Sustainable tourism science

MARIA TERESA BIANCHI
MARIA TERESA BIANCHI

The course aims to provide students with the contents and tools useful for understanding the functioning of companies, understood as organizations of people who carry out an economic activity.
Specifically, at the end of the course, students will know the characteristic elements of the different classes of business organizations, with reference to the objectives, organizational models, management systems and tools for representing economy.

The course provides students with a basic knowledge of private entities, profit and no-profit, in relation to the characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources. It also aims to introduce the concepts of income and capital through the use of quantitative tools and accounting.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Foreground
Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply fundamental knowledge gained about the private entities, profit and no-profit, particularly with regard to characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources.
Acquired skills
Students who have passed the examination will be able to understand the variables that guide the behaviour and decisions of entities and, in particular, will acquire the skills necessary to assess the affordability and financial viability of business plans. Students who have passed the examination will also manage accounting operations in order to prepare the financial statements, to interpret the results achieved by companies and to evaluate their performance.

It is a second year teaching, therefore, there are no specific prerequisites. The course is institutional.

PROGRAM

1) The firm as economic institute.
General characters: the firm as center of production of goods and services. Different typologies of firm and their characteristics. Business subjects: "juridical subject" and "economic subject." The business choices and their inspiring principles: economic equilibrium and inexpensiveness.

2) The enterprise.
The enterprise objectives and the possible formalities of remuneration of the productive factors.
The risk of enterprise and the subjects on which it burdens. Income and profit of enterprise. No profit organization. Industrial accounting. Planning and Control of management. Business plan and budget. Organizational structures of enterprise. Groups, consortia and other forms of cooperation among enterprises. The relationships between capital and job in the enterprise: "share"; "co-management"; "self-management."

3) The financing of the firm.
The financial requirement and its determination. The coverage of the requirement: the sources. The choice of the different forms of financing. The dynamics relationship among "equity" and "debt" in the financial structure of the enterprise. New tools of financing. Self financing and cash-flow.
4) The accounting: finality and methodologies.
Meaning and operation of an account. Introduction to the method of the double entry applied to the system of the income. Writings of management. Writings of constitution. Budget of verification. Writings of closing: passage from the bookkeeping data to the values of budget. Editing of the budget of exercise. Writings of opening. Destination of the profit, coverage of the loss, operations on the capital. Recording of extraordinary items. Presentation of the schemes of balancesheet according to routine and law. Calculation of the uppercut and the actual value in the regime of the simple and composed interest. The integrated accounting.

Bibliography
Per i punti 1), 2) e 3) uno dei seguenti testi:
M.T. Bianchi: Principi per l’analisi della fisiologia aziendale, Giappichelli, Torino, 2022.
Per il punto 4):
M.T. Bianchi: Le rilevazioni contabili: principi, metodi ed esemplificazioni VI edizione, Esculapio, Bologna, 2022.

Teacher's lectures and accounting exercises.

Optional

The exam aims to ascertain: the possession of knowledge related to the principles of business economics and the determination of income and capital, transmitted during the course, as well as the analytical and argumentative skills of the student. The exam is oral and consists of two stages of the interview: the first is about the determination of income and capital through the assessment of the knowledge of the technique of double entry. In this phase the knowledge of the management, closure, opening and constitution records is ascertained. In the case of a positive result, the second phase of the interview is accessed, which deals with the company's operating principles, the governance of the company and the criticalities of the economic and financial cycle. The judgment is based on the ability of the student to bring out the acquired knowledge, the ability to link and coordinate between the concepts and the operational reality. In particular, the student must demonstrate that he is able to apply the acquired knowledge and to have achieved a good problem solving ability. To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude, the student must instead demonstrate that he has acquired excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, being able to link them in a logical and consistent way. The exam lasts approximately 45 minutes between the first and second stages of the interview.

For the economic-business part:
- consumer company: economic-financial cycle
- exchange company: economic-financial cycle
- economic balance
- cheapness
- corporate subjects
-cost analysis
-management control
- budget
- groups
- joint venture
- organizational models
- financial needs
- financial balance
- sources of funding
- cash flow
For the part of accounting records:
- management records: purchase and sale of production factors;
- deeds of incorporation: partnerships and corporations;
- loan entries: mortgages, advances, debenture loan, exchange discount and factoring
- closing entries: depreciation, provisions, inventories, accruals and deferrals
- opening entries: management of accruals, deferrals and inventories, use of funds
- extraordinary income components: capital gains, losses
- operations on the capital: increases and reduction of capital

• 1) The firm as economic
  institute. (weeks: 3, 4 of September + 1 of October)
  • Books: Chapters
    
    1 and 2 of the text: Bianchi: Principi per l’analisi della fisiologia
    
    aziendale, Giappichelli, Torino, 2022. 


• 2) The enterprise. (weeks: 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th of October)
  • Books: Chapter
    
    3 of the text: Principi per l’analisi della fisiologia aziendale, Giappichelli,
    
    Torino, 2022. 


• 3) The financing of the firm. (Weeks: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th of November + 1st and 2nd week of December)
  • Books: Chapter
    
    4 of the text: M.T. Bianchi: Principi per l’analisi della fisiologia aziendale,
    
    Giappichelli, Torino, 2022. 


• 4) The accounting: finality and methodologies.
  • Books: In the first weeks of the course, Chapters 1, 2 and 3. In weeks 2, 3, 4 and 5 of October + weeks 1, 2 and 3 of November, Chapters 4 and 5. In the fourth week of November + the first and second weeks of December, chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the text: M.T. Bianchi: Le rilevazioni contabili: principi, metodi ed esemplificazioni VI edizione, Esculapio, Bologna, 2022.