Analysis.Popescu M, David C, Marcu A, Olita MR, Mihaila M, Tomescu D.J Clin Med. 2023 Mar 14;12(6):2258. doi: 10.3390/jcm12062258MARS in the treatment of liver failure: controversies and evidence. Chiu A, Fan ST.Int j ArtifOrgans.2006Jul;29(7):6607.doi:10.1177/039139880602900703.PMID: 16874670.The role of the Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System (MARS) in the management of liver failure. Sen S, Jalan R.Perfusion. 2004;19 Suppl 1:S43-8. doi: 10.1191/0267659104pf716oa.PMID: 15161063 Review


• Liver Transplant


• Infection and sepsis (definitions and basics of immunology). Treatment of sepsis with devices. 
  • Books: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. John E. Hall, PhDElsevier Health Sciences. 13 th ed.Targeted therapy using polymyxin B hemadsorption in patients with sepsis: a post-hoc analysis of the JSEPTIC-DIC study and the EUPHRATES trial.Osawa I et al. Crit Care. 2023 Jun 21;27(1):245. doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04533-3.


• Anatomy and physiology of the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus
  • Books: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. John E. Hall, PhDElsevier Health Sciences. 13 th ed.


• Diabetes monitoring and treatment devices. Pancreas transplant
  • Books: Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors for Diabetes Management: A Review of Technologies and Applications.Cappon G, Vettoretti M, Sparacino G, Facchinetti A.Diabetes Metab J. 2019 Aug;43(4):383-397. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0121


• Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. Pulmonary insufficiency
  • Books: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. John E. Hall, PhDElsevier Health Sciences. 13 th ed.


• Device for treating respiratory failure.Lung transplant
  • Books: Early Postoperative Management of Lung Transplant Recipients.Trinh BN, Brzezinski M, Kukreja J.Thorac Surg Clin. 2022 May;32(2):185-195. doi: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2021.11.006.PMID: 35512937 Review.Lung transplantation: candidate selection and timing of transplant.Shah P, Neujahr DC.Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2021 Jun 1;26(3):302-308. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000879.PMID: 33938467 Review


• State of the art in the use of wearable technologies and extended reality in healthcare
  • Books: - Osama, M.; Ateya, A.A.; Sayed, M.S.; Hammad, M.; Pławiak, P.; Abd El-Latif, A.A.; Elsayed, R.A. Internet of Medical Things and Healthcare 4.0: Trends, Requirements, Challenges, and Research Directions. Sensors 2023, 23, 7435- Pang, Zhiboet al. “Introduction to the Special Section: Convergence of Automation Technology, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics Toward the Healthcare 4.0.” IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 11 (2018): 249-259- Gupta, A., Singh, A. Healthcare 4.0: recent advancements and futuristic research directions.Wireless PersCommun129, 933–952 (2023). - [Cristiano André da Costa, Cristian F. Pasluosta, Björn Eskofier, Denise Bandeira da Silva, Rodrigo da Rosa Righi, Internet of Health Things: Toward intelligent vital signs monitoring in hospital wards, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, vol. 89, 2018, pp. 61-69- Mukherjee, S.; Suleman, S.; Pilloton, R.; Narang, J.; Rani, K. State of the Art in Smart Portable, Wearable, Ingestible and Implantable Devices for Health StatusMonitoring and Disease Management. Sensors 2022, 22, 4228. 


• Operation of the MAXREFDES104 sensor bracelet for acquiring vital signs (ECG, PPG and temperature) and classroom acquisition of a subject's data to be used for the project.
  • Books: - Deusdado, L.D., Lopes, R.P., Antunes, A.F.J., Lopes, J.C. (2023). Measuring Vital Signs for Virtual Reality Health Application. In: Yang, XS., Sherratt, R.S., Dey, N., Joshi, A. (eds) Proceedings of Eighth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology. ICICT 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 693. Springer, Singapore.- Antonio Iyda Paganelli, Abel González Mondéjar, Abner Cardoso da Silva, Greis Silva-Calpa, Mateus F. Teixeira, Felipe Carvalho, Alberto Raposo, Markus Endler, Real-time data analysis in health monitoring systems: A comprehensive systematic literature review, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, Volume 127, 2022, 104009- Ahmed, S.; Irfan, S.; Kiran, N.; Masood, N.; Anjum, N.; Ramzan, N. Remote Health Monitoring Systems for Elderly People: A Survey. Sensors 2023, 23, 7095. - Kumar, S.; Buckley, J.L.; Barton, J.; Pigeon, M.; Newberry, R.; Rodencal, M.; Hajzeraj, A.; Hannon, T.; Rogers, K.; Casey, D.; et al. A Wristwatch-Based Wireless Sensor Platform for IoT Health Monitoring Applications. Sensors 2020, 20, 1675. - Maeda, Y., Sekine, M. & Tamura, T. The Advantages of Wearable Green Reflected Photoplethysmography. J Med Syst 35, 829–834 (2011).


• Introduction to the use of the Unity platform (steps for installing the software and drivers required for mixed reality, starting a project, basic features for project implementation) and the properties of 3D models (mesh and texture). Classroom exercise.
  • Books: - Teaching materials provided by the lecturer: Summary of the steps for implementing the Unity project (software installation, C# code and holographic scene creation on Unity). Technical data sheet for the sensorised bracelet. References cited. Useful links to online manuals and guides for using the software.


• Completion of the final Unity project in the classroom, consisting of a mixed reality scene that graphically displays the vital signs previously acquired by the sensorised bracelet at an appropriate frequency in a holographic visualisation (determining the frequency of data representation based on the sampling frequency and the computational capacity of the computer, determining the need for any data processing prior to representation).
  • Books: - Teaching materials provided by the lecturer: Summary of the steps for implementing the Unity project (software installation, C# code and holographic scene creation on Unity). Technical data sheet for the sensorised bracelet. References cited. Useful links to online manuals and guides for using the software.


• Introduction to the C# language (Visual Studio platform, language properties), examples of simple C# code and classroom development of the code needed for the project (code for reading and graphically representing the vital signs acquired). Classroom exercise
  • Books: - Teaching materials provided by the lecturer: Summary of the steps for implementing the Unity project (software installation, C# code and holographic scene creation on Unity). Technical data sheet for the sensorised bracelet. References cited. Useful links to online manuals and guides for using the software.


• Discussion on the limitations and potential of the technology presented and the project implemented in relation to its application in a clinical context.
  • Books: -           
    
    Martin
    
    G,KoiziaL,Kooner A,Cafferkey J,Ross C,Purkayastha S,Sivananthan A,Tanna A,Pratt
    
    P,Kinross J,PanSurgCollaborative use of the HoloLens2 Mixed Reality Headset for
    
    Protecting Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospective,
    
    Observational EvaluationJ Med Internet Res 2020;22(8):e21486
    
    
    
    -           
    
    Rohrbach
    
    N, Krewer C, Löhnert L,ThierfelderA, RanderathJ, Jahn K and HermsdörferJ (2021)
    
    Improvement of Apraxia With Augmented Reality: Influencing Pantomime of Tool
    
    Use via Holographic Cues. Front. Neurol. 12:711900.- Is medical device regulatory compliance growing as fast as extended reality to avoid misunderstandings in the future? / Bini, F.; Franzo, M.; Maccaro, A.; Piaggio, D.; Pecchia, L.; Marinozzi, F.. - In: HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY. - 13:5(2023), pp. 831-842.