Catalogo dei Corsi di studio

General objectives
The course of Medicinal and Toxicological Chemical Analysis with Laboratory will provide theoretical and practical knowledge about the identification of inorganic substances of medicinal and toxicological interest. The aim of the course is also to provide knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the medicinal and toxicological properties of the aforementioned substances..
Specific objectives
1. Knowledge and understanding of the student
The student will learn all the aspects concerning the reactions used for the separation and identification of the cations included in the 6 groups of the classic systematic analysis as well as the identification of anions from the so called “alkaline solution”. Moreover, the student will be able to apply theoretically/practically the concepts concerning the acid-base equilibria, hydrolysis, complexation, precipitation, redox reactions and to evaluate all the related interdependencies regarding the identification of inorganic compounds. No less important, the student will be able to understand the biological mechanisms underlying the medicinal and toxicological properties of inorganic cations and anions at molecular level.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student starting from a mixture of salts will recognize the cations and the anions contained in it through the application and interpretation of the specific chemical methods and essays of separation and recognition. He will know the chemical reactivity that is exploited for the separation and identification of the same, and he will also acquire the ability to understand / solve problems related to these essays. The knowledge of the properties and the reactivity of inorganic substances will allow the student to understand the biological, pharmacological and toxicological functions of the substance. He will know the most widespread therapeutic problems and solutions available in the treatment of major diseases associated with deficiency or intoxication by inorganic substances.
3. Critical and judgmental skills (lab tests, written reports , etc.)
Lessons will be all interactive, in which the lecturer will ask the students continuous questions to stimulate them and develop their logical/critical thinking. These questions will also serve to evaluate and encourage students to make connections between the various topics of the course program, so as to master in the overall knowledge of the subject, but also to consider this course of Medicinal and Toxicological Chemical Analysis with Laboratory as an integral part and element of conjunction with other disciplines already studied (general and inorganic chemistry, physics, anatomy, biology) or to be attended in the future (biochemistry, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, toxicology).
4. Ability to communicate what has been learned
The evaluation of the student's progress will be carried out with a practical laboratory and an oral test. The first one will cover the topics of the laboratory course, while the second one will be focused on the entire course program. So, the ability of communication of the student with respect to what he has learned will be evaluated.
5. Ability to continue the study independently
The student will find the topics with the relative in-depth analysis treated in class on the recommended texts and on the material made available by the teacher. This research work will be useful in the future when the concepts imparted may have been forgotten. The texts and the material received will remain the reference point of the student who will know where to go to find in detail the notions that are forgotten.

Programme

1. Parte Generale: Elettronegatività; Variazioni dell’Elettronegatività; Variazioni dell’Elettronegatività in funzione del contesto Chimico; Momenti Dipolo; Costante Dielettrica; Polarizzazione; Stato Solido e Stato Liquido.
2. Solubilità; Termodinamica delle Soluzioni; Solubilità e struttura; Miscibilità.
3. Acidi e Basi; Acidità, Ossiacidi; Acidi Poliprotici; Idracidi; Basi; Anfoterismo. Equilibri Acido-Base; Dissociazione di acidi e basi; Grado di dissociazione; Dissociazione Acido/Base in ambiente e pH controllato; Idrolisi; Idrolisi di anioni e cationi; Effetto del pH sull’idrolisi; Reazioni Acido Base.
4. Composti di coordinazione; Formazione dei complessi; Geometria di coordinazione; Equilibri di complessazione; Influenza del pH sugli equilibri di complessazione.
5. Equilibri di solubilità e precipitazione; Solubilità; ione a comune; Idrolisi e sali poco solubili; Precipitazione; Precipitazione frazionata; Fattori chimici che influenzano la precipitazione e solubilità: pH, elementi anfoteri, soluzioni tampone, equilibri di complessazione.
6. Equilibri ossidoriduttivi; Generalità sulle reazioni redox; influenza del pH sulle reazioni redox; influenza della formazione di precipitati e di complessi sulle reazioni redox.
7. Analisi qualitativa, Cenni introduttivi, Premessa all’analisi; Introduzione all’analisi sistematica dei cationi; Primo gruppo analitico e residuo insolubile; Secondo gruppo analitico; Terzo gruppo analitico; Quarto gruppo analitico; Quinto gruppo analitico; Sesto gruppo analitico; Introduzione all’analisi sistematica degli anioni; Primo gruppo analitico; Secondo gruppo analitico; Terzo gruppo analitico; Procedimento semplificato per l’analisi degli anioni.
8. Saggi per via secca per la ricerca di cationi ed anioni: saggi alla fiamma. Saggi alla perla. Saggi al tubicino. Saggi specifici di riconoscimento.
9. Aspetti normativi; Pericolosità degli agenti chimici; Regole di prevenzione; Classificazione, etichettatura e imballaggio; Simbologie; Scheda di dati di sicurezza; Valori limite di esposizione; Dispositivi di protezione individuale; Segnaletica di sicurezza; Misure comportamentali laboratori chimici; Contatto accidentale agenti chimici; Test di apprendimento e rilascio attestato.

Adopted texts

Libri di testo consigliati:
Analisi dei Medicinali, F. Manna; Cisu.
Analisi dei medicinali, guida pratica di laboratorio. F. Manna; Cisu
Chimica Tossicologica, C. Marzano, C. Medana; Piccin

Programme

1. General. Scales, purposes and methods of inorganic qualitative analysis. The dry way: theoretical assumptions. Nature of radiant energy. Quantization of radiant energy. Radiation-matter interaction. Dry essays for the research of cations and anions: flame tests, pearl essays, tube tests. Specific recognition tests. The wet way: theoretical assumptions. Chemical characteristics of the compounds. The states of matter. Ionic, metallic, and molecular solids and liquids; covalent or reticular solids, amorphous solids. Safety in the chemical laboratory: evaluation of the chemical risk. (18 hours)
2. Thermodynamics of solutions. Solubility of solids in liquids; miscibility between liquids; solubility of gases in liquids. The equilibria in solution: A) Hydrolysis equilibria. Types of salts and corresponding types of hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of anion. Hydrolysis of the cation. Simultaneous hydrolysis of cation and anion. B) Complexation equilibria. Coordination compounds (complexes). Chelates. The chemical bond in the coordination compounds: theories of the valence bond, of the crystalline field and of the molecular orbitals. Stability of the complexes; the instability constant. Masking effect of the complexes. Effect of pH on complexation equilibria: hydrolysis of the cation; hydrolysis of the ligand. Influence of hydrolysis equilibria on complexes stability. Changes of pH due to formation of complexes. (18 hours)
3. Precipitation equilibria. Solubility; solubility product. Effect of the common ion on solubility. Dynamics of the formation of precipitates; crystalline and colloidal precipitates. Physical and chemical factors that influence the formation of precipitates: temperature, ionic strength of the solution, hydrolysis, pH of the solution. Pollution of precipitates; co-precipitation and post-precipitation. Adsorption, isomorphic substitution and occlusion. Aging of precipitates. Precipitation and hydrolysis; amphoteric hydroxides. Precipitation and complexation: silver halides and ammonia; Ni2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ ions and ammonia; separation Cu2+/Cd2+. Redox equilibria. General information on redox reactions. Influence of pH on redox reactions. Influence of the formation of precipitates (case of HgS) and of the complexes (case of the recognition of Bi3+ with Sn(OH)3 on redox reactions). Classical systematics: reactions for the research and recognition of cations and anions. Italian FU IX and X ed .: identification reactions for inorganic cations and anions (28 hours)
4. PHARMACEUTICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 1. Principles of general Medicinal Chemistry. Definition of medication,drug, and poison. Therapeutic Index. Absorption, distribution, metabolism (phase 1 and phase 2) and drug excretion. 2. Principles of general toxicology. Definition of toxic. Acute and chronic intoxication. Mechanisms of pharmacological and toxic action. Antidotes for heavy metal poisoning. 3. Special Part: A) Heavy metal ooisoning: Lead, Mercury, Silver, Cadmium, Bismuth, Antimony, Nickel. B) Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Arsenic (arsenic trioxide in the treatment of APL). C) Pharmacological and toxicological properties of ions of biological interest: Copper, Tin, Aluminum, Iron, Manganese, Chromium, Cobalt, Calcium, Barium, Magnesium, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium, Halides, Nitrates, Oxalates, Sulfates, Carbonates, Acetates, Borates, Cyanides. (8 hours)

Adopted texts

1) Fedele Manna. Analysis of Medicines. CISU ed. Rome.
2) Antonio Araneo. Qualitative Analytical Chemistry. Ambrosiana ed. Milan.
3) Arnaldo Peloso. Qualitative Inorganic Chemistry Analysis. Cortina ed. Padua.
4) Italian F.U. IX and X ed.

Prerequisites

Essential prerequisites: the notions of General and Inorganic Chemistry are indispensable for the comprehension of the lessons of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis with Laboratory. Important prerequisites: it is important to acquire notions of Analytical Chemistry and Complements of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Physics and Biology. Useful prerequisites: it is useful to have acquired knowledge of Organic Chemistry and Mathematics.

Exam modes

The assessment method of the course is characterized by five possible oral exam appeals and a practical exam test concerning the laboratory experience carried out immediately after the end of the lectures. The teacher offers full willingness to organize any postponement for each appeal inserted on Infostud in order to meet the requests of the students. This is to give the students the widest possibilities to optimize the outcome of the exam. During the oral examination the teacher verifies the knowledge and learning that the student has acquired on all parts of the exam program. The topics presented should be treated with a language appropriate to a professional operating in the world of pharmacy.
The elements taken into consideration for the evaluation are: the knowledge of the subject in all the parts described in the program, the use of an appropriate scientific language, the active participation during the lectures and the laboratory exercises, the ability of reasoning demonstrated in the examination interview, the ability to study autonomously on the suggested texts.
Sufficient knowledge of the topics covered, in the various parts of the program, is required for passing the exam with minimum grades. To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude instead, the student must demonstrate that he has acquired excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, being able to connect them in a logical and consistent way. He/she has also to demonstrate that it has mastered the subject, moving through it with security, appropriateness and naturalness.