Technologies for Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage

IRENE DI PALMA

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To understand the main types of motion and the forces to which a body may be subjected
OF 2) To understand the nature and properties of kinetic energy, potential energy, and work
OF 3) To understand the nature and properties of collisions
OF 4) To understand the nature and properties of ideal gases and the different thermodynamic transformations
OF 5) To understand the relationship between electric charge, electric field, and magnetic field
OF 6) To understand the main phenomena underlying electromagnetism
OF 7) To understand the main optical phenomena
B - Application skills
OF 8) To be able to deduce, from the physical nature of forces, the motion and the work of all components of the forces acting on a single body
OF 9) To be able to deduce, from the properties of an ideal gas, the type of thermodynamic transformation and the mechanical work done on the system
OF 10) To be able to deduce, from the properties of the electric field, the potential energy and electric potential of the studied configuration
OF 11) To be able to deduce, from the properties of the magnetic field, all electromagnetic characteristics of the system
OF 12) To be able to solve problems in mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 13) To be able to evaluate the nature of the forces acting on a material point
OF 14) To be able to assess the thermodynamic conditions of a system
OF 15) To be able to evaluate every electromagnetic aspect of the system under study
OF 16) To be able to suggest the most appropriate optical investigation techniques for the type of system
D - Communication skills
OF 17) To be able to communicate the nature of physical processes to personnel without scientific training
OF 18) To be able to describe the physical techniques to be used for a complete investigation of the system under study
E - Ability to learn
OF 19) To have the ability to consult scientific literature and technical physical methods
OF 20) To have the ability to evaluate technical descriptions of specific physical processes

The course is divided into three macro areas: Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism. Students are required to learn the basics in each of the macro areas mentioned above and be able to solve exercises.

The objective of this course is to provide students with a solid understanding of the fundamental principles of classical physics, with a particular focus on their application to the study of natural and environmental systems. By the end of the course, students will be able to:
1) Acquire the terminology and fundamental concepts of classical physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics);
2) Identify the main physical quantities and their respective units of measurement;
3) Explain the physical principles underlying natural phenomena relevant to the environment;
4) Interpret physical models and laws in applied and interdisciplinary contexts;
5) Apply physical laws to solve quantitative problems;
6) Select and use appropriate experimental techniques (e.g., optical, thermal, electrical) for the analysis of natural systems;
7) Analyse the structure of a physical problem by distinguishing between causes and effects;
8) Evaluate the role of forces, energy, and physical fields in complex environmental systems;
9) Compare physical models and measurement tools to identify the most suitable approach for system characterisation;
10) Design simple experiments or physical models for the study of natural phenomena.

Good command of the Italian language. University level knowledge of Mathematics; logarithms and exponentials, powers, percentages, functions and their graphic representation, trigonometric, derivative and integral.

1. Standard of length, mass, and time. Dimensional analysis. Conversion of units. Scientific
notation. Averaging, errors and uncertainty. Vector and scalar quantities. Adding and subtracting
vectors. Scalar and vector products.
2. Position, distance, and displacement. Average and instantaneous velocity. Average and
instantaneous acceleration. Kinematic equations. Relative velocity. The concept of force. Newton's
laws of motion. The gravitational force and weight. Fictitious forces. Normal forces. Forces of
friction. Elastic force. Circular motion. Simple harmonic motion.
3. Work done by a force. Kinetic energy. Work-kinetic energy theorem. Power. Conservative
forces. Potential energy. Rotational kinetic energy. Conservation of mechanical energy. Linear
momentum and impulse. Elastic and inelastic collisions. Law of conservation of linear momentum.
The center of mass.
4. Kinetic theory of gases. Temperature and heat. Thermal expansion. Temperature scales.
The mechanical equivalent of heat. Specific heat. Thermal conduction, convection, and
radiation. Equation of state for an ideal gas. The first law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic
processes. Specific heat of an ideal gas. The second law of thermodynamics. Heat engines. Entropy.
5. Electric charges. Coulomb's law. The electric field. Gauss's law. Electric potential and
potential energy. Electrical conductor. Capacitance and dielectrics. Electric current. Resistance
and Ohm's law. Energy and power in electrical devices. Resistors in series and parallel. Capacitors
in series and parallel.
6. The magnetic field. Lorentz's force. Magnetic torque. Ampere's law. Solenoid. Magnetism
in matter. Motional electromagnetic force. Magnetic flux. Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's
law. Mechanical work and electrical energy. Alternating current. Electrical impedance.
7. Wave motion. Sound waves. The Doppler effect. Superposition and interference. Standing
waves. Production and propagation of electromagnetic waves. Fizeau experiment. The
spectrum of electromagnetic waves. Energy carried by electromagnetic waves. Polarization.
8. Reflection. Images formed by flat and spherical mirrors. Mirror equation. Refraction.
Lenses. Lens makers' equation. Dispersion. Physical optics. Interference. Young's double-slit
experiment. Diffraction. Resolution.

•James S. Walker, Fondamenti di Fisica sesta edizione, Pearson
•Serway - Principi di fisica, V ed., Edises

• Ageno–Elementi di Fisica, Boringhieri Bollati

The lectures are interspersed with exercises in which students are faced with problems
or exercises to solve; each student, through brainstorming, is free to express his or her own opinion
idea. Each idea is appropriately analyzed with the teacher to reach the solution
of the exercise. In this way, given the text of a problem, it is possible to define it and identify its
specifications and correctly apply the tools studied.
The course is divided into three macro areas: Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism. At the end of
each of them optional exercises are assigned to the students, on Friday for Monday
next, to be delivered to the teacher on a voluntary basis. This allows the teacher to be
aware of the progress of students' knowledge, and allows students to
accrue a total bonus of 2 points to be added to the average final grade.

Frontal teaching

The evaluation of the course is determined through two main elements:
1. problem solving of specific exercises – 50%
2. knowledge of the topics of the course – 50%

Some of the elements to consider are: the way the student is able to solve the exercises,
the correctness of the procedure that she/he will follow, the adequate solution for the question
and the proper language in use.
Key competences are necessary and sufficient to get a mark of 18/30. To obtain a mark of 30/30
with laude, the student must demonstrate an excellent knowledge of all the topics of the course and
be able to connect them in a coherent way.

Difference between elastic, inelastic and completely inelastic collisions.
First and second law of thermodynamics
Electric field generated by a dipole