Catalogo dei Corsi di studio

General expected learning outcomes
This course completes the basic knowledge of the general chemistry acquired during the first year highlighting the interconnections and introduces students to some fundamental analytical disciplines/procedures that will be developed in detail in the following years according to the specific addresses of the degree course.

Specific expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student becomes aware of the interconnections between the different chemical and physical properties of the molecules and of the conditions in which these properties occur, or are inhibited, from the point of view of the regulation / control mechanisms of these properties. Particular attention is paid to the fundamental topics of chemistry (salts, acids and bases, solubility, redox processes, complexes), which having been the subject of the teaching of General Chemistry in the first year of the CdL in CTF, they are now shown in the optics of their application in laboratory activities.
The course includes the theoretical and applicative treatment of coordination compounds and the basics of nuclear chemistry, with particular reference to the production of artificial radioisotopes used in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine (radiopharmaceuticals).
Other knowledge acquired concern the statistical foundations of Analytical Chemistry for the treatment of measures and errors, and the criteria for the graphic representation of chemical-physical processes and phenomena, useful in the laboratory activities.
Finally, students receive basic training for the principles of chromatography and mass spectrometric methodologies.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student will develop towards the fundamental aspects of chemical reactions and analytical chemistry, enough sensitivity to allow him to consciously deal with the subsequent courses of preparatory laboratory, quantitative analysis and separation of substances.

3. Making judgements
During the lessons, the critical and judgmental skills of the students are stimulated by their active participation, both through questions by the teacher, and through the collective solution of exercises representing real cases of problems that may occur in laboratory practice.

4. Communication skills
This ability emerges during the lessons, when the collective participation of the students is needed and finds the upper level during the examination, in which the student explains the logical motivations of the answers, also through the use of visual tools such as functional charts and histograms.

5. Learning skills
The student is induced to study autonomously not only by reading the recommended texts, but also by researching information through computer tools, especially for those topics treated only at an introductory level during the course, but that being historically consolidated they are described more in depth on specialized websites accessible through search engines.

Programme

Fundamentals of analitical measures (8 hours): random errors, mean value, precision, accuracy, absolute and relative error, statistical treatment of random errors, normal or Gaussian distribution, standard deviation, variance, variation coefficient, dispersion, Q test, confidence limit, error for calculated results, origin e validation of systematic errors. Linear relationship property-measure, least square method, quality criteria for a measuring method, standard addition method.
e.g. Skoog, West, Holler: “Chimica Analitica. Una introduzione” - EdiSES S.r.l. – Napoli

Periodic table (2 hours): electronic levels of atomic orbitals as a function of atomic number, periodic behavior of elecrtonegativity, of the most common oxidation numbers, of the ionic radius, scandium and lantanium contraction, of the covalen radius, of the bonding energies, of ionization energy and of electron affinity.
e.g. G. Wulfsberg: “La Moderna Chimica Inorganica: Previsioni di reattività” - EDIZIONI LA SORBONA – Milano

Solution of electrolytes (12 hours): ionic strength, activity coefficient, Debye-Huckel equation, salt effect on equilibria, specific interaction theory. Water as a solvent, hydration energy, Latimer equation, hydrolysis of cations, classification of cations as acids, basicity of oxoanions in water, most common forms of the elements in water (distribution and predominance diagrams), solubility criteria for ionic solids (enthalpy and entropy effects), reticular energy (Born-Haber cycle), Brønsted acids and bases in different solvents, effective pH in water, use of solvents other than water, analytical solution and graphical representation of the behavior in water of mono- and polyprotic acids and their mixtures, distribution and formation diagrams for Brønsted acids, power of buffer solutions of mono- and polyprotic species.
e.g. A. Liberti, A. Napoli: “Lezioni di Chimica Analitica” - EUROMA - Ed. Univ. Di Roma – La Goliardica; G. Wulfsberg: “La Moderna Chimica Inorganica: Previsioni di reattività” - EDIZIONI LA SORBONA – Milano.

Coordination compounds (6 hours): nomenclature, mono- and polydentate ligands (chelate and macrocycle effects), partial and cumulative formation constants of complexes, distribution ratio, polynuclear complexes, poliaminocarboxylic acids, conditional stability constant, pH effect for the formation of complexes of different acidic cations, species distribution model, titrations an indicators in complexometry, effect of complexes formation on the redox potential and on the solubility of ionic solids.
e.g. e.g. A. Liberti, A. Napoli: “Lezioni di Chimica Analitica” - EUROMA - Ed. Univ. Di Roma – La Goliardica

Theory of coordination compounds (4 hours): chemical-physical properties, simple electrostatic theory (ionic complexes), VB theory, cristal field theory (complexes with coordination number 4, 5 and 6), ligand field theory, stability and reactivity of complexes according to cristal field theory.
e.g. G. Wulfsberg: “La Moderna Chimica Inorganica: Previsioni di reattività” - EDIZIONI LA SORBONA – Milano

HSAB principle (2 hours): fundamentals and applications.
e.g. G. Wulfsberg: “La Moderna Chimica Inorganica: Previsioni di reattività” - EDIZIONI LA SORBONA – Milano

Redox reactions (4 hours): standard potential from thermodynamic data, redox titrations (calculation of the equilibrium constant and of equivalent redox potential), redox stability of water solutions, disproportion, external factors influencing the redox potential, potendial-pH diagrams (Pourbaix), redox potential and solubility, formal potential.
e.g. A. Liberti, A. Napoli: “Lezioni di Chimica Analitica” - EUROMA - Ed. Univ. Di Roma – La Goliardica; G. Wulfsberg: “La Moderna Chimica Inorganica: Previsioni di reattività” - EDIZIONI LA SORBONA – Milano

Green chemistry: introduction on the use of supercritical fluids in chemistry (2 hours).
Web resources

Principles of chromatography (4 hours): ripartition ratio, Craig’s apparatus, theoretical plates, separation factor, capacity ratio, resolution, Van Deemter’s equation, HETP, instruments for chromatography.
Web resources

Fundamentals of nuclear chemistry (10 hours): properties of the atomic nucleus, nuclear energy as a function of A, nuclear energy per nucleon, natural radioelements, stability of nuclei as a function of A and Z, instability factors, type of nuclear decay, excited nuclear states, nuclear isomers, Auger effect, kinetic law of nuclear decay, decay constant, half life, activity, specific activity (unit measures), mixture of nuclides, decay chain, radioactive equilibrium, interaction radiation-matter, artificial radioelements, nuclear fission and fusion, nuclear reactions, notation and energy of nuclear reactions, nuclear reaction induced by protons, alfa particles, deutons, and neutrons, detectors (gas ionization, scintillator, semiconductor), rediodatation, radiometric analysis, activation analysis, isotopic dilution analysis, introduction to use of short living radioisotopes in nuclear medicine, fast synthesis, radiofarmaceuticals in diagnostic (PET) and therapy (anticancers).
e.g. M. Speranza et al: “Chimica Generale e Inorganica” – Edi-Ermes Milano; web resources


Mass spectrometry (10 hours): most common sources (EI, CI, FAB, PD, FI, CAD, APCI, ESI), most common analyzers (electrostatic, magnetic, quadrupole, time of flight), electron multiplier detector, ionic cyclotronic resonance (ICR), ionic trap. Mass spectrum (most important ions depending on the type of source, determination of the molecular weight, resolving power, isotopic aboundance), introduction to the interpretation of mass spectra, GC-MS, HPLC-MS and MS-MS instruments.
Web resources

Adopted texts

Since the course includes in-depth analysis of key topics and introductions to issues of future development, students are strongly encouraged to find information directly from the web. Just for reference purpose, the following reference texts are however indicated:

Skoog, West, Holler: “Chimica Analitica. Una introduzione” - EdiSES S.r.l. – Napoli

A.Liberti, A. Napoli: “Lezioni di Chimica Analitica” - EUROMA - Ed. Univ. Di Roma – La Goliardica

A.Liberti: “Lezioni di Chimica Analitica” - EDIZIONI RICERCHE – Roma

G. Wulfsberg: “La Moderna Chimica Inorganica: Previsioni di reattività” - EDIZIONI LA SORBONA - Milano.

M. Speranza et al: “Chimica Generale e Inorganica” – Edi-Ermes Milano; fonti bibliografiche online

Prerequisites

To understand the lessons and critically assimilate the concepts it is essential to know the mathematics up to the study of the functions and the rules of derivation/integration, as well as the basic concepts of general and inorganic chemistry with particular reference to solubility, concentration of solutions, and acid-base and redox properties of chemicals. Knowledge of statistical mathematics and of the chemical-physical properties of solutions is also important. Finally, it is certainly useful to have some skills in using computers, with particular reference to the use of electronic spreadsheets.

Study modes

The course includes lectures in the classroom. On the e-learning platform of the university website, in addition to the program of the course and the list of recommended texts, the student can download the slides used by the teacher for his lessons. These are provided to favor both the active participation of the student in the classroom, and the conditions to carry out some lessons in "flipped" mode, but the slides alone are not enough for preparing the final exam. Therefore, the frequency of the lessons of the course, while remaining optional for institutional choice, is strongly recommended.

Exam modes

The "regular" exam sessions are fixed according to the academic calendar (at least 5 dates per academic year), which also includes extraordinary dates. For the exam, the student receives a sheet containing five questions. The candidate reads or elaborates the questions (some exercises may require a graphic or mathematical elaboration) autonomously for about one hour. Then the oral exam begins, and starting from the written questions all the topics of the course can be explored through connections and dependencies. Aim of the evaluation is to verify the knowledge acquired by the student and his ability to apply them to the context of the topic under discussion and to those related, through an appropriate language also from the point of view of technical terminology and official nomenclature. The elements taken into account for the evaluation are: the knowledge of the subject in all the areas covered by the course program, the use of an appropriate language, the active participation during the lectures, the ability of reasoning demonstrated during the examination, the ability to study independently on the suggested texts and on the web. To pass the exam with the minimum of 18/30 requires sufficient knowledge of the basic topics of the course, while to get the maximum score (30/30 and honors) the student must demonstrate not only his excellent knowledge of all the topics dealt with, but also to know how to communicate with streamlined logic, punctual congruence and brilliant dialectic, moving from one topic to another with the self-confidence of those who have internalized the matter well beyond the notional level.

Exam reservation date start	Exam reservation date end	Exam date
01/01/2022	24/01/2022	25/01/2022
01/01/2022	24/01/2022	25/01/2022
01/02/2022	17/02/2022	22/02/2022
01/02/2022	17/02/2022	22/02/2022
01/03/2022	06/04/2022	11/04/2022
01/03/2022	06/04/2022	11/04/2022
15/05/2022	15/06/2022	21/06/2022
15/05/2022	15/06/2022	21/06/2022
25/06/2022	14/07/2022	20/07/2022
25/06/2022	14/07/2022	20/07/2022
15/08/2022	15/09/2022	20/09/2022
15/08/2022	15/09/2022	20/09/2022
15/10/2022	08/11/2022	14/11/2022
15/10/2022	08/11/2022	14/11/2022
20/12/2022	16/01/2023	19/01/2023

Programme

Fundamentals of analitical measures (8 hours): random errors, mean value, precision, accuracy, absolute and relative error, statistical treatment of random errors, normal or Gaussian distribution, standard deviation, variance, variation coefficient, dispersion, Q test, confidence limit, error for calculated results, origin e validation of systematic errors. Linear relationship property-measure, least square method, quality criteria for a measuring method, standard addition method.
e.g. Skoog, West, Holler: “Chimica Analitica. Una introduzione” - EdiSES S.r.l. – Napoli

Periodic table (2 hours): electronic levels of atomic orbitals as a function of atomic number, periodic behavior of elecrtonegativity, of the most common oxidation numbers, of the ionic radius, scandium and lantanium contraction, of the covalen radius, of the bonding energies, of ionization energy and of electron affinity.
e.g. G. Wulfsberg: “La Moderna Chimica Inorganica: Previsioni di reattività” - EDIZIONI LA SORBONA – Milano

Solution of electrolytes (12 hours): ionic strength, activity coefficient, Debye-Huckel equation, salt effect on equilibria, specific interaction theory. Water as a solvent, hydration energy, Latimer equation, hydrolysis of cations, classification of cations as acids, basicity of oxoanions in water, most common forms of the elements in water (distribution and predominance diagrams), solubility criteria for ionic solids (enthalpy and entropy effects), reticular energy (Born-Haber cycle), Brønsted acids and bases in different solvents, effective pH in water, use of solvents other than water, analytical solution and graphical representation of the behavior in water of mono- and polyprotic acids and their mixtures, distribution and formation diagrams for Brønsted acids, power of buffer solutions of mono- and polyprotic species.
e.g. A. Liberti, A. Napoli: “Lezioni di Chimica Analitica” - EUROMA - Ed. Univ. Di Roma – La Goliardica; G. Wulfsberg: “La Moderna Chimica Inorganica: Previsioni di reattività” - EDIZIONI LA SORBONA – Milano.

Coordination compounds (6 hours): nomenclature, mono- and polydentate ligands (chelate and macrocycle effects), partial and cumulative formation constants of complexes, distribution ratio, polynuclear complexes, poliaminocarboxylic acids, conditional stability constant, pH effect for the formation of complexes of different acidic cations, species distribution model, titrations an indicators in complexometry, effect of complexes formation on the redox potential and on the solubility of ionic solids.
e.g. e.g. A. Liberti, A. Napoli: “Lezioni di Chimica Analitica” - EUROMA - Ed. Univ. Di Roma – La Goliardica

Theory of coordination compounds (4 hours): chemical-physical properties, simple electrostatic theory (ionic complexes), VB theory, cristal field theory (complexes with coordination number 4, 5 and 6), ligand field theory, stability and reactivity of complexes according to cristal field theory.
e.g. G. Wulfsberg: “La Moderna Chimica Inorganica: Previsioni di reattività” - EDIZIONI LA SORBONA – Milano

HSAB principle (2 hours): fundamentals and applications.
e.g. G. Wulfsberg: “La Moderna Chimica Inorganica: Previsioni di reattività” - EDIZIONI LA SORBONA – Milano

Redox reactions (4 hours): standard potential from thermodynamic data, redox titrations (calculation of the equilibrium constant and of equivalent redox potential), redox stability of water solutions, disproportion, external factors influencing the redox potential, potendial-pH diagrams (Pourbaix), redox potential and solubility, formal potential.
e.g. A. Liberti, A. Napoli: “Lezioni di Chimica Analitica” - EUROMA - Ed. Univ. Di Roma – La Goliardica; G. Wulfsberg: “La Moderna Chimica Inorganica: Previsioni di reattività” - EDIZIONI LA SORBONA – Milano

Green chemistry: introduction on the use of supercritical fluids in chemistry (2 hours).
Web resources

Principles of chromatography (4 hours): ripartition ratio, Craig’s apparatus, theoretical plates, separation factor, capacity ratio, resolution, Van Deemter’s equation, HETP, instruments for chromatography.
Web resources

Fundamentals of nuclear chemistry (10 hours): properties of the atomic nucleus, nuclear energy as a function of A, nuclear energy per nucleon, natural radioelements, stability of nuclei as a function of A and Z, instability factors, type of nuclear decay, excited nuclear states, nuclear isomers, Auger effect, kinetic law of nuclear decay, decay constant, half life, activity, specific activity (unit measures), mixture of nuclides, decay chain, radioactive equilibrium, interaction radiation-matter, artificial radioelements, nuclear fission and fusion, nuclear reactions, notation and energy of nuclear reactions, nuclear reaction induced by protons, alfa particles, deutons, and neutrons, detectors (gas ionization, scintillator, semiconductor), rediodatation, radiometric analysis, activation analysis, isotopic dilution analysis, introduction to use of short living radioisotopes in nuclear medicine, fast synthesis, radiofarmaceuticals in diagnostic (PET) and therapy (anticancers).
e.g. M. Speranza et al: “Chimica Generale e Inorganica” – Edi-Ermes Milano; web resources


Mass spectrometry (10 hours): most common sources (EI, CI, FAB, PD, FI, CAD, APCI, ESI), most common analyzers (electrostatic, magnetic, quadrupole, time of flight), electron multiplier detector, ionic cyclotronic resonance (ICR), ionic trap. Mass spectrum (most important ions depending on the type of source, determination of the molecular weight, resolving power, isotopic aboundance), introduction to the interpretation of mass spectra, GC-MS, HPLC-MS and MS-MS instruments.
Web resources

Adopted texts

Since the course includes in-depth analysis of key topics and introductions to issues of future development, students are strongly encouraged to find information directly from the web. Just for reference purpose, the following reference texts are however indicated:

Skoog, West, Holler: “Chimica Analitica. Una introduzione” - EdiSES S.r.l. – Napoli

A.Liberti, A. Napoli: “Lezioni di Chimica Analitica” - EUROMA - Ed. Univ. Di Roma – La Goliardica

A.Liberti: “Lezioni di Chimica Analitica” - EDIZIONI RICERCHE – Roma

G. Wulfsberg: “La Moderna Chimica Inorganica: Previsioni di reattività” - EDIZIONI LA SORBONA - Milano.

M. Speranza et al: “Chimica Generale e Inorganica” – Edi-Ermes Milano; fonti bibliografiche online

Prerequisites

To understand the lessons and critically assimilate the concepts it is essential to know the mathematics up to the study of the functions and the rules of derivation/integration, as well as the basic concepts of general and inorganic chemistry with particular reference to solubility, concentration of solutions, and acid-base and redox properties of chemicals. Knowledge of statistical mathematics and of the chemical-physical properties of solutions is also important. Finally, it is certainly useful to have some skills in using computers, with particular reference to the use of electronic spreadsheets.

Study modes

The course includes lectures in the classroom. On the e-learning platform of the university website, in addition to the program of the course and the list of recommended texts, the student can download the slides used by the teacher for his lessons. These are provided to favor both the active participation of the student in the classroom, and the conditions to carry out some lessons in "flipped" mode, but the slides alone are not enough for preparing the final exam. Therefore, the frequency of the lessons of the course, while remaining optional for institutional choice, is strongly recommended.

Exam modes

The "regular" exam sessions are fixed according to the academic calendar (at least 5 dates per academic year), which also includes extraordinary dates. For the exam, the student receives a sheet containing five questions. The candidate reads or elaborates the questions (some exercises may require a graphic or mathematical elaboration) autonomously for about one hour. Then the oral exam begins, and starting from the written questions all the topics of the course can be explored through connections and dependencies. Aim of the evaluation is to verify the knowledge acquired by the student and his ability to apply them to the context of the topic under discussion and to those related, through an appropriate language also from the point of view of technical terminology and official nomenclature. The elements taken into account for the evaluation are: the knowledge of the subject in all the areas covered by the course program, the use of an appropriate language, the active participation during the lectures, the ability of reasoning demonstrated during the examination, the ability to study independently on the suggested texts and on the web. To pass the exam with the minimum of 18/30 requires sufficient knowledge of the basic topics of the course, while to get the maximum score (30/30 and honors) the student must demonstrate not only his excellent knowledge of all the topics dealt with, but also to know how to communicate with streamlined logic, punctual congruence and brilliant dialectic, moving from one topic to another with the self-confidence of those who have internalized the matter well beyond the notional level.

Exam reservation date start	Exam reservation date end	Exam date
01/01/2022	24/01/2022	25/01/2022
01/01/2022	24/01/2022	25/01/2022
01/02/2022	17/02/2022	22/02/2022
01/02/2022	17/02/2022	22/02/2022
01/03/2022	06/04/2022	11/04/2022
01/03/2022	06/04/2022	11/04/2022
15/05/2022	15/06/2022	21/06/2022
15/05/2022	15/06/2022	21/06/2022
25/06/2022	14/07/2022	20/07/2022
25/06/2022	14/07/2022	20/07/2022
15/08/2022	15/09/2022	20/09/2022
15/08/2022	15/09/2022	20/09/2022
15/10/2022	08/11/2022	14/11/2022
15/10/2022	08/11/2022	14/11/2022
20/12/2022	16/01/2023	19/01/2023