Dental School

Activity type

Discipline mediche di rilevanza odontoiatrica

SSD

BIO/14

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

3

Hours distribution

36 classroom hours

Lecturers

Activity type

Discipline mediche di rilevanza odontoiatrica

SSD

BIO/14

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

4

Hours distribution

48 classroom hours

Lecturers

ALDO BADIANI
ROBERTA LATTANZI
ANTONIA MANDUCA

Upon completion of the course, the student must know the basics and principles of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical pharmacology, with particular attention to pharmacology in dentistry.
Upon completion of the course, the student must be able to make a reasoned choice of therapy and an assessment of the risk-benefit ratio relating to the administration/prescription/pharmacological.

At the end of the course, the student should acquire:
1. Theoretical knowledge
• Describe the general principles of pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination) and pharmacodynamics (mechanisms of action, receptors, dose–response relationships).
• Explain the molecular and cellular bases of drug action.
• Know the main classes of drugs (e.g., antibiotics, antihypertensives, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, psychotropic drugs, antineoplastic agents, etc.) and their mechanisms of action, therapeutic indications, side effects, and contraindications.
• Understand drug interactions and the factors influencing individual drug response (age, comorbidities, genetics, pregnancy, etc.).
• Illustrate the principles of clinical pharmacology, including therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacovigilance, and the risk/benefit ratio.

2. Practical and applied skills
• Select an appropriate drug for a specific clinical condition, considering efficacy, safety, and possible interactions.
• Recognize signs of toxicity or adverse reactions and propose appropriate therapeutic interventions.
• Apply the principles of gender pharmacology and personalized therapy.

3. Transversal competencies
• Communicate clearly and appropriately with patients and colleagues regarding pharmacological therapy and adherence.
• Update independently on new therapeutic developments and clinical guidelines.
• Integrate pharmacology with other medical and biological disciplines for comprehensive patient management.
• Adhere to ethical and deontological principles in the prescription and use of drugs.

Students must be familiar with basic notions of physiology, chemistry, biology, microbiology and general pathology

PHARMACOKINETICS
Routes of administration. Absorption. Distribution and plasma protein binding. Biotransformation. Renal and extrarenal drug excretion. Pharmacokinetic parameters: bioavailability, apparent volume of distribution, plasma half-life, clearance.

PHARMACODYNAMICS
Non-receptor-mediated mechanisms of action. Receptor-mediated mechanisms: receptor sites, receptors and endogenous ligands. Transduction systems. General notions on receptor nomenclature. Receptor theories; graded concentration–response curves; agonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists. Enzymes as drug targets. Drug sensitization and tolerance.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Quantitative dose–response curves. All-or-none phenomena. Clinical significance of: bioavailability, apparent volume of distribution, plasma half-life, clearance, therapeutic index. Individual differences in drug response. Notions of maternal, fetal, pediatric, and geriatric clinical pharmacology. Mechanisms of drug interactions: physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, functional. Overview of special pharmacology relevant to drug interactions. Placebo effect. Homeopathy and “alternative” medicine. Notions of pharmacoeconomics. Notions of pharmacovigilance. Regulations and prescriptions.

PHYSIO-PHARMACOLOGY OF NERVOUS TRANSMISSION

PHARMACOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Organization of the ANS. Synthesis, storage, release, and catabolism of cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmitters. Direct, indirect, and mixed sympathomimetic amines and their receptor profiles. Cholinergic receptors; cholinergic agonists and antagonists; cholinesterase inhibitors; neuromuscular blockers. Adrenergic receptors; adrenergic agonists and antagonists; MAO inhibitors.

MUSCLE RELAXANTS AND NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKERS

ANXIOLYTICS
GABAergic and serotonergic receptor systems. Benzodiazepines. Other anxiolytics: buspirone, antihistamines, beta-blockers. Pharmacological interactions.

OPIOID AND NON-OPIOID ANALGESICS
Pathophysiology of pain (pain pathways, neurotransmitters, mediators). Opioids. Tramadol. Other analgesic drugs. Interactions between analgesics and other drugs.

GENERAL ANESTHETICS
Stages of coma. Pre-anesthetic drugs. Barbiturates. Other intravenous anesthetics: propofol, etomidate, ketamine, opioids. Volatile anesthetics.

LOCAL ANESTHETICS
Classification of local anesthetics. Mechanism of action. Toxicity of local anesthetics. Interactions between local anesthetics and other drugs.

SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and alcohol. Opioids. Cocaine and other psychostimulants.

STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS

NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDs) AND OTHER ANTIPYRETIC/ANALGESIC DRUGS
Non-selective COX inhibitors. Preferential or selective COX-2 inhibitors. Gastric protection in patients treated with NSAIDs. Paracetamol. Interactions between NSAIDs/paracetamol and other drugs.

MODULATION OF ALLERGIC PHENOMENA
Modulation of mast cell function. H1 histamine receptor antagonists. Other anti-allergic drugs (sodium cromoglycate, theophylline).

PHARMACOLOGY OF HEMOSTASIS
Anticoagulant drugs. Antithrombotic drugs. Anti-hemorrhagic drugs. Local hemostatic drugs.

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS OF DENTAL RELEVANCE
Antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilizing agents. Pharmacokinetics applied to antibiotic therapy. Intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance. First-choice dental antibiotics: beta-lactams, macrolides, fluoroquinolones. Second-choice dental antibiotics: tetracyclines, clindamycin, metronidazole. Overview of other antibiotics. Interactions between antibiotics and other drugs. Topical antifungals for the oral cavity. Antiviral drugs.

PHARMACOLOGY OF FLUORIDE

TOXICOLOGY OF DENTAL RELEVANCE
Toxicology of chemical agents and materials. Antidotes.

DRUGS FOR MEDICAL-SURGICAL EMERGENCIES IN DENTISTRY
Drugs for emergency treatment of shock and anaphylactic syndromes. Drugs for treatment of hemorrhagic syndromes, cardiac arrest, bronchoconstrictive respiratory syndromes, vasovagal syncope, hypertensive crises, myocardial ischemia, hypoglycemia. Emergency pharmaceutical guide for the dental clinic.

• Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Thirteenth Edition
• B.G. Katzung, A.J. Trevor, Basic and clinical pharmacology, Eleventh Edition

Module: PHARMACOLOGY I
N/D
Module: PHARMACOLOGY II
N/D

Lectures, elective teaching activities, e-learning course

Module: PHARMACOLOGY I
N/D
Module: PHARMACOLOGY II
N/D

The assessment will be concerned with the topics discussed during the two semesters The final grade will be expressed in thirtieths and will be represented by the weighted average of the two exams.

1) Tell me about opioid analgesics.
2) Tell me about the adverse effects of NSAIDs.
3) Tell me about antibiotic prophylaxis.
4) Tell me about the concept of agonist and antagonist.

• Lectures on general pharmacology


• Lectures on pharmacology of the central nervois system


• Lectures on pharmacology of the cardiovascular system


• Lectures on antimicrobial pharmacology