AESTHETICS Single channel

Chair (Coordinator) and Rapporteur: STEFANO VELOTTI

Lecturers

Objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: acquisition of some key concepts necessary to understand some questions on aesthetics and contemporary artistic experience; ability to read and comment on texts; improvement of argumentative skills.

Learning outcomes

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in historical and critical perspective; knowledge of a philosophical period and context with a focus on the long-term nature of the issues addressed; knowledge of key concepts and terms in historical perspective. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts from a historical and critical perspective. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical-philosophical context; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Prerequisites


General knowledge of the history of philosophy with special focus on modern philosophy.

Programme

The Critical Foundation of Modern Aesthetics: Leibniz, Vico, Hume, Kant

What do we mean by "aesthetics"? Is it a sort of sub-discipline of philosophy, a "philosophy of art," of "beauty," of the senses? The choice of four very different authors such as Leibniz, Vico, Hume, and Kant will show how philosophical aesthetics is not a "special" discipline, but rather emerges and develops as a reflection on the very meaning of the experience we have of the world.
Vico explores the mind and body of the “bestioni” (primitive giants), from whom we descend, in order to understand how it was possible for rationality to "unfold" from our bestial ignorance, through myths, passions, the power of imagination, all converging in a "poetic wisdom," the main object of a "new critical art," a New Science. Leibniz discovers a sort of cognitive unconscious, the “petites perceptions” (minute perceptions), which inhabit and "move" us without our being conscious of them, and seeks to understand how that “je ne sais quoi” that we recognize in certain people, works, and situations is generated and what role it plays. Hume seeks a "standard of taste," starting from our subjective sentiments, in an attempt to understand whether such sentiments can be generalized.
While for Vico we will analyze a few fundamental passages from the New Science, and for Leibniz and Hume we will comment on two brief but important essays in their entirety, two-thirds of the course will be dedicated to Kant, with an extensive and in-depth analysis of a substantial portion of the Critique of the Power of Judgment. This course, therefore, is primarily dedicated to Kant.
His third Critique has had an importance that can hardly be overestimated, not only for aesthetic thought, but for the entire philosophical tradition in general, and continues to have such importance in the international philosophical debate of our own time. The text is indeed indispensable not only for any reflection that addresses the problem of taste, art, creativity, beauty, and the sublime, but more generally, that of the meaning of experience. The aesthetic, epistemological, and ethical-political thought of our contemporary age continues to grapple with this work, whose vitality appears inexhaustible.
Beyond the Kantian text (and the brief texts/excerpts by the other “classics”), a selection of contemporary texts will be provided, from which students will be required to choose one title to read for the examination.

Books

Important: LMS students taking the 6-credit (6 CFU) exam are required to study only the selection from the Critique of the Power of Judgment indicated below.

G.W. Leibniz, Meditazioni sulla conoscenza, la verità e le idee (1684) e Id. “Prefazione” a Nuovi saggi sull’intelletto umano (1705). Entrambi i saggi sono contenuti nel vol. a cura di P. D’Angelo e S. Velotti, Il “non so che”. Storia di un’idea estetica, Aesthetica (1997, 2002) e in altre edizioni che si renderanno disponibili in pdf.

G. Vico, Scienza nuova (1744), passi scelti (saranno messi a disposizione degli studenti in pdf)

D. Hume, La regola del gusto (1757), Laterza, o altre edizioni (sarà messo a disposizione in pdf)

I. Kant, Critica della facoltà di giudizio, Einaudi, Torino 1999 (e successive ristampe). Solo le seguenti parti: Prefazione di Kant; Introduzione di Kant (§§ I-IX); §§ 1-5; §§ 6, 8-9; §§ 10-13; 15-16; §§ 18-22; §§ 32-38; §40; §§ 43-46; § 49-50; §§ 55-56 comprese Nota I e Nota II; §59.

Lessons mode

Lectures with reconstruction of the context and reading, analysis and commentary of the texts. Reference will be made to the original texts. Active student participation is highly encouraged and will be stimulated throughout the lessons.

Frequency


Attending the course is highly recommended.

Exam mode

The course includes a final oral examination. The oral examination will be conducted from the punctual and in-depth commentary of passages of the student’s choice and will assess his or her ability to analyze the text punctually, both from a technical point of view (terminological and conceptual), and reformulating it in non-technical language, connecting it to the rest of the thought of the author. Beginning, then, with the commentary on the chosen passage, the exam will cover the entire program. In order to pass the tests the student will have to demonstrate that he/she: 1. knows the content of the text covered; 2. is able to return it clearly, correctly mastering the specialized vocabulary used by the author; 3. is able to identify the most relevant theoretical junctures and to discuss them critically; 4. is able to independently elaborate an argument related to the content covered. Satisfaction of points 1 and 2 is a necessary condition for passing the exam. Grades above 27 will be awarded to those students whose papers satisfy all four points indicated.

Example exam questions

Choose a passage from the text under consideration, read it aloud, explain why you chose it (what is its importance and role within the work), what it means, what problems it raises, how it can be reformulated. Is it possible to give an example that illustrates its validity? Is it possible to raise objections to the author's way of arguing? What connections does the passage have with the rest of the text? What does the author mean by the phrase “xy”?

Arguments

  • Un calendario delle lezioni per argomenti e testi da leggere (un syllabus) verrà inserito su Classroom prima del corso. Quello che segue è un programma di massima:Il corso si articolerà in undici settimane. La prima settimana sarà dedicata a un’introduzione generale al problema dell’estetica, intesa non come semplice filosofia dell’arte o del bello, ma come riflessione sul senso stesso dell’esperienza. Verranno presentati i quattro autori al centro del corso e si inizierà la lettura di Vico, soffermandosi sulla figura dei «bestioni», sul ruolo dell’immaginazione, delle passioni e del mito nella nascita della «sapienza poetica».
    La seconda settimana sarà ancora dedicata a Vico, con l’analisi di alcuni passi fondamentali della Scienza nuova e della sua «nuova arte critica», per poi introdurre Leibniz e la sua teoria del "non so che" e delle delle «piccole percezioni», che costituiscono una sorta di inconscio cognitivo.
    La terza settimana sarà dedicata al commento del saggio di Leibniz e all’introduzione del pensiero di Hume, con particolare attenzione alla ricerca di una «regola del gusto» e al problema della possibile universalità dei sentimenti estetici.
    La quarta settimana completerà l’analisi del testo di Hume e introdurrà la Critica della facoltà di giudizio di Kant, collocandola all’interno del sistema critico e illustrandone la struttura generale e la straordinaria importanza per la filosofia moderna e contemporanea.
    Le successive sette settimane saranno dedicate a un’analisi esclusiva della terza Critica. La quinta settimana esaminerà la nozione di giudizio riflettente e il principio della conformità a scopi, chiarendo il ruolo specifico della Critica della facoltà di giudizio nel sistema kantiano.
    La sesta settimana sarà dedicata all’Analitica del bello e ai caratteri fondamentali del giudizio di gusto: il disinteresse, l’universalità soggettiva, la conformità a scopi senza scopo e la necessità.
    La settima settimana approfondirà la dottrina del libero gioco delle facoltà, il concetto di sensus communis e la deduzione dei giudizi di gusto.
    L’ottava settimana sarà dedicata ai problemi della comunicabilità dell’esperienza estetica e alle implicazioni teoriche della facoltà di giudizio nella mediazione tra natura e libertà.
    La nona settimana affronterà la questione della bellezza naturale e artistica, distinguendo tra bellezza libera e aderente e analizzando il rapporto tra arte e natura.
    La decima settimana sarà dedicata alla teoria del genio e delle idee estetiche, ai problemi della creatività e della produzione artistica.
    L’undicesima settimana, infine, sarà dedicata alle prospettive aperte dalla terza Critica e alla sua eredità nel pensiero contemporaneo, mostrando come le questioni del gusto, dell’arte e della creatività continuino a intrecciarsi con il problema più generale del senso dell’esperienza. In quest’ultima parte del corso verranno inoltre presentati i testi contemporanei tra cui le studentesse e gli studenti dovranno scegliere una lettura integrativa per l’esame.

Sustainability goals

  • Goal10
  • Goal11
  • Goal16
  • Academic year2026/2027
  • Degree program to which the course belongsStudies in Art History
  • Lesson code1022651
  • Year and semester3rd year - 1st semester
  • Activity typeAttività formative affini ed integrative
  • Academic areaAttività formative affini o integrative
  • SSDM-FIL/04
  • Mandatory presenceNo
  • Languageita
  • CFU6 CFU
  • Total duration42 hours
  • Hours distribution42 classroom hours