Natural Sciences

Activity type

Discipline chimiche

SSD

CHIM/06

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

4

Hours distribution

40 classroom hours

Lecturers

GIORGIO CAPOCASA

Activity type

Discipline chimiche

SSD

CHIM/03

Year

N/D

Semester

N/D

CFU

5

Hours distribution

50 classroom hours

Lecturers

Academic objectives: knowledge of fundamental general and inorganic chemistry in order to give a solid background to the students and allow them to handle properly various subjects related to chemistry during the subsequent courses. Another objective is to stimulate curiosity toward matter and properties.
Knowledge of electronic structure and valence properties of the elements of the periodic table. Properties of matter related to the different states (gas, liquid, solid, crystals and so on). Basic concepts of thermodynamics. Ability to associate name of chemicals to structure and physical properties, in relation to the nature of intra and intermolecular chemical bonds. Knowledge of structure and properties of most common substances and ability to distinguish different classes.

Expected learning outcomes
Organic chemistry is a chemistry discipline involving the scientific study of the structure, reactivity, properties and applications of compounds which are formed mainly by carbon atoms, forming covalent bonds, both from natural and artificial sources The general objective, is to provide students with the knowledge and competences necessary to understand the structure, reactivity and synthetic methods of different functional groups, and the mechanisms of organic reactions. For a Natural Science student, this learning is essential, to understand physical or macroscopic properties of matter on molecular basis and to know the role and impact of organic chemistry in natural sciences, modern technology and society.
This knowledge will allow the student to be able to understand biochemistry, genetics and physiology, crucial topics in different next courses.

Dublin Descriptors
The Organic Chemistry course is devoted to provide students with the adequate knowledge to be independent in solving the examination problems or exercises.
This ability will be acquired by the means of frontal lesson and guided exercitations that will be organized in ascending order of the difficulties they pose.
Teaching materials, available on line will support students during the lessons even though studying the recommended text book is essential to acquire the skills and the competence that are necessary to perform the final exam.
In order to improve the exposure ability, students will be constantly encouraged to communicate their ideas to both specialists and non specialists audiences. The Erasmus programme will enable students to improve their communications skills, by exchanging informations, problems and solutions.
The specific objectives consist in acquiring the following knowledge and expertise:
1) to understand the importance of stereochemistry on the reactivity of organic compounds;
2) to understand the relationship between structure and reactivity for the different functional groups;
3) to acquire the basic knowledge of organic chemistry in order to understand the basic mechanism of organic reactions.
4) to acquire the basic knowledge of the organic synthesis
5) to apply the main concepts of stereochemistry to the reactivity of organic compounds.
6) to predict the reactivity and the physical properties of organic compounds.
7) to speculate about mechanistic aspect of the organic reactions.
8) to design the synthesis of organic molecules through their retrosynthetic analysis.

The specific objectives of the course include acquiring the following knowledge and skills: 1)understanding the relationship between structure and physical properties of the most common classes of organic compounds; 2)understanding the reactivity of the most common functional groups; 3)learning and rationalizing the most common reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry; 4) acquiring basic knowledge related to the synthesis of organic compounds; 5)formulating sound mechanistic hypotheses for simple organic reactions; 6) applying the fundamental concepts of organic chemistry to biological systems.

The student is expected to have a good command of the fundamentals of chemistry, including nomenclature, chemical reactions, stoichiometry, molecular structure, electronic structure, the valence bond model, thermodynamic state functions, and a general overview of kinetics. Such concepts are briefly re-introduced whenever necessary. Nevertheless, their knowledge is essential to the understanding of the material.

Module: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The atom and atomic structure. Quantum and wave theory. The orbitals. Orbital energy. Shape of orbitals. Electrons and orbitals. Pauli and Hund principles. Aufbau. Periodic table and periodic properties of the elements. Chemical bonds. Types of chemical and physical bonds. Lewis theory. Hybridization and molecular geometry. Electronegativity. Electrostatic bonds. Hydrogen bond. Metallic bond.
Stoichiometry - unit of measurement - atomic weight, molecular weight and formula weight. Mole- Law and Avogadro Number. Weight calculations and nomenclature bases. Chemical reactions: Oxides/anhydrides/Salts/balances. Oxidation number. Oxidation, reduction, oxidation-reduction. Redox reactions with examples. Solutions. Concentration and composition of solutions. Mole fraction, molarity and molality. Solubility. Osmotic pressure. Colligative properties.
The gaseous state. The ideal gas. Pressure, volume and temperature. Kinetic theory of gases. Read by Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac. Ideal gas equation of state. Kinetic energy and temperature. Partial pressures and Dalton's law. Real gases: van der Waals equation. Critical state of real gases. The condensed states. The solid state. Types of solids: ionic, covalent, molecular, metallic.
Chemical equilibria. Equilibrium constants and reaction quotient. Equilibrium constant and temperature. Electrolyte solutions.
Acids and bases. Definitions: Arrhenius, Brönsted-Lowry, Lewis. Strength of acids and bases. Acidity and molecular structure. Ionic product of water. pH. Calculation of pH: strong and weak acids and bases. Ionic equilibria in solution.
Notes on saline hydrolysis and buffer solutions.
Notes on chemical thermodynamics.



Module: ELEMENTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
N/D

Module: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Lecture notes (slides and handouts)


Module: ELEMENTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
N/D

Module: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
N/D
Module: ELEMENTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
N/D

The course is held in the form of frontal lessons. The use of a blackboard -either a traditional, or a digital one- allows the sudents to easily take notes. Only particularly complex structures, pictures and tables are projected.

Attendance is not mandatory, but strongly suggested

The written exam measures the student's ability to correctly represent organic molecules (structure and nomenclature), as well as their knowledge on the reactivity of the most common classes of organic compounds.
The oral exam assesses the ability to present the course concepts clearly and to identify the connections between the various topics covered.

1) Given a molecular structure, identify the functional groups and provide the IUPAC name;
2) in a chemical reaction, given any two of the following—reactants, products, or reaction conditions—propose the missing one. (Example: Given reactants and products, 3) identify the reaction conditions.);
4) propose a synthetic route for a simple organic compound;
5) predict the product distribution of a chemical reaction based on experimental conditions (temperature, solvent, base/nucleophile, or different functional groups present on the substrate);
6) identify the chemical basis for the biological role of a given compound.

Module: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• Atoms and elements
  • Books: J.
    
    Overby, R. Chang-Fondamenti di Chimica generale, Capitoli 1 


• Atomic theory and the structure of the atom
  • Books: J. Overby, R. Chang-Fondamenti
    
    di Chimica generale, Capitoli 2 e 4


• periodic properties
  • Books: J.
    
    Overby, R. Chang-Fondamenti di Chimica generale, Capitolo 5


• Chemical bonds, intermolecular forces, and molecular structures 
  • Books: J.
    
    Overby, R. Chang-Fondamenti di Chimica generale, Capitoli 6 e 7


• Chemical nomenclature stoichiometry, and reaction
  • Books: J.
    
    Overby, R. Chang-Fondamenti di Chimica generale, Capitoli 2, 3 e 11


• The gas state
  • Books: J.
    
    Overby, R. Chang-Fondamenti di Chimica generale, Capitolo 8


• The liquid state and change of state
  • Books: J.
    
    Overby, R. Chang-Fondamenti di Chimica generale, Capitolo 9


• Physical properties of solutions
  • Books: J. Overby, R. Chang-Fondamenti di Chimica generale,  Capitolo 10


• Chemical equilibrium
  • Books: J. Overby, R. Chang-Fondamenti di Chimica generale, Capitolo 15


• Acid–base equilibrium and precipitation equilibrium
  • Books: J. Overby, R. Chang-Fondamenti di Chimica generale, Capitolo 16 e 17


• • Books: course notes provided by the professor