Medicine and Surgery

Biochemistry 2 ENZYMES General concepts. Catalyst and enzyme catalysis. Enzyme specificity: the active site. Mechanism of enzyme action. Principles of enzyme kinetics: reaction rate, effect of temperature ad pH. Michaelis-Menten equation. Enzyme inhibition: irreversible, competitive and noncompetitive Allosteric enzymes. Regulation of enzyme activity. Isoenzymes. Enzyme classification. Coenzymes and cofactors: structure and function. BIOENERGETICS Energy exchange in biological systems. Principles of thermodynamics. High energy bonds. ATP and other triphosphate nucleotides. ATP phosforylation and dephosforylation. Coupled reactions. Trasformation of chemical energy into other forms of energy. Oxidation-reduction reactions. Correlation between redox potential and free energy variation. Substrate-level phosphorylation. Mitochondria. Respiratory chain. Oxidative phosphorylation and theories explaining its mechanism. respiratory chain inhibitors and uncoupling agents. Energy reserves. METABOLISM OF GLUCIDES Digestion and absorption. Phosphorylation and interconversion of hexoses and pentoses. Glycogen synthesis and degradation. Anaerobic and aerobic glucose degradation: glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway. Gluconeogenesis. Glycemia and its regulation. DEFENSE MECHANISMS AGAINST REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase. Non enzymatic protection. ETHANOL METABOLISM. Alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase. The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system METABOLISM OF LIPIDS. Digestion and absorption. Lipase and phospholipase. Plasma lipoproteins. Oxidation of fatty acids. Ketogenesis and metabolic acidosis. Fatty acid and fosfolipid biosynthesis. Cholesterol biosynthesis. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols. METABOLISM OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS Digestion and absorption of diet proteins. Endopeptidase and esopeptidase. Degradation of endogenous proteins: ubiquitin-proteasome system. Metabolic fate of the amino group: transamination and oxidative deamination. Urea cycle. Metabolic fate of the carbon skeleton: glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Amino acids as precursors of important biomolecules: heme (biosynthesis and catabolism), creatine (biosynthesis and catabolism), glutathione (biosynthesis), bioactive amines (biosynthesis). Transmethylation. Biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Biosynthesis and catabolism of purine and pyrimidine bases. BIOCHEMISTRY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hormones: structure, mechanism of action, hormone receptors. Thyroid and parathyroid hormones. Adrenal medullary hormones. Adrenal cortical hormones: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Male and female sex hormones. Hormones of the anterior, intermediate and posterior lobe of hypophysis. Hormones of the pancreas. Hormones of the adipose tissue. Growth factors. For each hormone: chemistry and mechanism of action.

-Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer. Biochimica. Settima edizione - 2012 - Zanichelli Editore. -Garrett - Grisham. Biochimica. Data di pubblicazione: febbraio 2014 - Piccin Editore. -Mathews. Biochimica. Data di pubblicazione: ottobre 2014 - Piccin Editore. -David L Nelson, Michael M Cox. I principi di biochimica di Lehninger. Sesta edizione - 2014 - Zanichelli Editore. Siliprandi e Tettamanti. Biochimica Medica strutturale, metabolica e funzionale. Data di pubblicazione: novembre 2013- Piccin Editore. Donald Voet, Judith G Voet, Charlotte W Pratt. Fondamenti di biochimica. Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla quarta edizione americana - 2013 - Zanichelli.

Frontal lessons in classroom

ENZYMES General concepts. Catalyst and enzyme catalysis. Enzyme specificity: the active site. Mechanism of enzyme action. Principles of enzyme kinetics: reaction rate, effect of temperature ad pH. Michaelis-Menten equation. Enzyme inhibition: irreversible, competitive and noncompetitive Allosteric enzymes. Regulation of enzyme activity. Isoenzymes. Enzyme classification. Coenzymes and cofactors: structure and function. BIOENERGETICS Energy exchange in biological systems. Principles of thermodynamics. High energy bonds. ATP and other triphosphate nucleotides. ATP phosforylation and dephosforylation. Coupled reactions. Trasformation of chemical energy into other forms of energy. Oxidation-reduction reactions. Correlation between redox potential and free energy variation. Substrate-level phosphorylation. Mitochondria. Respiratory chain. Oxidative phosphorylation and theories explaining its mechanism. respiratory chain inhibitors and uncoupling agents. Energy reserves. METABOLISM OF GLUCIDES Digestion and absorption. Phosphorylation and interconversion of hexoses and pentoses. Glycogen synthesis and degradation. Anaerobic and aerobic glucose degradation: glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway. Gluconeogenesis. Glycemia and its regulation. DEFENSE MECHANISMS AGAINST REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase. Non enzymatic protection. ETHANOL METABOLISM. Alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase. The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system METABOLISM OF LIPIDS. Digestion and absorption. Lipase and phospholipase. Plasma lipoproteins. Oxidation of fatty acids. Ketogenesis and metabolic acidosis. Fatty acid and fosfolipid biosynthesis. Cholesterol biosynthesis. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols. METABOLISM OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS Digestion and absorption of diet proteins. Endopeptidase and esopeptidase. Degradation of endogenous proteins: ubiquitin-proteasome system. Metabolic fate of the amino group: transamination and oxidative deamination. Urea cycle. Metabolic fate of the carbon skeleton: glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Amino acids as precursors of important biomolecules: heme (biosynthesis and catabolism), creatine (biosynthesis and catabolism), glutathione (biosynthesis), bioactive amines (biosynthesis). Transmethylation. Biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Biosynthesis and catabolism of purine and pyrimidine bases. BIOCHEMISTRY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hormones: structure, mechanism of action, hormone receptors. Thyroid and parathyroid hormones. Adrenal medullary hormones. Adrenal cortical hormones: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Male and female sex hormones. Hormones of the anterior, intermediate and posterior lobe of hypophysis. Hormones of the pancreas. Hormones of the adipose tissue. Growth factors. For each hormone: chemistry and mechanism of action.

Basic knowledge of general and organic chemistry are required. For details,please see https://corsidilaurea.uniroma1.it/it/corso/2021/30894/home https://corsidilaurea.uniroma1.it/sites/default/files/guida_dello_studente_0.pdf

SUGGESTED TEXTBOOKS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) -Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer. Biochemistry. Seventh edition. -Garrett - Grisham. Biochemistry. Latest edition. -Mathews. Biochemistry. Fourth edition. -David L Nelson, Michael M Cox. Principle of Biochemistry. Sixth edition. -Siliprandi - Tettamanti. Biochimica Medica – Strutturale, Metabolica e Funzionale. Quinta edizione - 2018- Piccin Editore. -Donald Voet, Judith G Voet, Charlotte W Pratt. Biochemistry. Fourth edition.

Oral exam covering Biochemistry I and II topics described in the program.

67% attendance in class

To pass the exam you must obtain a grade of not less than 18/30. The student must demonstrate that he has acquired sufficient knowledge of the training objectives. To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude, the student must demonstrate that he has acquired excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, being able to link them in a logical and consistent way.

Oral exam covering Biochemistry I and II topics described in the program.