Medicine and Surgery

Activity type

C_21. Tecnologie di informazione e comunicazione e discipline tecnico- scientifiche di supporto alla medicina

SSD

MED/01

Year

1st year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

12.5 classroom hours

Lecturers

PATRIZIO PASQUALETTI

Activity type

Attività formative affini o integrative

SSD

MED/02

Year

1st year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

12.5 classroom hours

Lecturers

VALENTINA GAZZANIGA

Activity type

B_01. Discipline generali per la formazione del medico

SSD

BIO/13

Year

1st year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

12.5 classroom hours

Lecturers

ROSSELLA MAIONE
CARLA CICCHINI

Activity type

C_02. Fisiopatologia, metodologia clinica, propedeutica clinica e sistematica medico-chirurgica, C_04. Clinica psichiatrica e discipline del comportamento

SSD

M-PSI/08, M-PSI/08

Year

1st year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

2

Hours distribution

25 classroom hours

Lecturers

GIUSEPPINA PORCIELLO
ANDREA BALLESIO

Activity type

C_17. Medicina di comunità e cure primarie

SSD

MED/45

Year

1st year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

1

Hours distribution

12.5 classroom hours

Lecturers

AZZURRA MASSIMI

Activity type

C_02. Fisiopatologia, metodologia clinica, propedeutica clinica e sistematica medico-chirurgica, C_19. Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze e medicina di precisione

SSD

MED/09, MED/09

Year

1st year

Semester

2nd semester

CFU

4

Hours distribution

50 classroom hours

Lecturers

MARY ANNA VENNERI
GIUSEPPE GENTILE
STEFANIA MARIANI
MICHELANGELO MICCINI
DANIELE ACCAPEZZATO
ELENA CAVARRETTA

T




The course aims to provide students with the basic knowledge and skills necessary to understand, apply, and communicate the principles of medical-scientific methodology, biomedical statistics, and evidence-based medicine, as well as to develop an interdisciplinary approach involving biological, psychological, care-related, and preventive fields.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
- Understand the fundamentals of descriptive and inferential statistics and apply them to the collection, processing, and interpretation of biomedical, clinical, and health data;
- Comprehend the methodology of scientific research (particularly in the cellular-biological and clinical context) and recognize the importance of critical analysis of evidence for medical, care, and health promotion practice;
- Appropriately use major biomedical databases (e.g., PubMed/Medline), formulate structured clinical questions (PICO model), and search for relevant answers in the scientific literature;
- Apply the principles of evidence-based medicine (EBM) in clinical reasoning, in selecting preventive interventions, and in nursing, health, and psychological care;
- Understand medicine as a cultural, linguistic, and relational discipline, gaining mastery of the vocabulary and grammar of medical-scientific language, and apply these skills to the critical reading of medical-scientific, historical, bioethical, and healthcare texts;
- Conduct critical readings of scientific articles and documents, develop the habit of regularly consulting medical and health literature, and improve speed and efficiency in decoding information;
- Know the basics of brief counseling for smoking cessation and other risky behaviors, as a standardized intervention that can be offered by healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses), and understand its psychological, care-related, and preventive context;
- Develop self-learning (“self-study”) and communication skills, and work independently to consolidate linguistic, scientific, and methodological competencies;
- Understand the principles of research ethics and scientific integrity, and acquire basic digital skills for the responsible management, analysis, and sharing of data.

By the end of the course, the student must know the fundamental concepts and methodologies of statistics that are useful for understanding and interpreting biomedical phenomena. At the end of the course, the student should be familiar with the main methods of descriptive and inferential statistics and should be able to collect, process, and evaluate biomedical data. The student should also be aware of the usefulness of applying statistical methodology to the understanding of biomedical phenomena.

In addition, the student must understand how medicine is structured as a cultural form and the tools through which it is expressed (medical language and concepts). The student should know the lexical, grammatical, and syntactic elements underlying the language used in medical–scientific texts and be able to recognize and apply this knowledge to the critical reading of various types of documents from the medical literature, including historical and bioethical texts, with particular attention to Evidence-Based Medicine.

The student should also be able to apply the most effective self-study methods to develop and consolidate their lexical and grammatical knowledge in the medical field and to monitor their progress. They should be able to apply reading techniques that allow for efficient speed in decoding information, and learn bibliographic research methods that enable them to formulate relevant research questions and seek answers using Medline and the Internet.

Finally, students should be aware of the essential role of the scientific literature in the cultural and professional development of physicians and recognize the importance of developing a “habit of reading” as part of lifelong learning.

Students enrolling in the BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY course must have acquired basic knowledge of Biology, Biochemistry, Anatomy, and Histology. Students must also have developed good study methods and adequate self-assessment skills.

Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - MEDICAL STATISTICS
Statistics, Biostatistics, Medical Statistics
2. Statistical Units, Population, Sample
3. Data collection and Descriptive Statistics (position indices)
4. Descriptive Statistics (dispersion indices)
5. Statistical Ratios


Module: BASIC SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL METHODOLOGY - HISTORY OF MEDICINE
History of medicine
Introduction tho the history of medicine; methodology and sources for the history of medicine; historico-medical and epistemological topics relevant for a competent comprehension of the scientific and social contemporary debate; definition, goals and methods of the history of medicine; medicine as art, science and culture. Sources for the history of medicine: bodies, instruments, books, iconography. Conceptual evolution of the medical language.
Conceptual history of the evolution of health and disease’s ideas: ontological concept of disease; disease as a rational topic; functional concept of disease; alchemic concept; contagion and disease; bacteriological concept of disease; omeoastasis, health and disease; molecular and genomic pathology.


Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - APPLIED BIOLOGY
Evolutionary Genetics
- Population genetics and Hardy & Weinberg equilibrium
- Agents of evolution: fitness and natural selection, genetic drift
- Genetic polymorphisms within species
- Molecular evolution
Molecular genetics
- Recombinant DNA technology. Restriction endonucleases and plasmids. Bacterial
transformation.
- Genomic and cDNA libraries. Contigs, DNA sequencing.
- Nucleic acid hybridyzation and analysis of gene expression
- Diagnostic use of molecular probes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Real time PCR
- Polymorphic genetic markers. Association studies with diseases. DNA profiling and
applications in forensic medicine.
- Brief notes on gene therapy. Main techniques for in vivo and ex vivo gene transfer, viral and
non viral vectors.


Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction to clinical psychology and the typical functions of a psychologist.
- Differentiation between psychology, counseling, psychiatry, and psychotherapy.
- The clinical psychologist in Italy and abroad.
- Measurement in clinical psychology.
- Psychological risk factors for the onset of mental disorders, stress-diathesis models.
- Psychophysiological and psychobiological risk factors for the onset of mental disorders.
- Stress and the onset of mental and physical illnesses, the immune system and stress.
- Psychological interventions.


Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - GENERAL CLINICAL AND PEDIATRIC NURSING SCIENCES
Nursing science and profession: historical evolution and theoretical foundations of
the discipline; conceptual models and major nursing theories.

- Regulatory and ethical framework: Law 42/1999, Law 251/2000, Ministerial Decree
739/1994, Law 3/2018, and the Code of Ethics for Nurses; professional roles,
competences, and responsibilities within the healthcare system.
- From research to clinical practice: principles of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM),
Evidence-Based Nursing (EBN), and Evidence-Based Practice (EBP);
implementation science and outcome evaluation through validated tools, including
Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) and Patient Reported Experience Measures
(PREMs).
- Theories and organizational models of modern nursing: self-care and promotion of
patient autonomy; family and community nursing models as tools for continuity and
integration of care.


Module: BASIC SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL METHODOLOGY - INTERNAL MEDICINE
Clinical methodology and approach to the patient
The course introduces the principles of clinical methodology, understood as the integration between the science and the art of medicine. The following topics are addressed:
-the doctor–patient relationship and the role of the humanities in medical practice
-medical history taking, physical examination, and clinical reasoning (analytical and intuitive)
-general and abdominal semiotics, including that of the acute abdomen
-the approach to the surgical patient and the frail patient
-the role of the laboratory in the clinical approach and in diagnostics.
The topic of addictions is analyzed, with particular attention to:
-nicotine consumption and related new products
.-smoking cessation strategies
-clinical and preventive aspects of addictions.

Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - MEDICAL STATISTICS
N/D
Module: BASIC SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL METHODOLOGY - HISTORY OF MEDICINE
LR Angeletti, V Gazzaniga. Storia, filosofia ed etica generale della medicina. Milano, Masson 2011 (o ed. precedente, 2008)

Conforti M., Corbellini G, Gazzaniga V. Dalla cura alla scienza. Milano, Encyclomedia, 2014
Corbellini G. Storia del concetto di salute e malattia. Roma, Carocci, 2011



Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - APPLIED BIOLOGY
Recommended textbooks:
- Genetica. Un approccio molecolare - VI edizione (2024) - Russel PJ - Pearson

- Genetica. Principi di analisi formale - VIII edizione (2021) - Griffiths et al. – Zanichelli
Additional texts or scientific articles for further reading will be agreed with the teachers during the
course


Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
-Manuale di psicologia clinica M.C. Verrocchio, Piccin.
Cap. 2,3, scheda 9 (intervento psicologico clinico nei diversi contesti;
-Slides and materials provided by the professor in Classroom.


Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - GENERAL CLINICAL AND PEDIATRIC NURSING SCIENCES
N/D
Module: BASIC SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL METHODOLOGY - INTERNAL MEDICINE
Reference literature will be provided to students during the course

Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - MEDICAL STATISTICS
N/D
Module: BASIC SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL METHODOLOGY - HISTORY OF MEDICINE
N/D
Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - APPLIED BIOLOGY
N/D
Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
N/D
Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - GENERAL CLINICAL AND PEDIATRIC NURSING SCIENCES
N/D
Module: BASIC SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL METHODOLOGY - INTERNAL MEDICINE
Reference literature will be provided to students during the course

The teacher delivers lectures with traditional methods, blended methods or remote methods, according to the existing provisions, with audiovisual aids and scheduling of lessons as reported on GOMP Aule/Orari system, published on the website of the Degree Course. If possible, depending on the number of students and on the existing health provisions, part of the ADE is carried out in the laboratory, dividing the students into small groups.

mandatory attendance

The assessment is conducted on an ongoing basis, through questions on the topics covered.
Class attendance is also taken into account for the purpose of determining the final pass mark.

Multiple-choice questions:

With aging, lean body mass decreases. This includes:
A) Increased energy requirements
B) Reduced risk of falls
C) Improved mobility
D) Sarcopenia and decreased muscle strength

Module: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY - MEDICAL STATISTICS

• Introduction to Medical Statistics
  • Books: Douglas Altman: Practical Statistics for Medical Research, Chapman & Hall


• Descriptive Statistics
  • Books: Douglas Altman: Practical Statistics for Medical Research, Chapman & Hall

• Topic: What is the history of medicine: Introduction to the methodologies and purposes of teaching the history of medicine; analysis of historical-medical and epistemological issues that are also relevant to understanding the current scientific and social debate.
  • Books: Conforti M., Corbellini G, Gazzaniga V. Dalla cura alla scienza. Milano, Encyclomedia, 2014


• Topic: definition of medicine as art, science and cultural form. What is culture; how is culture formed and transmitted. Instruments and objects in medical culture
  • Books: LR Angeletti, V Gazzaniga. Storia, filosofia ed etica generale della medicina. Milano, Masson 2011 (o ed. precedente, 2008)


• Topic: Conceptual evolution of medical language
  • Books: LR Angeletti, V Gazzaniga. Storia, filosofia ed etica generale della medicina. Milano, Masson 2011 (o ed. precedente, 2008), topic related chapter

• Evolutionary Genetics I: Population genetics and Hardy & Weinberg
  equilibrium. Agents of evolution: fitness and natural selection, genetic drift


• Evolutionary Genetics II: Genetic polymorphisms within species. Molecular
  evolution


• Molecular Genetics I: Recombinant
  DNA technology. Genomic and cDNA libraries. Genome and exome sequencing


• Molecular Genetics II: nucleic
  acid hybridization and analysis of gene expression. Diagnostic use of molecular
  probes and PCR


• Molecular Genetics III: Polymorphic genetic markers. Association studies with diseases. DNA profiling and applications in forensic medicine


• Molecular Genetics IV: Brief notes on gene therapy and on the main techniques for gene transfer.

• Introduction (Lecture 1). Clinical psychology in Italy and internationally, etiological models of mental disorders, personality and attachment. 
  • Books: -Manuale di psicologia clinica M.C. Verrocchio, Piccin.Cap. 2,3, scheda 9 -Slides provided by the teacher. 


• Risk factors in clinical psychology (Lecture 2).
  • Books: -Manuale di psicologia clinica M.C. Verrocchio, Piccin.Cap. 2,3, scheda 9. -Slides provided by the teacher. 


• Stress and the onset of mental and physical disease, mind-body interactions and psychological interventions (Lecture 3). 
  • Books: -Manuale di psicologia clinica M.C. Verrocchio, Piccin.Cap. 2,3, scheda 9 -Slides provided by the teacher. 

• Nursing science and profession
  • Books: Teaching materials and bibliography provided by the lecturer during the course.


• Regulatory and ethical framework


• From research to clinical practice - I


• From research to clinical practice - II


• Theories and organizational models of modern nursing - I


• Theories and organizational models of modern nursing- II

• Topic: 1. Enzymes of diagnostic interest 2. Enzymes of clinical interest 3. General diagnostic contexts in which enzyme activity measurements are used 4. Increased enzyme levels in serum