Medical Biotechnology

Educational objectives

As for the module "Human anatomy":
1. To learn the main methods and instruments used in the microscopic and ultrastructural research of biological samples, with special regard to transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
2. To recognize the main morpho-functional and ultrastructural parameters of anatomical organs and structures of the human body which are of particular interest in the biotechnological field.

Educational objectives

As for the module "Human anatomy":
1. To learn the main methods and instruments used in the microscopic and ultrastructural research of biological samples, with special regard to transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
2. To recognize the main morpho-functional and ultrastructural parameters of anatomical organs and structures of the human body which are of particular interest in the biotechnological field.

Educational objectives

As for the module "Human physiology":
At the end of the course, the student should know: the function of the different organs of the human body; the dynamic integration of several organs into an apparatus; the general mechanisms of functional control in normal conditions; the main functional indexes in healthy subjects; the main applications to medicine of biophysical and biomedical techniques. He should know the acquisition techniques of the main physiological parameters.
As for the module "Human anatomy":
1. To learn the main methods and instruments used in the microscopic and ultrastructural research of biological samples, with special regard to transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
2. To recognize the main morpho-functional and ultrastructural parameters of anatomical organs and structures of the human body which are of particular interest in the biotechnological field.

Educational objectives

1. To know the main theories on the origin and evolution of viruses and parasites
2. To give the students an understanding of the biological and molecular processes involved in the interaction between microorganisms and host and in pathogenicity;
3. To know causes and mechanisms responsible of the main viral and parasitic diseases.
4. To learn about the molecular mechanisms involved in antiviral resistance;
5. To know application of the main biotechnology in the diagnosis, prevention and chemotherapy of infectious diseases.
These objectives will be reached by traditional lesson, seminars and interactive activity

Educational objectives

1. To know the main theories on the origin and evolution of viruses and parasites
2. To give the students an understanding of the biological and molecular processes involved in the interaction between microorganisms and host and in pathogenicity;
3. To know causes and mechanisms responsible of the main viral and parasitic diseases.
4. To learn about the molecular mechanisms involved in antiviral resistance;
5. To know application of the main biotechnology in the diagnosis, prevention and chemotherapy of infectious diseases.
These objectives will be reached by traditional lesson, seminars and interactive activity

Educational objectives

1. To know the main theories on the origin and evolution of viruses and parasites
2. To give the students an understanding of the biological and molecular processes involved in the interaction between microorganisms and host and in pathogenicity;
3. To know causes and mechanisms responsible of the main viral and parasitic diseases.
4. To learn about the molecular mechanisms involved in antiviral resistance;
5. To know application of the main biotechnology in the diagnosis, prevention and chemotherapy of infectious diseases.
These objectives will be reached by traditional lesson, seminars and interactive activity

Educational objectives

The main objectives of the course are to provide the basis for understanding (i) the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of embryonic differentiation and development and (ii) the molecular mechanisms of homeostasis, regeneration and tissue repair. Tissue development and regeneration share common features, since the molecular program that underlines prenatal development is reactivated for tissue reconstruction after injury. Regenerative medicine has therefore gained important insights through the study of developmental biology. It is therefore the aim of this course to compare the molecular mechanisms underlying the embryo development and tissue remodeling.
The recent explosion of information on stem cells highlights their capacity for self renewal and their contribution in creating multiple tissue types but has still not brought us a clear understanding of the underlying molecular biology in any system. In this course we will discuss the biology of stem cells, their therapeutic potentialities and their limitation. In addition, we will discuss the role of tissue niche in the modulation of stem cell fate and the factors that can modulate the molecular signalling pathways critical to the activation of progenitor cells. Moreover, the course will contribute to understand the key issue in enhancing tissue and organ regeneration, how to mobilize stem cells and how to provide an appropriate environment (“niche”) for their tissue and organ-specific recruitment, 'homing' and complete functional integration. Therefore, at the end of the course the student should be aware about the methodological and experimental contents of the discipline and should be able to apply them prospectively to the biomedical, biotechnological and physiopathological.

Educational objectives

Learning bioinformatics data and tools, with special attention to their limitations
Being able to correctly use bioinformatics tools, with special attention to proteomic studies
To learn the general principles of the design, production and mutagenesis of proteins
Acquiring capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

Learning bioinformatics data and tools, with special attention to their limitations
Being able to correctly use bioinformatics tools, with special attention to proteomic studies
To learn the general principles of the design, production and mutagenesis of proteins
Acquiring capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide knowledge of i) the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological cellular functions (e.g., cell proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation), ii) how the cell regulates these functions in response to stimuli from the tissue microenvironment, iii) how it integrates these signals in order to contribute to the tissue homeostasis, iv) the alterations found in different physio-pathological conditions. The neoplastic transformation will be used as a paradigm of deregulations involving multi-level cellular function, and the liver as example of organ for physio-pathological studies. The student, once acquired knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell functions, will acquire skills to propose experimental approaches for the analysis of these functions both in vitro and in vivo.
These skills will be developed through simulations of scientific problems in interactive lessons, where students will develop critical skills, will apply the acquired knowledge and will discuss collectively the possible experimental approaches for their solving.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide knowledge of i) the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological cellular functions (e.g., cell proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation), ii) how the cell regulates these functions in response to stimuli from the tissue microenvironment, iii) how it integrates these signals in order to contribute to the tissue homeostasis, iv) the alterations found in different physio-pathological conditions. The neoplastic transformation will be used as a paradigm of deregulations involving multi-level cellular function, and the liver as example of organ for physio-pathological studies. The student, once acquired knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell functions, will acquire skills to propose experimental approaches for the analysis of these functions both in vitro and in vivo.
These skills will be developed through simulations of scientific problems in interactive lessons, where students will develop critical skills, will apply the acquired knowledge and will discuss collectively the possible experimental approaches for their solving.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide knowledge of i) the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological cellular functions (e.g., cell proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation), ii) how the cell regulates these functions in response to stimuli from the tissue microenvironment, iii) how it integrates these signals in order to contribute to the tissue homeostasis, iv) the alterations found in different physio-pathological conditions. The neoplastic transformation will be used as a paradigm of deregulations involving multi-level cellular function, and the liver as example of organ for physio-pathological studies. The student, once acquired knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell functions, will acquire skills to propose experimental approaches for the analysis of these functions both in vitro and in vivo.
These skills will be developed through simulations of scientific problems in interactive lessons, where students will develop critical skills, will apply the acquired knowledge and will discuss collectively the possible experimental approaches for their solving.

Educational objectives

Learning bioinformatics data and tools, with special attention to their limitations
Being able to correctly use bioinformatics tools, with special attention to proteomic studies
To learn the general principles of the design, production and mutagenesis of proteins
Acquiring capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

Learning bioinformatics data and tools, with special attention to their limitations
Being able to correctly use bioinformatics tools, with special attention to proteomic studies
To learn the general principles of the design, production and mutagenesis of proteins
Acquiring capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

As for the module "Human physiology":
At the end of the course, the student should know: the function of the different organs of the human body; the dynamic integration of several organs into an apparatus; the general mechanisms of functional control in normal conditions; the main functional indexes in healthy subjects; the main applications to medicine of biophysical and biomedical techniques. He should know the acquisition techniques of the main physiological parameters.
As for the module "Human anatomy":
1. To learn the main methods and instruments used in the microscopic and ultrastructural research of biological samples, with special regard to transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
2. To recognize the main morpho-functional and ultrastructural parameters of anatomical organs and structures of the human body which are of particular interest in the biotechnological field.

Educational objectives

As for the module "Human anatomy":
1. To learn the main methods and instruments used in the microscopic and ultrastructural research of biological samples, with special regard to transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
2. To recognize the main morpho-functional and ultrastructural parameters of anatomical organs and structures of the human body which are of particular interest in the biotechnological field.

Educational objectives

As for the module "Human physiology":
At the end of the course, the student should know: the function of the different organs of the human body; the dynamic integration of several organs into an apparatus; the general mechanisms of functional control in normal conditions; the main functional indexes in healthy subjects; the main applications to medicine of biophysical and biomedical techniques. He should know the acquisition techniques of the main physiological parameters.
As for the module "Human anatomy":
1. To learn the main methods and instruments used in the microscopic and ultrastructural research of biological samples, with special regard to transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
2. To recognize the main morpho-functional and ultrastructural parameters of anatomical organs and structures of the human body which are of particular interest in the biotechnological field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

Provide knowledge of the basic elements of the operating characteristics of a company, of the construction techniques of a business plan and of the characteristics of innovative companies with a high technological content.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the principles and regulatory tools for the protection of human rights in the biomedical biotechnology sector. Knowledge and application of the principles and rules of ethics in research and integrity in research. Analysis of international charters and reference documents. Governance of biobanks and informed consent models. Principles and regulations on biosecurity and traceability of human tissues and cells.

Educational objectives

Main Objectives

The course is divided into two interdisciplinary modules: 1) Module of genetic pathology and human genetics and 2) Module of biotechnology of human reproduction. The main objective of Module 1 is to provide adequate theoretical and practical knowledge of the molecular, genetic and epigenetic bases of human diseases. Module 2 provides specific knowledge on the biotechnology of human reproduction, including the study of gamets, cryopreservation and fertility evaluation. In particular genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in the physiopathology of human reproduction.
For both modules there will be lectures associated with practical exercises and practical activities in the laboratory, which allow the student to learn the different theoretical and applicative aspects of the disciplines, taking into consideration also the risks and regulations of the current law.

Specific Objectives

MODULE OF GENETIC PATHOLOGY AND HUMAN GENETICS
Upon completion of the course the student:
1) Will know the anatomy of genome (nuclear and mitochondrial), the method for calculating the frequency of mutations, main genetic, chromosomal and hereditary neoplastic diseases and the related molecular, genetic and epigenetic pathogenetic bases.
2) Will be familiar with the main investigative methodologies necessary for the study of genetic diseases, in particular the biotechnological aspects in the etiopathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic fields.
3) Will be able to understand and evaluate the methodological quality, the rigidity, the reliability and the risks of the experimental biotechnological approaches in the field of genetic diseases. Lab exercises and written reports will help develop these skills
4) Will know how to communicate what has been learned through written and / or oral presentations, also thanks to the powerpoint presentations foreseen by the course and the practical laboratory exercises.
5) Will have acquired the ability to continue the study autonomously through the theoretical and practical tools provided, the ability to consult databases and identify relevant and updated scientific articles.

MODULE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Upon completion of the course the student:
1) Will know the physiopathology of the male and female reproductive apparatus, gamete structure, ultrastructure and function, endocrine and molecular mechanisms that regulate maturation of the oocyte and spermatozoa. Will acquire knowledge about the causes of male infertility; first and second level laboratory diagnostics of male infertility; ultrastructural pathologies of the male gamete and the clinical impact on fertility; Assisted Reproductive Techniques and crypreservation of male and female gametes. Will learn about molecular biology and molecular genetics applied to reproductive medicine.
2) Will be familiar with the main cytological, immunological and molecular methodologies related to the study of the male gamete and biotechnological aspects related to Assisted Reproduction
3) Will be able to evaluate the quality and reliability of the specific method for the study of the male gamete. Will acquire the skill to think critically about possible clinical applications of research methodologies. Practice in the laboratory and writing reports will develop these skills further.
4) The student will be able to communicate what has been learnt through written and/or oral, including powerpoint, presentations
5) Will have acquired the ability to continue the study autonomously through the theoretical and practical tools provided, continuing education and identify relevant and updated scientific articles

Educational objectives

Main Objectives

The course is divided into two interdisciplinary modules: 1) Module of genetic pathology and human genetics and 2) Module of biotechnology of human reproduction. The main objective of Module 1 is to provide adequate theoretical and practical knowledge of the molecular, genetic and epigenetic bases of human diseases. Module 2 provides specific knowledge on the biotechnology of human reproduction, including the study of gamets, cryopreservation and fertility evaluation. In particular genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in the physiopathology of human reproduction.
For both modules there will be lectures associated with practical exercises and practical activities in the laboratory, which allow the student to learn the different theoretical and applicative aspects of the disciplines, taking into consideration also the risks and regulations of the current law.

Specific Objectives

MODULE OF GENETIC PATHOLOGY AND HUMAN GENETICS
Upon completion of the course the student:
1) Will know the anatomy of genome (nuclear and mitochondrial), the method for calculating the frequency of mutations, main genetic, chromosomal and hereditary neoplastic diseases and the related molecular, genetic and epigenetic pathogenetic bases.
2) Will be familiar with the main investigative methodologies necessary for the study of genetic diseases, in particular the biotechnological aspects in the etiopathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic fields.
3) Will be able to understand and evaluate the methodological quality, the rigidity, the reliability and the risks of the experimental biotechnological approaches in the field of genetic diseases. Lab exercises and written reports will help develop these skills
4) Will know how to communicate what has been learned through written and / or oral presentations, also thanks to the powerpoint presentations foreseen by the course and the practical laboratory exercises.
5) Will have acquired the ability to continue the study autonomously through the theoretical and practical tools provided, the ability to consult databases and identify relevant and updated scientific articles.

MODULE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Upon completion of the course the student:
1) Will know the physiopathology of the male and female reproductive apparatus, gamete structure, ultrastructure and function, endocrine and molecular mechanisms that regulate maturation of the oocyte and spermatozoa. Will acquire knowledge about the causes of male infertility; first and second level laboratory diagnostics of male infertility; ultrastructural pathologies of the male gamete and the clinical impact on fertility; Assisted Reproductive Techniques and crypreservation of male and female gametes. Will learn about molecular biology and molecular genetics applied to reproductive medicine.
2) Will be familiar with the main cytological, immunological and molecular methodologies related to the study of the male gamete and biotechnological aspects related to Assisted Reproduction
3) Will be able to evaluate the quality and reliability of the specific method for the study of the male gamete. Will acquire the skill to think critically about possible clinical applications of research methodologies. Practice in the laboratory and writing reports will develop these skills further.
4) The student will be able to communicate what has been learnt through written and/or oral, including powerpoint, presentations
5) Will have acquired the ability to continue the study autonomously through the theoretical and practical tools provided, continuing education and identify relevant and updated scientific articles

Educational objectives

Main Objectives

The course is divided into two interdisciplinary modules: 1) Module of genetic pathology and human genetics and 2) Module of biotechnology of human reproduction. The main objective of Module 1 is to provide adequate theoretical and practical knowledge of the molecular, genetic and epigenetic bases of human diseases. Module 2 provides specific knowledge on the biotechnology of human reproduction, including the study of gamets, cryopreservation and fertility evaluation. In particular genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in the physiopathology of human reproduction.
For both modules there will be lectures associated with practical exercises and practical activities in the laboratory, which allow the student to learn the different theoretical and applicative aspects of the disciplines, taking into consideration also the risks and regulations of the current law.

Specific Objectives

MODULE OF GENETIC PATHOLOGY AND HUMAN GENETICS
Upon completion of the course the student:
1) Will know the anatomy of genome (nuclear and mitochondrial), the method for calculating the frequency of mutations, main genetic, chromosomal and hereditary neoplastic diseases and the related molecular, genetic and epigenetic pathogenetic bases.
2) Will be familiar with the main investigative methodologies necessary for the study of genetic diseases, in particular the biotechnological aspects in the etiopathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic fields.
3) Will be able to understand and evaluate the methodological quality, the rigidity, the reliability and the risks of the experimental biotechnological approaches in the field of genetic diseases. Lab exercises and written reports will help develop these skills
4) Will know how to communicate what has been learned through written and / or oral presentations, also thanks to the powerpoint presentations foreseen by the course and the practical laboratory exercises.
5) Will have acquired the ability to continue the study autonomously through the theoretical and practical tools provided, the ability to consult databases and identify relevant and updated scientific articles.

MODULE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Upon completion of the course the student:
1) Will know the physiopathology of the male and female reproductive apparatus, gamete structure, ultrastructure and function, endocrine and molecular mechanisms that regulate maturation of the oocyte and spermatozoa. Will acquire knowledge about the causes of male infertility; first and second level laboratory diagnostics of male infertility; ultrastructural pathologies of the male gamete and the clinical impact on fertility; Assisted Reproductive Techniques and crypreservation of male and female gametes. Will learn about molecular biology and molecular genetics applied to reproductive medicine.
2) Will be familiar with the main cytological, immunological and molecular methodologies related to the study of the male gamete and biotechnological aspects related to Assisted Reproduction
3) Will be able to evaluate the quality and reliability of the specific method for the study of the male gamete. Will acquire the skill to think critically about possible clinical applications of research methodologies. Practice in the laboratory and writing reports will develop these skills further.
4) The student will be able to communicate what has been learnt through written and/or oral, including powerpoint, presentations
5) Will have acquired the ability to continue the study autonomously through the theoretical and practical tools provided, continuing education and identify relevant and updated scientific articles

Educational objectives

Main Objectives

The course is divided into two interdisciplinary modules: 1) Module of genetic pathology and human genetics and 2) Module of biotechnology of human reproduction. The main objective of Module 1 is to provide adequate theoretical and practical knowledge of the molecular, genetic and epigenetic bases of human diseases. Module 2 provides specific knowledge on the biotechnology of human reproduction, including the study of gamets, cryopreservation and fertility evaluation. In particular genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in the physiopathology of human reproduction.
For both modules there will be lectures associated with practical exercises and practical activities in the laboratory, which allow the student to learn the different theoretical and applicative aspects of the disciplines, taking into consideration also the risks and regulations of the current law.

Specific Objectives

MODULE OF GENETIC PATHOLOGY AND HUMAN GENETICS
Upon completion of the course the student:
1) Will know the anatomy of genome (nuclear and mitochondrial), the method for calculating the frequency of mutations, main genetic, chromosomal and hereditary neoplastic diseases and the related molecular, genetic and epigenetic pathogenetic bases.
2) Will be familiar with the main investigative methodologies necessary for the study of genetic diseases, in particular the biotechnological aspects in the etiopathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic fields.
3) Will be able to understand and evaluate the methodological quality, the rigidity, the reliability and the risks of the experimental biotechnological approaches in the field of genetic diseases. Lab exercises and written reports will help develop these skills
4) Will know how to communicate what has been learned through written and / or oral presentations, also thanks to the powerpoint presentations foreseen by the course and the practical laboratory exercises.
5) Will have acquired the ability to continue the study autonomously through the theoretical and practical tools provided, the ability to consult databases and identify relevant and updated scientific articles.

MODULE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Upon completion of the course the student:
1) Will know the physiopathology of the male and female reproductive apparatus, gamete structure, ultrastructure and function, endocrine and molecular mechanisms that regulate maturation of the oocyte and spermatozoa. Will acquire knowledge about the causes of male infertility; first and second level laboratory diagnostics of male infertility; ultrastructural pathologies of the male gamete and the clinical impact on fertility; Assisted Reproductive Techniques and crypreservation of male and female gametes. Will learn about molecular biology and molecular genetics applied to reproductive medicine.
2) Will be familiar with the main cytological, immunological and molecular methodologies related to the study of the male gamete and biotechnological aspects related to Assisted Reproduction
3) Will be able to evaluate the quality and reliability of the specific method for the study of the male gamete. Will acquire the skill to think critically about possible clinical applications of research methodologies. Practice in the laboratory and writing reports will develop these skills further.
4) The student will be able to communicate what has been learnt through written and/or oral, including powerpoint, presentations
5) Will have acquired the ability to continue the study autonomously through the theoretical and practical tools provided, continuing education and identify relevant and updated scientific articles

Educational objectives

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal, including possible applications and limits. At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired in course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathologic hemopoiesis. Acute and chronic leukemias as models for the understanding of the development of neoplasias and of the related treatment strategies Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia represent illuminating examples of how you can cure leukemias without systemic chemotherapy if the underlying pathogenetic mechanism is fully understood. Knowledge of the organization and laboratory support necessary to perform hemopoietic stem cell transplantations. Knowledge of hemostasis and thrombosis concepts, in particular in relation to heart diseases.
Applying knowledge and understanding: The student will be in a position to propose a research project in the field of hematology along the lines mastered during the course. He/she will for example be able to participate in a PhD program in Hematologic Sciences.
Pathological Anatomy (CORSI):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal tissues, including possible applications and limits.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired with this course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowing the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Knowing the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), chronic viral infections (HBV, HCV, etc.) and tumors. Knowing the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 and Treg) in the development of these pathologies. Knowing the main mouse models used for the study of immunity cells in the aforesaid pathologies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limits and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of laboratory animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: short course aimed at the knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the species most frequently used in biomedical research, that is Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with mouse and rabbit details. Notes on hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, used to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural features of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals that are essential for anyone who has to face the - ethical and biotechnological - responsibility of animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: At the end of the course the student must be able to identify a topic of study (where possible similar to his own scientific interests and / or to his academic profile such as, for example, internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and correlate it to the description of anatomical features significant for the development of the investigation. The student – after performing a short bibliographic research, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or in English and will discuss his essay based on the relevant literature.
Cardiology (SAVOIA)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know the molecular and biological mechanisms of the main cardiovascular pathologies. In particular the student will know the fundamentals of angiogenesis and heart regeneration as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiac regeneration and repair included possible applicability and limitation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student should be able to recognize the mechanisms of cardiac organ damage and critically evaluate the role of stem cell in cardiology in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as the possible applicability in experimental and clinical models in order to elaborate tissue engineering solutions finalized to regeneration and repair.
Animal models of disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: advantages and limits of the genetically modified murine models ; the main procedures for the generation, the characterization and the maintenance of murine colonies; the specific traits of the different types of genetically modified murine models; the basic knowledge concerning the italian and european laws on animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: To apply the acquired knowledge in discriminating the specific charachteristics, the advantages and the limits of the different types of genetically modified murine models, and in critically evaluating their role in the study of human pathologies; to know the constraint of the law concerning the animal experimentation
Immuno-evasion models and viral oncology (SANTARELLI)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) herpesvirus immune evasion strategies; 3) the molecular mechanisms leading to the development of EBV- and KSHV-associated tumors. These herpesviruses are considered excellent models for studying oncogenic mechanisms; 4) the experimental approaches that have contributed to the development of the current therapeutic strategies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and the experimental approaches of the scientific articles presented during the course. Also, he/she should be able to interpret the results of scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, to propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (ULISSE - BALDINI)
Knowledge and understanding: For the endocrinology module (Ulisse), students should know: i) the pathophysiological basis of the main endocrine pathologies, including endocrine neoplasms, and in particular thyroid gland tumors; ii) the application of molecular biology techniques useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of endocrine neoplasms; iii) the application of biosensors in endocrinology; iv) gene therapy approaches in endocrinopathies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the Endocrinology module the students, starting from the current limits of molecular biology and biotechnologies in the field of diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and follow-up of endocrine pathologies, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnologies and their positive impact on patients’ life quality.
Making judgements:
The student will be able to link the pieces of knowledge acquired during the course and to associate the animal study models to the diseases presented. Establishing the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understanding and elaborating evaluations on the possibility of generating knock-out or "knock-in" animals for a gene whose mutation is causal or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been investigated (Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judging the depth of the results and the correctness of the experimental approach.

Communication skills:
For this the student will be evaluated during the exam.
Learning skills:
The indication to the use of scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed website, on the topics covered by the lectures, for the preparation of the exam will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnologies.

Educational objectives

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal, including possible applications and limits. At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired in course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathologic hemopoiesis. Acute and chronic leukemias as models for the understanding of the development of neoplasias and of the related treatment strategies Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia represent illuminating examples of how you can cure leukemias without systemic chemotherapy if the underlying pathogenetic mechanism is fully understood. Knowledge of the organization and laboratory support necessary to perform hemopoietic stem cell transplantations. Knowledge of hemostasis and thrombosis concepts, in particular in relation to heart diseases.
Applying knowledge and understanding: The student will be in a position to propose a research project in the field of hematology along the lines mastered during the course. He/she will for example be able to participate in a PhD program in Hematologic Sciences.
Pathological Anatomy (CORSI):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal tissues, including possible applications and limits.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired with this course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowing the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Knowing the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), chronic viral infections (HBV, HCV, etc.) and tumors. Knowing the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 and Treg) in the development of these pathologies. Knowing the main mouse models used for the study of immunity cells in the aforesaid pathologies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limits and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of laboratory animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: short course aimed at the knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the species most frequently used in biomedical research, that is Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with mouse and rabbit details. Notes on hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, used to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural features of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals that are essential for anyone who has to face the - ethical and biotechnological - responsibility of animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: At the end of the course the student must be able to identify a topic of study (where possible similar to his own scientific interests and / or to his academic profile such as, for example, internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and correlate it to the description of anatomical features significant for the development of the investigation. The student – after performing a short bibliographic research, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or in English and will discuss his essay based on the relevant literature.
Cardiology (SAVOIA)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know the molecular and biological mechanisms of the main cardiovascular pathologies. In particular the student will know the fundamentals of angiogenesis and heart regeneration as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiac regeneration and repair included possible applicability and limitation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student should be able to recognize the mechanisms of cardiac organ damage and critically evaluate the role of stem cell in cardiology in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as the possible applicability in experimental and clinical models in order to elaborate tissue engineering solutions finalized to regeneration and repair.
Animal models of disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: advantages and limits of the genetically modified murine models ; the main procedures for the generation, the characterization and the maintenance of murine colonies; the specific traits of the different types of genetically modified murine models; the basic knowledge concerning the italian and european laws on animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: To apply the acquired knowledge in discriminating the specific charachteristics, the advantages and the limits of the different types of genetically modified murine models, and in critically evaluating their role in the study of human pathologies; to know the constraint of the law concerning the animal experimentation
Immuno-evasion models and viral oncology (SANTARELLI)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) herpesvirus immune evasion strategies; 3) the molecular mechanisms leading to the development of EBV- and KSHV-associated tumors. These herpesviruses are considered excellent models for studying oncogenic mechanisms; 4) the experimental approaches that have contributed to the development of the current therapeutic strategies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and the experimental approaches of the scientific articles presented during the course. Also, he/she should be able to interpret the results of scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, to propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (ULISSE - BALDINI)
Knowledge and understanding: For the endocrinology module (Ulisse), students should know: i) the pathophysiological basis of the main endocrine pathologies, including endocrine neoplasms, and in particular thyroid gland tumors; ii) the application of molecular biology techniques useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of endocrine neoplasms; iii) the application of biosensors in endocrinology; iv) gene therapy approaches in endocrinopathies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the Endocrinology module the students, starting from the current limits of molecular biology and biotechnologies in the field of diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and follow-up of endocrine pathologies, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnologies and their positive impact on patients’ life quality.
Making judgements:
The student will be able to link the pieces of knowledge acquired during the course and to associate the animal study models to the diseases presented. Establishing the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understanding and elaborating evaluations on the possibility of generating knock-out or "knock-in" animals for a gene whose mutation is causal or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been investigated (Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judging the depth of the results and the correctness of the experimental approach.

Communication skills:
For this the student will be evaluated during the exam.
Learning skills:
The indication to the use of scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed website, on the topics covered by the lectures, for the preparation of the exam will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnologies.

Educational objectives

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal, including possible applications and limits. At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired in course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathologic hemopoiesis. Acute and chronic leukemias as models for the understanding of the development of neoplasias and of the related treatment strategies Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia represent illuminating examples of how you can cure leukemias without systemic chemotherapy if the underlying pathogenetic mechanism is fully understood. Knowledge of the organization and laboratory support necessary to perform hemopoietic stem cell transplantations. Knowledge of hemostasis and thrombosis concepts, in particular in relation to heart diseases.
Applying knowledge and understanding: The student will be in a position to propose a research project in the field of hematology along the lines mastered during the course. He/she will for example be able to participate in a PhD program in Hematologic Sciences.
Pathological Anatomy (CORSI):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal tissues, including possible applications and limits.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired with this course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowing the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Knowing the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), chronic viral infections (HBV, HCV, etc.) and tumors. Knowing the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 and Treg) in the development of these pathologies. Knowing the main mouse models used for the study of immunity cells in the aforesaid pathologies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limits and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of laboratory animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: short course aimed at the knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the species most frequently used in biomedical research, that is Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with mouse and rabbit details. Notes on hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, used to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural features of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals that are essential for anyone who has to face the - ethical and biotechnological - responsibility of animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: At the end of the course the student must be able to identify a topic of study (where possible similar to his own scientific interests and / or to his academic profile such as, for example, internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and correlate it to the description of anatomical features significant for the development of the investigation. The student – after performing a short bibliographic research, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or in English and will discuss his essay based on the relevant literature.
Cardiology (SAVOIA)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know the molecular and biological mechanisms of the main cardiovascular pathologies. In particular the student will know the fundamentals of angiogenesis and heart regeneration as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiac regeneration and repair included possible applicability and limitation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student should be able to recognize the mechanisms of cardiac organ damage and critically evaluate the role of stem cell in cardiology in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as the possible applicability in experimental and clinical models in order to elaborate tissue engineering solutions finalized to regeneration and repair.
Animal models of disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: advantages and limits of the genetically modified murine models ; the main procedures for the generation, the characterization and the maintenance of murine colonies; the specific traits of the different types of genetically modified murine models; the basic knowledge concerning the italian and european laws on animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: To apply the acquired knowledge in discriminating the specific charachteristics, the advantages and the limits of the different types of genetically modified murine models, and in critically evaluating their role in the study of human pathologies; to know the constraint of the law concerning the animal experimentation
Immuno-evasion models and viral oncology (SANTARELLI)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) herpesvirus immune evasion strategies; 3) the molecular mechanisms leading to the development of EBV- and KSHV-associated tumors. These herpesviruses are considered excellent models for studying oncogenic mechanisms; 4) the experimental approaches that have contributed to the development of the current therapeutic strategies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and the experimental approaches of the scientific articles presented during the course. Also, he/she should be able to interpret the results of scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, to propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (ULISSE - BALDINI)
Knowledge and understanding: For the endocrinology module (Ulisse), students should know: i) the pathophysiological basis of the main endocrine pathologies, including endocrine neoplasms, and in particular thyroid gland tumors; ii) the application of molecular biology techniques useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of endocrine neoplasms; iii) the application of biosensors in endocrinology; iv) gene therapy approaches in endocrinopathies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the Endocrinology module the students, starting from the current limits of molecular biology and biotechnologies in the field of diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and follow-up of endocrine pathologies, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnologies and their positive impact on patients’ life quality.
Making judgements:
The student will be able to link the pieces of knowledge acquired during the course and to associate the animal study models to the diseases presented. Establishing the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understanding and elaborating evaluations on the possibility of generating knock-out or "knock-in" animals for a gene whose mutation is causal or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been investigated (Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judging the depth of the results and the correctness of the experimental approach.

Communication skills:
For this the student will be evaluated during the exam.
Learning skills:
The indication to the use of scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed website, on the topics covered by the lectures, for the preparation of the exam will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnologies.

Educational objectives

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal, including possible applications and limits. At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired in course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathologic hemopoiesis. Acute and chronic leukemias as models for the understanding of the development of neoplasias and of the related treatment strategies Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia represent illuminating examples of how you can cure leukemias without systemic chemotherapy if the underlying pathogenetic mechanism is fully understood. Knowledge of the organization and laboratory support necessary to perform hemopoietic stem cell transplantations. Knowledge of hemostasis and thrombosis concepts, in particular in relation to heart diseases.
Applying knowledge and understanding: The student will be in a position to propose a research project in the field of hematology along the lines mastered during the course. He/she will for example be able to participate in a PhD program in Hematologic Sciences.
Pathological Anatomy (CORSI):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal tissues, including possible applications and limits.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired with this course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowing the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Knowing the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), chronic viral infections (HBV, HCV, etc.) and tumors. Knowing the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 and Treg) in the development of these pathologies. Knowing the main mouse models used for the study of immunity cells in the aforesaid pathologies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limits and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of laboratory animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: short course aimed at the knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the species most frequently used in biomedical research, that is Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with mouse and rabbit details. Notes on hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, used to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural features of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals that are essential for anyone who has to face the - ethical and biotechnological - responsibility of animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: At the end of the course the student must be able to identify a topic of study (where possible similar to his own scientific interests and / or to his academic profile such as, for example, internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and correlate it to the description of anatomical features significant for the development of the investigation. The student – after performing a short bibliographic research, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or in English and will discuss his essay based on the relevant literature.
Cardiology (SAVOIA)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know the molecular and biological mechanisms of the main cardiovascular pathologies. In particular the student will know the fundamentals of angiogenesis and heart regeneration as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiac regeneration and repair included possible applicability and limitation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student should be able to recognize the mechanisms of cardiac organ damage and critically evaluate the role of stem cell in cardiology in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as the possible applicability in experimental and clinical models in order to elaborate tissue engineering solutions finalized to regeneration and repair.
Animal models of disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: advantages and limits of the genetically modified murine models ; the main procedures for the generation, the characterization and the maintenance of murine colonies; the specific traits of the different types of genetically modified murine models; the basic knowledge concerning the italian and european laws on animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: To apply the acquired knowledge in discriminating the specific charachteristics, the advantages and the limits of the different types of genetically modified murine models, and in critically evaluating their role in the study of human pathologies; to know the constraint of the law concerning the animal experimentation
Immuno-evasion models and viral oncology (SANTARELLI)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) herpesvirus immune evasion strategies; 3) the molecular mechanisms leading to the development of EBV- and KSHV-associated tumors. These herpesviruses are considered excellent models for studying oncogenic mechanisms; 4) the experimental approaches that have contributed to the development of the current therapeutic strategies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and the experimental approaches of the scientific articles presented during the course. Also, he/she should be able to interpret the results of scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, to propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (ULISSE - BALDINI)
Knowledge and understanding: For the endocrinology module (Ulisse), students should know: i) the pathophysiological basis of the main endocrine pathologies, including endocrine neoplasms, and in particular thyroid gland tumors; ii) the application of molecular biology techniques useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of endocrine neoplasms; iii) the application of biosensors in endocrinology; iv) gene therapy approaches in endocrinopathies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the Endocrinology module the students, starting from the current limits of molecular biology and biotechnologies in the field of diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and follow-up of endocrine pathologies, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnologies and their positive impact on patients’ life quality.
Making judgements:
The student will be able to link the pieces of knowledge acquired during the course and to associate the animal study models to the diseases presented. Establishing the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understanding and elaborating evaluations on the possibility of generating knock-out or "knock-in" animals for a gene whose mutation is causal or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been investigated (Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judging the depth of the results and the correctness of the experimental approach.

Communication skills:
For this the student will be evaluated during the exam.
Learning skills:
The indication to the use of scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed website, on the topics covered by the lectures, for the preparation of the exam will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnologies.

Educational objectives

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal, including possible applications and limits. At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired in course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathologic hemopoiesis. Acute and chronic leukemias as models for the understanding of the development of neoplasias and of the related treatment strategies Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia represent illuminating examples of how you can cure leukemias without systemic chemotherapy if the underlying pathogenetic mechanism is fully understood. Knowledge of the organization and laboratory support necessary to perform hemopoietic stem cell transplantations. Knowledge of hemostasis and thrombosis concepts, in particular in relation to heart diseases.
Applying knowledge and understanding: The student will be in a position to propose a research project in the field of hematology along the lines mastered during the course. He/she will for example be able to participate in a PhD program in Hematologic Sciences.
Pathological Anatomy (CORSI):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal tissues, including possible applications and limits.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired with this course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowing the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Knowing the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), chronic viral infections (HBV, HCV, etc.) and tumors. Knowing the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 and Treg) in the development of these pathologies. Knowing the main mouse models used for the study of immunity cells in the aforesaid pathologies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limits and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of laboratory animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: short course aimed at the knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the species most frequently used in biomedical research, that is Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with mouse and rabbit details. Notes on hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, used to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural features of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals that are essential for anyone who has to face the - ethical and biotechnological - responsibility of animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: At the end of the course the student must be able to identify a topic of study (where possible similar to his own scientific interests and / or to his academic profile such as, for example, internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and correlate it to the description of anatomical features significant for the development of the investigation. The student – after performing a short bibliographic research, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or in English and will discuss his essay based on the relevant literature.
Cardiology (SAVOIA)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know the molecular and biological mechanisms of the main cardiovascular pathologies. In particular the student will know the fundamentals of angiogenesis and heart regeneration as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiac regeneration and repair included possible applicability and limitation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student should be able to recognize the mechanisms of cardiac organ damage and critically evaluate the role of stem cell in cardiology in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as the possible applicability in experimental and clinical models in order to elaborate tissue engineering solutions finalized to regeneration and repair.
Animal models of disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: advantages and limits of the genetically modified murine models ; the main procedures for the generation, the characterization and the maintenance of murine colonies; the specific traits of the different types of genetically modified murine models; the basic knowledge concerning the italian and european laws on animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: To apply the acquired knowledge in discriminating the specific charachteristics, the advantages and the limits of the different types of genetically modified murine models, and in critically evaluating their role in the study of human pathologies; to know the constraint of the law concerning the animal experimentation
Immuno-evasion models and viral oncology (SANTARELLI)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) herpesvirus immune evasion strategies; 3) the molecular mechanisms leading to the development of EBV- and KSHV-associated tumors. These herpesviruses are considered excellent models for studying oncogenic mechanisms; 4) the experimental approaches that have contributed to the development of the current therapeutic strategies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and the experimental approaches of the scientific articles presented during the course. Also, he/she should be able to interpret the results of scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, to propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (ULISSE - BALDINI)
Knowledge and understanding: For the endocrinology module (Ulisse), students should know: i) the pathophysiological basis of the main endocrine pathologies, including endocrine neoplasms, and in particular thyroid gland tumors; ii) the application of molecular biology techniques useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of endocrine neoplasms; iii) the application of biosensors in endocrinology; iv) gene therapy approaches in endocrinopathies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the Endocrinology module the students, starting from the current limits of molecular biology and biotechnologies in the field of diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and follow-up of endocrine pathologies, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnologies and their positive impact on patients’ life quality.
Making judgements:
The student will be able to link the pieces of knowledge acquired during the course and to associate the animal study models to the diseases presented. Establishing the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understanding and elaborating evaluations on the possibility of generating knock-out or "knock-in" animals for a gene whose mutation is causal or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been investigated (Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judging the depth of the results and the correctness of the experimental approach.

Communication skills:
For this the student will be evaluated during the exam.
Learning skills:
The indication to the use of scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed website, on the topics covered by the lectures, for the preparation of the exam will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnologies.

Educational objectives

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal, including possible applications and limits. At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired in course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathologic hemopoiesis. Acute and chronic leukemias as models for the understanding of the development of neoplasias and of the related treatment strategies Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia represent illuminating examples of how you can cure leukemias without systemic chemotherapy if the underlying pathogenetic mechanism is fully understood. Knowledge of the organization and laboratory support necessary to perform hemopoietic stem cell transplantations. Knowledge of hemostasis and thrombosis concepts, in particular in relation to heart diseases.
Applying knowledge and understanding: The student will be in a position to propose a research project in the field of hematology along the lines mastered during the course. He/she will for example be able to participate in a PhD program in Hematologic Sciences.
Pathological Anatomy (CORSI):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal tissues, including possible applications and limits.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired with this course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowing the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Knowing the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), chronic viral infections (HBV, HCV, etc.) and tumors. Knowing the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 and Treg) in the development of these pathologies. Knowing the main mouse models used for the study of immunity cells in the aforesaid pathologies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limits and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of laboratory animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: short course aimed at the knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the species most frequently used in biomedical research, that is Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with mouse and rabbit details. Notes on hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, used to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural features of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals that are essential for anyone who has to face the - ethical and biotechnological - responsibility of animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: At the end of the course the student must be able to identify a topic of study (where possible similar to his own scientific interests and / or to his academic profile such as, for example, internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and correlate it to the description of anatomical features significant for the development of the investigation. The student – after performing a short bibliographic research, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or in English and will discuss his essay based on the relevant literature.
Cardiology (SAVOIA)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know the molecular and biological mechanisms of the main cardiovascular pathologies. In particular the student will know the fundamentals of angiogenesis and heart regeneration as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiac regeneration and repair included possible applicability and limitation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student should be able to recognize the mechanisms of cardiac organ damage and critically evaluate the role of stem cell in cardiology in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as the possible applicability in experimental and clinical models in order to elaborate tissue engineering solutions finalized to regeneration and repair.
Animal models of disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: advantages and limits of the genetically modified murine models ; the main procedures for the generation, the characterization and the maintenance of murine colonies; the specific traits of the different types of genetically modified murine models; the basic knowledge concerning the italian and european laws on animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: To apply the acquired knowledge in discriminating the specific charachteristics, the advantages and the limits of the different types of genetically modified murine models, and in critically evaluating their role in the study of human pathologies; to know the constraint of the law concerning the animal experimentation
Immuno-evasion models and viral oncology (SANTARELLI)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) herpesvirus immune evasion strategies; 3) the molecular mechanisms leading to the development of EBV- and KSHV-associated tumors. These herpesviruses are considered excellent models for studying oncogenic mechanisms; 4) the experimental approaches that have contributed to the development of the current therapeutic strategies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and the experimental approaches of the scientific articles presented during the course. Also, he/she should be able to interpret the results of scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, to propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (ULISSE - BALDINI)
Knowledge and understanding: For the endocrinology module (Ulisse), students should know: i) the pathophysiological basis of the main endocrine pathologies, including endocrine neoplasms, and in particular thyroid gland tumors; ii) the application of molecular biology techniques useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of endocrine neoplasms; iii) the application of biosensors in endocrinology; iv) gene therapy approaches in endocrinopathies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the Endocrinology module the students, starting from the current limits of molecular biology and biotechnologies in the field of diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and follow-up of endocrine pathologies, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnologies and their positive impact on patients’ life quality.
Making judgements:
The student will be able to link the pieces of knowledge acquired during the course and to associate the animal study models to the diseases presented. Establishing the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understanding and elaborating evaluations on the possibility of generating knock-out or "knock-in" animals for a gene whose mutation is causal or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been investigated (Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judging the depth of the results and the correctness of the experimental approach.

Communication skills:
For this the student will be evaluated during the exam.
Learning skills:
The indication to the use of scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed website, on the topics covered by the lectures, for the preparation of the exam will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnologies.

Educational objectives

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal, including possible applications and limits. At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired in course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathologic hemopoiesis. Acute and chronic leukemias as models for the understanding of the development of neoplasias and of the related treatment strategies Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia represent illuminating examples of how you can cure leukemias without systemic chemotherapy if the underlying pathogenetic mechanism is fully understood. Knowledge of the organization and laboratory support necessary to perform hemopoietic stem cell transplantations. Knowledge of hemostasis and thrombosis concepts, in particular in relation to heart diseases.
Applying knowledge and understanding: The student will be in a position to propose a research project in the field of hematology along the lines mastered during the course. He/she will for example be able to participate in a PhD program in Hematologic Sciences.
Pathological Anatomy (CORSI):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal tissues, including possible applications and limits.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired with this course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowing the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Knowing the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), chronic viral infections (HBV, HCV, etc.) and tumors. Knowing the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 and Treg) in the development of these pathologies. Knowing the main mouse models used for the study of immunity cells in the aforesaid pathologies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limits and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of laboratory animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: short course aimed at the knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the species most frequently used in biomedical research, that is Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with mouse and rabbit details. Notes on hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, used to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural features of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals that are essential for anyone who has to face the - ethical and biotechnological - responsibility of animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: At the end of the course the student must be able to identify a topic of study (where possible similar to his own scientific interests and / or to his academic profile such as, for example, internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and correlate it to the description of anatomical features significant for the development of the investigation. The student – after performing a short bibliographic research, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or in English and will discuss his essay based on the relevant literature.
Cardiology (SAVOIA)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know the molecular and biological mechanisms of the main cardiovascular pathologies. In particular the student will know the fundamentals of angiogenesis and heart regeneration as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiac regeneration and repair included possible applicability and limitation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student should be able to recognize the mechanisms of cardiac organ damage and critically evaluate the role of stem cell in cardiology in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as the possible applicability in experimental and clinical models in order to elaborate tissue engineering solutions finalized to regeneration and repair.
Animal models of disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: advantages and limits of the genetically modified murine models ; the main procedures for the generation, the characterization and the maintenance of murine colonies; the specific traits of the different types of genetically modified murine models; the basic knowledge concerning the italian and european laws on animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: To apply the acquired knowledge in discriminating the specific charachteristics, the advantages and the limits of the different types of genetically modified murine models, and in critically evaluating their role in the study of human pathologies; to know the constraint of the law concerning the animal experimentation
Immuno-evasion models and viral oncology (SANTARELLI)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) herpesvirus immune evasion strategies; 3) the molecular mechanisms leading to the development of EBV- and KSHV-associated tumors. These herpesviruses are considered excellent models for studying oncogenic mechanisms; 4) the experimental approaches that have contributed to the development of the current therapeutic strategies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and the experimental approaches of the scientific articles presented during the course. Also, he/she should be able to interpret the results of scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, to propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (ULISSE - BALDINI)
Knowledge and understanding: For the endocrinology module (Ulisse), students should know: i) the pathophysiological basis of the main endocrine pathologies, including endocrine neoplasms, and in particular thyroid gland tumors; ii) the application of molecular biology techniques useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of endocrine neoplasms; iii) the application of biosensors in endocrinology; iv) gene therapy approaches in endocrinopathies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the Endocrinology module the students, starting from the current limits of molecular biology and biotechnologies in the field of diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and follow-up of endocrine pathologies, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnologies and their positive impact on patients’ life quality.
Making judgements:
The student will be able to link the pieces of knowledge acquired during the course and to associate the animal study models to the diseases presented. Establishing the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understanding and elaborating evaluations on the possibility of generating knock-out or "knock-in" animals for a gene whose mutation is causal or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been investigated (Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judging the depth of the results and the correctness of the experimental approach.

Communication skills:
For this the student will be evaluated during the exam.
Learning skills:
The indication to the use of scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed website, on the topics covered by the lectures, for the preparation of the exam will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnologies.

Educational objectives

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal, including possible applications and limits. At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired in course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathologic hemopoiesis. Acute and chronic leukemias as models for the understanding of the development of neoplasias and of the related treatment strategies Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia represent illuminating examples of how you can cure leukemias without systemic chemotherapy if the underlying pathogenetic mechanism is fully understood. Knowledge of the organization and laboratory support necessary to perform hemopoietic stem cell transplantations. Knowledge of hemostasis and thrombosis concepts, in particular in relation to heart diseases.
Applying knowledge and understanding: The student will be in a position to propose a research project in the field of hematology along the lines mastered during the course. He/she will for example be able to participate in a PhD program in Hematologic Sciences.
Pathological Anatomy (CORSI):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal tissues, including possible applications and limits.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired with this course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowing the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Knowing the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), chronic viral infections (HBV, HCV, etc.) and tumors. Knowing the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 and Treg) in the development of these pathologies. Knowing the main mouse models used for the study of immunity cells in the aforesaid pathologies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limits and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of laboratory animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: short course aimed at the knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the species most frequently used in biomedical research, that is Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with mouse and rabbit details. Notes on hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, used to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural features of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals that are essential for anyone who has to face the - ethical and biotechnological - responsibility of animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: At the end of the course the student must be able to identify a topic of study (where possible similar to his own scientific interests and / or to his academic profile such as, for example, internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and correlate it to the description of anatomical features significant for the development of the investigation. The student – after performing a short bibliographic research, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or in English and will discuss his essay based on the relevant literature.
Cardiology (SAVOIA)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know the molecular and biological mechanisms of the main cardiovascular pathologies. In particular the student will know the fundamentals of angiogenesis and heart regeneration as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiac regeneration and repair included possible applicability and limitation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student should be able to recognize the mechanisms of cardiac organ damage and critically evaluate the role of stem cell in cardiology in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as the possible applicability in experimental and clinical models in order to elaborate tissue engineering solutions finalized to regeneration and repair.
Animal models of disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: advantages and limits of the genetically modified murine models ; the main procedures for the generation, the characterization and the maintenance of murine colonies; the specific traits of the different types of genetically modified murine models; the basic knowledge concerning the italian and european laws on animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: To apply the acquired knowledge in discriminating the specific charachteristics, the advantages and the limits of the different types of genetically modified murine models, and in critically evaluating their role in the study of human pathologies; to know the constraint of the law concerning the animal experimentation
Immuno-evasion models and viral oncology (SANTARELLI)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) herpesvirus immune evasion strategies; 3) the molecular mechanisms leading to the development of EBV- and KSHV-associated tumors. These herpesviruses are considered excellent models for studying oncogenic mechanisms; 4) the experimental approaches that have contributed to the development of the current therapeutic strategies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and the experimental approaches of the scientific articles presented during the course. Also, he/she should be able to interpret the results of scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, to propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (ULISSE - BALDINI)
Knowledge and understanding: For the endocrinology module (Ulisse), students should know: i) the pathophysiological basis of the main endocrine pathologies, including endocrine neoplasms, and in particular thyroid gland tumors; ii) the application of molecular biology techniques useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of endocrine neoplasms; iii) the application of biosensors in endocrinology; iv) gene therapy approaches in endocrinopathies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the Endocrinology module the students, starting from the current limits of molecular biology and biotechnologies in the field of diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and follow-up of endocrine pathologies, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnologies and their positive impact on patients’ life quality.
Making judgements:
The student will be able to link the pieces of knowledge acquired during the course and to associate the animal study models to the diseases presented. Establishing the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understanding and elaborating evaluations on the possibility of generating knock-out or "knock-in" animals for a gene whose mutation is causal or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been investigated (Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judging the depth of the results and the correctness of the experimental approach.

Communication skills:
For this the student will be evaluated during the exam.
Learning skills:
The indication to the use of scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed website, on the topics covered by the lectures, for the preparation of the exam will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnologies.

Educational objectives

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal, including possible applications and limits. At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired in course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathologic hemopoiesis. Acute and chronic leukemias as models for the understanding of the development of neoplasias and of the related treatment strategies Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia represent illuminating examples of how you can cure leukemias without systemic chemotherapy if the underlying pathogenetic mechanism is fully understood. Knowledge of the organization and laboratory support necessary to perform hemopoietic stem cell transplantations. Knowledge of hemostasis and thrombosis concepts, in particular in relation to heart diseases.
Applying knowledge and understanding: The student will be in a position to propose a research project in the field of hematology along the lines mastered during the course. He/she will for example be able to participate in a PhD program in Hematologic Sciences.
Pathological Anatomy (CORSI):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student must be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular skeletal tissues, including possible applications and limits.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student will be able, by applying the knowledge acquired with this course, to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in experimental models in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials, also in order to propose and develop tissue engineering solutions for reparative / regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowing the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Knowing the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), chronic viral infections (HBV, HCV, etc.) and tumors. Knowing the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 and Treg) in the development of these pathologies. Knowing the main mouse models used for the study of immunity cells in the aforesaid pathologies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limits and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of laboratory animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: short course aimed at the knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the species most frequently used in biomedical research, that is Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with mouse and rabbit details. Notes on hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, used to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural features of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals that are essential for anyone who has to face the - ethical and biotechnological - responsibility of animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Laboratory Animal Anatomy: At the end of the course the student must be able to identify a topic of study (where possible similar to his own scientific interests and / or to his academic profile such as, for example, internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and correlate it to the description of anatomical features significant for the development of the investigation. The student – after performing a short bibliographic research, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or in English and will discuss his essay based on the relevant literature.
Cardiology (SAVOIA)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know the molecular and biological mechanisms of the main cardiovascular pathologies. In particular the student will know the fundamentals of angiogenesis and heart regeneration as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiac regeneration and repair included possible applicability and limitation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student should be able to recognize the mechanisms of cardiac organ damage and critically evaluate the role of stem cell in cardiology in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as the possible applicability in experimental and clinical models in order to elaborate tissue engineering solutions finalized to regeneration and repair.
Animal models of disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: advantages and limits of the genetically modified murine models ; the main procedures for the generation, the characterization and the maintenance of murine colonies; the specific traits of the different types of genetically modified murine models; the basic knowledge concerning the italian and european laws on animal experimentation.
Applying knowledge and understanding: To apply the acquired knowledge in discriminating the specific charachteristics, the advantages and the limits of the different types of genetically modified murine models, and in critically evaluating their role in the study of human pathologies; to know the constraint of the law concerning the animal experimentation
Immuno-evasion models and viral oncology (SANTARELLI)
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) herpesvirus immune evasion strategies; 3) the molecular mechanisms leading to the development of EBV- and KSHV-associated tumors. These herpesviruses are considered excellent models for studying oncogenic mechanisms; 4) the experimental approaches that have contributed to the development of the current therapeutic strategies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: On the basis of the acquired knowledge, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and the experimental approaches of the scientific articles presented during the course. Also, he/she should be able to interpret the results of scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, to propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (ULISSE - BALDINI)
Knowledge and understanding: For the endocrinology module (Ulisse), students should know: i) the pathophysiological basis of the main endocrine pathologies, including endocrine neoplasms, and in particular thyroid gland tumors; ii) the application of molecular biology techniques useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of endocrine neoplasms; iii) the application of biosensors in endocrinology; iv) gene therapy approaches in endocrinopathies.
Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the Endocrinology module the students, starting from the current limits of molecular biology and biotechnologies in the field of diagnosis, therapy, prognosis and follow-up of endocrine pathologies, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnologies and their positive impact on patients’ life quality.
Making judgements:
The student will be able to link the pieces of knowledge acquired during the course and to associate the animal study models to the diseases presented. Establishing the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understanding and elaborating evaluations on the possibility of generating knock-out or "knock-in" animals for a gene whose mutation is causal or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been investigated (Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judging the depth of the results and the correctness of the experimental approach.

Communication skills:
For this the student will be evaluated during the exam.
Learning skills:
The indication to the use of scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed website, on the topics covered by the lectures, for the preparation of the exam will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnologies.

Educational objectives

AIMS

The course is organized in interconnected 3 modules: a) General Pharmacology: development of new medicinal products and Pharmacokinetic studies; b) Molecular therapies: targeted therapies with monoclonal antibodies c) Molecular therapies: targeted therapies with epigenetic therapies and nucleic acid based therapies

The main aims of the course are: i. to describe the several phases of drug development related to both chemical drugs as well as to biotech drugs, and advanced therapies, by focusing on the main differences between chemical drugs and biotech drugs and on the specific preclinical and clinical studies that need to be conducted for a marketing authorization application; ii. to understand the role and relevance of targeted therapies. Technical knowledge will be integrated with visits to biotech research units, aimed at understanding the specific challenges inherent to biotech drug development. A second aim of the course is the description of the tools, e.g. “scientific advice” and PRIME program, that allow early interactions between academic/industry researchers and European regulators (National Competent Authorities and EMA) to facilitate drug development and marketing authorization.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, students will:
1. understand the principles of pharmacokinetics, their relevance in drug research and development, and importance in therapy.
(module of Pharmacology)
2. understand the difference between innovative and non-innovative drugs, as well as the incentives and provisions laid out in the legislation. (module of Pharmacology);
2. know the main current targeted therapies (modules of Molecular therapies)
3. understand the authorisation studies to be included in the marketing authorisation application of both cjhemical and biotech drugs, the marketing authorisation options in EU and the main post-marketing drug monitor activities (module of Pharmacology)
4. be acquainted with the EMA guidelines on drug development and main tools for resercher-regulator early interactions aiming at facilitating drug development and marketing authorisation (module of Pharmacology);
5. be able to: i. plan, during his/her future professional life, the adequate studies for the appropriate scientific standards of drug approval to be met, according to EMA guidelines; ii. benefit from EMA regolatory tools including “scientific advice” (module of Pharmacology); and iii. keep updated on the contents of the course the subjects of which are rapidly evolving (all modules);
6. will develop critical skills on the subjects of the course also thanks to the discussion of scientific papers, preparation of a powerpoint presentation and visits to biotechnological research centers (modules of molecular therapies)
7. will improve his/her communication skills also thanks to the final oral exam that will include a discussion on selected scientific articles and a powerpoint presentation
8. will be familiar with the most modern bibliographic tools (databases, online texbooks of the platform ACCESS MEDICINE) which will allow her/him to stay updated on all frontier subjects in the field of pharmacology

Educational objectives

AIMS

The course is organized in interconnected 3 modules: a) General Pharmacology: development of new medicinal products and Pharmacokinetic studies; b) Molecular therapies: targeted therapies with monoclonal antibodies c) Molecular therapies: targeted therapies with epigenetic therapies and nucleic acid based therapies

The main aims of the course are: i. to describe the several phases of drug development related to both chemical drugs as well as to biotech drugs, and advanced therapies, by focusing on the main differences between chemical drugs and biotech drugs and on the specific preclinical and clinical studies that need to be conducted for a marketing authorization application; ii. to understand the role and relevance of targeted therapies. Technical knowledge will be integrated with visits to biotech research units, aimed at understanding the specific challenges inherent to biotech drug development. A second aim of the course is the description of the tools, e.g. “scientific advice” and PRIME program, that allow early interactions between academic/industry researchers and European regulators (National Competent Authorities and EMA) to facilitate drug development and marketing authorization.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, students will:
1. understand the principles of pharmacokinetics, their relevance in drug research and development, and importance in therapy.
(module of Pharmacology)
2. understand the difference between innovative and non-innovative drugs, as well as the incentives and provisions laid out in the legislation. (module of Pharmacology);
2. know the main current targeted therapies (modules of Molecular therapies)
3. understand the authorisation studies to be included in the marketing authorisation application of both cjhemical and biotech drugs, the marketing authorisation options in EU and the main post-marketing drug monitor activities (module of Pharmacology)
4. be acquainted with the EMA guidelines on drug development and main tools for resercher-regulator early interactions aiming at facilitating drug development and marketing authorisation (module of Pharmacology);
5. be able to: i. plan, during his/her future professional life, the adequate studies for the appropriate scientific standards of drug approval to be met, according to EMA guidelines; ii. benefit from EMA regolatory tools including “scientific advice” (module of Pharmacology); and iii. keep updated on the contents of the course the subjects of which are rapidly evolving (all modules);
6. will develop critical skills on the subjects of the course also thanks to the discussion of scientific papers, preparation of a powerpoint presentation and visits to biotechnological research centers (modules of molecular therapies)
7. will improve his/her communication skills also thanks to the final oral exam that will include a discussion on selected scientific articles and a powerpoint presentation
8. will be familiar with the most modern bibliographic tools (databases, online texbooks of the platform ACCESS MEDICINE) which will allow her/him to stay updated on all frontier subjects in the field of pharmacology

Educational objectives

AIMS

The course is organized in interconnected 3 modules: a) General Pharmacology: development of new medicinal products and Pharmacokinetic studies; b) Molecular therapies: targeted therapies with monoclonal antibodies c) Molecular therapies: targeted therapies with epigenetic therapies and nucleic acid based therapies

The main aims of the course are: i. to describe the several phases of drug development related to both chemical drugs as well as to biotech drugs, and advanced therapies, by focusing on the main differences between chemical drugs and biotech drugs and on the specific preclinical and clinical studies that need to be conducted for a marketing authorization application; ii. to understand the role and relevance of targeted therapies. Technical knowledge will be integrated with visits to biotech research units, aimed at understanding the specific challenges inherent to biotech drug development. A second aim of the course is the description of the tools, e.g. “scientific advice” and PRIME program, that allow early interactions between academic/industry researchers and European regulators (National Competent Authorities and EMA) to facilitate drug development and marketing authorization.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, students will:
1. understand the principles of pharmacokinetics, their relevance in drug research and development, and importance in therapy.
(module of Pharmacology)
2. understand the difference between innovative and non-innovative drugs, as well as the incentives and provisions laid out in the legislation. (module of Pharmacology);
2. know the main current targeted therapies (modules of Molecular therapies)
3. understand the authorisation studies to be included in the marketing authorisation application of both cjhemical and biotech drugs, the marketing authorisation options in EU and the main post-marketing drug monitor activities (module of Pharmacology)
4. be acquainted with the EMA guidelines on drug development and main tools for resercher-regulator early interactions aiming at facilitating drug development and marketing authorisation (module of Pharmacology);
5. be able to: i. plan, during his/her future professional life, the adequate studies for the appropriate scientific standards of drug approval to be met, according to EMA guidelines; ii. benefit from EMA regolatory tools including “scientific advice” (module of Pharmacology); and iii. keep updated on the contents of the course the subjects of which are rapidly evolving (all modules);
6. will develop critical skills on the subjects of the course also thanks to the discussion of scientific papers, preparation of a powerpoint presentation and visits to biotechnological research centers (modules of molecular therapies)
7. will improve his/her communication skills also thanks to the final oral exam that will include a discussion on selected scientific articles and a powerpoint presentation
8. will be familiar with the most modern bibliographic tools (databases, online texbooks of the platform ACCESS MEDICINE) which will allow her/him to stay updated on all frontier subjects in the field of pharmacology

Educational objectives

General objectives
Learning of principles and aims of laboratory, molecular and imaging diagnostics in the biotechnologies applied to medical diagnostics. Critical approach to the main application fields: infectious, genetic, neoplastic and inflammatory diseases, farmacogenomics.

Educational objectives

General objectives
Learning of principles and aims of laboratory, molecular and imaging diagnostics in the biotechnologies applied to medical diagnostics. Critical approach to the main application fields: infectious, genetic, neoplastic and inflammatory diseases, farmacogenomics.

Educational objectives

General objectives
Learning of principles and aims of laboratory, molecular and imaging diagnostics in the biotechnologies applied to medical diagnostics. Critical approach to the main application fields: infectious, genetic, neoplastic and inflammatory diseases, farmacogenomics.

Educational objectives

General objectives
Learning of principles and aims of laboratory, molecular and imaging diagnostics in the biotechnologies applied to medical diagnostics. Critical approach to the main application fields: infectious, genetic, neoplastic and inflammatory diseases, farmacogenomics.

Educational objectives

General objectives
Learning of principles and aims of laboratory, molecular and imaging diagnostics in the biotechnologies applied to medical diagnostics. Critical approach to the main application fields: infectious, genetic, neoplastic and inflammatory diseases, farmacogenomics.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide knowledge of i) the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological cellular functions (e.g., cell proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation), ii) how the cell regulates these functions in response to stimuli from the tissue microenvironment, iii) how it integrates these signals in order to contribute to the tissue homeostasis, iv) the alterations found in different physio-pathological conditions. The neoplastic transformation will be used as a paradigm of deregulations involving multi-level cellular function, and the liver as example of organ for physio-pathological studies. The student, once acquired knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell functions, will acquire skills to propose experimental approaches for the analysis of these functions both in vitro and in vivo.
These skills will be developed through simulations of scientific problems in interactive lessons, where students will develop critical skills, will apply the acquired knowledge and will discuss collectively the possible experimental approaches for their solving.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide knowledge of i) the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological cellular functions (e.g., cell proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation), ii) how the cell regulates these functions in response to stimuli from the tissue microenvironment, iii) how it integrates these signals in order to contribute to the tissue homeostasis, iv) the alterations found in different physio-pathological conditions. The neoplastic transformation will be used as a paradigm of deregulations involving multi-level cellular function, and the liver as example of organ for physio-pathological studies. The student, once acquired knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell functions, will acquire skills to propose experimental approaches for the analysis of these functions both in vitro and in vivo.
These skills will be developed through simulations of scientific problems in interactive lessons, where students will develop critical skills, will apply the acquired knowledge and will discuss collectively the possible experimental approaches for their solving.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide knowledge of i) the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological cellular functions (e.g., cell proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation), ii) how the cell regulates these functions in response to stimuli from the tissue microenvironment, iii) how it integrates these signals in order to contribute to the tissue homeostasis, iv) the alterations found in different physio-pathological conditions. The neoplastic transformation will be used as a paradigm of deregulations involving multi-level cellular function, and the liver as example of organ for physio-pathological studies. The student, once acquired knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell functions, will acquire skills to propose experimental approaches for the analysis of these functions both in vitro and in vivo.
These skills will be developed through simulations of scientific problems in interactive lessons, where students will develop critical skills, will apply the acquired knowledge and will discuss collectively the possible experimental approaches for their solving.

Educational objectives

As for the module "Human physiology":
At the end of the course, the student should know: the function of the different organs of the human body; the dynamic integration of several organs into an apparatus; the general mechanisms of functional control in normal conditions; the main functional indexes in healthy subjects; the main applications to medicine of biophysical and biomedical techniques. He should know the acquisition techniques of the main physiological parameters.
As for the module "Human anatomy":
1. To learn the main methods and instruments used in the microscopic and ultrastructural research of biological samples, with special regard to transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
2. To recognize the main morpho-functional and ultrastructural parameters of anatomical organs and structures of the human body which are of particular interest in the biotechnological field.

Educational objectives

As for the module "Human anatomy":
1. To learn the main methods and instruments used in the microscopic and ultrastructural research of biological samples, with special regard to transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
2. To recognize the main morpho-functional and ultrastructural parameters of anatomical organs and structures of the human body which are of particular interest in the biotechnological field.

Educational objectives

As for the module "Human physiology":
At the end of the course, the student should know: the function of the different organs of the human body; the dynamic integration of several organs into an apparatus; the general mechanisms of functional control in normal conditions; the main functional indexes in healthy subjects; the main applications to medicine of biophysical and biomedical techniques. He should know the acquisition techniques of the main physiological parameters.
As for the module "Human anatomy":
1. To learn the main methods and instruments used in the microscopic and ultrastructural research of biological samples, with special regard to transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
2. To recognize the main morpho-functional and ultrastructural parameters of anatomical organs and structures of the human body which are of particular interest in the biotechnological field.

Educational objectives

1. To know the main theories on the origin and evolution of viruses and parasites
2. To give the students an understanding of the biological and molecular processes involved in the interaction between microorganisms and host and in pathogenicity;
3. To know causes and mechanisms responsible of the main viral and parasitic diseases.
4. To learn about the molecular mechanisms involved in antiviral resistance;
5. To know application of the main biotechnology in the diagnosis, prevention and chemotherapy of infectious diseases.
These objectives will be reached by traditional lesson, seminars and interactive activity

Educational objectives

1. To know the main theories on the origin and evolution of viruses and parasites
2. To give the students an understanding of the biological and molecular processes involved in the interaction between microorganisms and host and in pathogenicity;
3. To know causes and mechanisms responsible of the main viral and parasitic diseases.
4. To learn about the molecular mechanisms involved in antiviral resistance;
5. To know application of the main biotechnology in the diagnosis, prevention and chemotherapy of infectious diseases.
These objectives will be reached by traditional lesson, seminars and interactive activity

Educational objectives

1. To know the main theories on the origin and evolution of viruses and parasites
2. To give the students an understanding of the biological and molecular processes involved in the interaction between microorganisms and host and in pathogenicity;
3. To know causes and mechanisms responsible of the main viral and parasitic diseases.
4. To learn about the molecular mechanisms involved in antiviral resistance;
5. To know application of the main biotechnology in the diagnosis, prevention and chemotherapy of infectious diseases.
These objectives will be reached by traditional lesson, seminars and interactive activity

Educational objectives

Learning bioinformatics data and tools, with special attention to their limitations
Being able to correctly use bioinformatics tools, with special attention to proteomic studies
To learn the general principles of the design, production and mutagenesis of proteins
Acquiring capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

Learning bioinformatics data and tools, with special attention to their limitations
Being able to correctly use bioinformatics tools, with special attention to proteomic studies
To learn the general principles of the design, production and mutagenesis of proteins
Acquiring capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

The main objectives of the course are to provide the basis for understanding (i) the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of embryonic differentiation and development and (ii) the molecular mechanisms of homeostasis, regeneration and tissue repair. Tissue development and regeneration share common features, since the molecular program that underlines prenatal development is reactivated for tissue reconstruction after injury. Regenerative medicine has therefore gained important insights through the study of developmental biology. It is therefore the aim of this course to compare the molecular mechanisms underlying the embryo development and tissue remodeling.
The recent explosion of information on stem cells highlights their capacity for self renewal and their contribution in creating multiple tissue types but has still not brought us a clear understanding of the underlying molecular biology in any system. In this course we will discuss the biology of stem cells, their therapeutic potentialities and their limitation. In addition, we will discuss the role of tissue niche in the modulation of stem cell fate and the factors that can modulate the molecular signalling pathways critical to the activation of progenitor cells. Moreover, the course will contribute to understand the key issue in enhancing tissue and organ regeneration, how to mobilize stem cells and how to provide an appropriate environment (“niche”) for their tissue and organ-specific recruitment, 'homing' and complete functional integration. Therefore, at the end of the course the student should be aware about the methodological and experimental contents of the discipline and should be able to apply them prospectively to the biomedical, biotechnological and physiopathological.

Educational objectives

As for the module "Human physiology":
At the end of the course, the student should know: the function of the different organs of the human body; the dynamic integration of several organs into an apparatus; the general mechanisms of functional control in normal conditions; the main functional indexes in healthy subjects; the main applications to medicine of biophysical and biomedical techniques. He should know the acquisition techniques of the main physiological parameters.
As for the module "Human anatomy":
1. To learn the main methods and instruments used in the microscopic and ultrastructural research of biological samples, with special regard to transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
2. To recognize the main morpho-functional and ultrastructural parameters of anatomical organs and structures of the human body which are of particular interest in the biotechnological field.

Educational objectives

As for the module "Human anatomy":
1. To learn the main methods and instruments used in the microscopic and ultrastructural research of biological samples, with special regard to transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
2. To recognize the main morpho-functional and ultrastructural parameters of anatomical organs and structures of the human body which are of particular interest in the biotechnological field.

Educational objectives

As for the module "Human physiology":
At the end of the course, the student should know: the function of the different organs of the human body; the dynamic integration of several organs into an apparatus; the general mechanisms of functional control in normal conditions; the main functional indexes in healthy subjects; the main applications to medicine of biophysical and biomedical techniques. He should know the acquisition techniques of the main physiological parameters.
As for the module "Human anatomy":
1. To learn the main methods and instruments used in the microscopic and ultrastructural research of biological samples, with special regard to transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
2. To recognize the main morpho-functional and ultrastructural parameters of anatomical organs and structures of the human body which are of particular interest in the biotechnological field.

Educational objectives

Learning bioinformatics data and tools, with special attention to their limitations
Being able to correctly use bioinformatics tools, with special attention to proteomic studies
To learn the general principles of the design, production and mutagenesis of proteins
Acquiring capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

Learning bioinformatics data and tools, with special attention to their limitations
Being able to correctly use bioinformatics tools, with special attention to proteomic studies
To learn the general principles of the design, production and mutagenesis of proteins
Acquiring capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

Provide knowledge of the basic elements of the operating characteristics of a company, of the construction techniques of a business plan and of the characteristics of innovative companies with a high technological content.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the principles and regulatory tools for the protection of human rights in the biomedical biotechnology sector. Knowledge and application of the principles and rules of ethics in research and integrity in research. Analysis of international charters and reference documents. Governance of biobanks and informed consent models. Principles and regulations on biosecurity and traceability of human tissues and cells.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives
The aim of the course is to give students:
-knowledge of the most innovative cellular and tissue biotechnological methods, used in clinical practice, including cellular systems, bioartificial tissues, artificial and bioartificial organs, cellular systems producing biologically active molecules, in relation to specific organs and pathologies.
-Knowing bioengineering approaches (under construction or in phase of experimental verification) to the resolution of clinical problems.
-Capacity to collaborate with medical-surgical professionals, suggesting strategies and therapeutic approaches based on innovative biotechnological procedures and materials.
-Capacity of autonomous bibliographic research and critical analysis of scientific publications produced in the field of bioengineering and evaluation of the translational benefit of scientific data produced by the international community.
- Ability to develop simple research projects.
-Capacity to communicate, through the Journal Clubs, the new bio-engineering applications, the development of translational scientific research and basic research, identifying in the latter the potential development in terms of new therapeutic protocols.
-Capacity to understand the feasibility of biotechnological therapeutic protocols and the procedures to be followed on the basis of the tools available and the law/regulations in force.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
-know the mechanisms regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, with particular regard to the study of multi-potent stem cells of epithelial derivation and of hepatic stem cells.
-Know the contribution of translation al research, conveyed with technological transfer from innovative production sectors such as biotechnologies, bioinformatics, nanotechnologies, to the clinic.
-Know the use of new functionalized scaffolds through the insertion of different cell types (eg fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hepatic cells, cardiomyocytes) or specific growth factors, for the in vitro production of "organoid" tissues.
-Address the problem of the clinical application of cell therapies for the in vitro production of epithelia and mucous membranes in rare diseases with a strong social impact.
-Understand of the possibilities, current and future, of therapy of acute and subacute liver disorders based on the realization of engineered liver tissue.
-Develop therapeutic strategies to support cardiac function in pre-clinical and translational studies, based on biotechnological approaches (such as the development of models of cellular and substitutive tissue therapies and models of devices).
-Know and know how to apply biotechnological methodologies for the preparation of organ, primary, cellular, histotypical, organotypic cultures and learn the use of bioreactors for the development of experimental protocols with a translational-therapeutic purpose.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives
The aim of the course is to give students:
-knowledge of the most innovative cellular and tissue biotechnological methods, used in clinical practice, including cellular systems, bioartificial tissues, artificial and bioartificial organs, cellular systems producing biologically active molecules, in relation to specific organs and pathologies.
-Knowing bioengineering approaches (under construction or in phase of experimental verification) to the resolution of clinical problems.
-Capacity to collaborate with medical-surgical professionals, suggesting strategies and therapeutic approaches based on innovative biotechnological procedures and materials.
-Capacity of autonomous bibliographic research and critical analysis of scientific publications produced in the field of bioengineering and evaluation of the translational benefit of scientific data produced by the international community.
- Ability to develop simple research projects.
-Capacity to communicate, through the Journal Clubs, the new bio-engineering applications, the development of translational scientific research and basic research, identifying in the latter the potential development in terms of new therapeutic protocols.
-Capacity to understand the feasibility of biotechnological therapeutic protocols and the procedures to be followed on the basis of the tools available and the law/regulations in force.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
-know the mechanisms regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, with particular regard to the study of multi-potent stem cells of epithelial derivation and of hepatic stem cells.
-Know the contribution of translation al research, conveyed with technological transfer from innovative production sectors such as biotechnologies, bioinformatics, nanotechnologies, to the clinic.
-Know the use of new functionalized scaffolds through the insertion of different cell types (eg fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hepatic cells, cardiomyocytes) or specific growth factors, for the in vitro production of "organoid" tissues.
-Address the problem of the clinical application of cell therapies for the in vitro production of epithelia and mucous membranes in rare diseases with a strong social impact.
-Understand of the possibilities, current and future, of therapy of acute and subacute liver disorders based on the realization of engineered liver tissue.
-Develop therapeutic strategies to support cardiac function in pre-clinical and translational studies, based on biotechnological approaches (such as the development of models of cellular and substitutive tissue therapies and models of devices).
-Know and know how to apply biotechnological methodologies for the preparation of organ, primary, cellular, histotypical, organotypic cultures and learn the use of bioreactors for the development of experimental protocols with a translational-therapeutic purpose.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives
The aim of the course is to give students:
-knowledge of the most innovative cellular and tissue biotechnological methods, used in clinical practice, including cellular systems, bioartificial tissues, artificial and bioartificial organs, cellular systems producing biologically active molecules, in relation to specific organs and pathologies.
-Knowing bioengineering approaches (under construction or in phase of experimental verification) to the resolution of clinical problems.
-Capacity to collaborate with medical-surgical professionals, suggesting strategies and therapeutic approaches based on innovative biotechnological procedures and materials.
-Capacity of autonomous bibliographic research and critical analysis of scientific publications produced in the field of bioengineering and evaluation of the translational benefit of scientific data produced by the international community.
- Ability to develop simple research projects.
-Capacity to communicate, through the Journal Clubs, the new bio-engineering applications, the development of translational scientific research and basic research, identifying in the latter the potential development in terms of new therapeutic protocols.
-Capacity to understand the feasibility of biotechnological therapeutic protocols and the procedures to be followed on the basis of the tools available and the law/regulations in force.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
-know the mechanisms regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, with particular regard to the study of multi-potent stem cells of epithelial derivation and of hepatic stem cells.
-Know the contribution of translation al research, conveyed with technological transfer from innovative production sectors such as biotechnologies, bioinformatics, nanotechnologies, to the clinic.
-Know the use of new functionalized scaffolds through the insertion of different cell types (eg fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hepatic cells, cardiomyocytes) or specific growth factors, for the in vitro production of "organoid" tissues.
-Address the problem of the clinical application of cell therapies for the in vitro production of epithelia and mucous membranes in rare diseases with a strong social impact.
-Understand of the possibilities, current and future, of therapy of acute and subacute liver disorders based on the realization of engineered liver tissue.
-Develop therapeutic strategies to support cardiac function in pre-clinical and translational studies, based on biotechnological approaches (such as the development of models of cellular and substitutive tissue therapies and models of devices).
-Know and know how to apply biotechnological methodologies for the preparation of organ, primary, cellular, histotypical, organotypic cultures and learn the use of bioreactors for the development of experimental protocols with a translational-therapeutic purpose.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives
The aim of the course is to give students:
-knowledge of the most innovative cellular and tissue biotechnological methods, used in clinical practice, including cellular systems, bioartificial tissues, artificial and bioartificial organs, cellular systems producing biologically active molecules, in relation to specific organs and pathologies.
-Knowing bioengineering approaches (under construction or in phase of experimental verification) to the resolution of clinical problems.
-Capacity to collaborate with medical-surgical professionals, suggesting strategies and therapeutic approaches based on innovative biotechnological procedures and materials.
-Capacity of autonomous bibliographic research and critical analysis of scientific publications produced in the field of bioengineering and evaluation of the translational benefit of scientific data produced by the international community.
- Ability to develop simple research projects.
-Capacity to communicate, through the Journal Clubs, the new bio-engineering applications, the development of translational scientific research and basic research, identifying in the latter the potential development in terms of new therapeutic protocols.
-Capacity to understand the feasibility of biotechnological therapeutic protocols and the procedures to be followed on the basis of the tools available and the law/regulations in force.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
-know the mechanisms regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, with particular regard to the study of multi-potent stem cells of epithelial derivation and of hepatic stem cells.
-Know the contribution of translation al research, conveyed with technological transfer from innovative production sectors such as biotechnologies, bioinformatics, nanotechnologies, to the clinic.
-Know the use of new functionalized scaffolds through the insertion of different cell types (eg fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hepatic cells, cardiomyocytes) or specific growth factors, for the in vitro production of "organoid" tissues.
-Address the problem of the clinical application of cell therapies for the in vitro production of epithelia and mucous membranes in rare diseases with a strong social impact.
-Understand of the possibilities, current and future, of therapy of acute and subacute liver disorders based on the realization of engineered liver tissue.
-Develop therapeutic strategies to support cardiac function in pre-clinical and translational studies, based on biotechnological approaches (such as the development of models of cellular and substitutive tissue therapies and models of devices).
-Know and know how to apply biotechnological methodologies for the preparation of organ, primary, cellular, histotypical, organotypic cultures and learn the use of bioreactors for the development of experimental protocols with a translational-therapeutic purpose.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives
The aim of the course is to give students:
-knowledge of the most innovative cellular and tissue biotechnological methods, used in clinical practice, including cellular systems, bioartificial tissues, artificial and bioartificial organs, cellular systems producing biologically active molecules, in relation to specific organs and pathologies.
-Knowing bioengineering approaches (under construction or in phase of experimental verification) to the resolution of clinical problems.
-Capacity to collaborate with medical-surgical professionals, suggesting strategies and therapeutic approaches based on innovative biotechnological procedures and materials.
-Capacity of autonomous bibliographic research and critical analysis of scientific publications produced in the field of bioengineering and evaluation of the translational benefit of scientific data produced by the international community.
- Ability to develop simple research projects.
-Capacity to communicate, through the Journal Clubs, the new bio-engineering applications, the development of translational scientific research and basic research, identifying in the latter the potential development in terms of new therapeutic protocols.
-Capacity to understand the feasibility of biotechnological therapeutic protocols and the procedures to be followed on the basis of the tools available and the law/regulations in force.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
-know the mechanisms regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, with particular regard to the study of multi-potent stem cells of epithelial derivation and of hepatic stem cells.
-Know the contribution of translation al research, conveyed with technological transfer from innovative production sectors such as biotechnologies, bioinformatics, nanotechnologies, to the clinic.
-Know the use of new functionalized scaffolds through the insertion of different cell types (eg fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hepatic cells, cardiomyocytes) or specific growth factors, for the in vitro production of "organoid" tissues.
-Address the problem of the clinical application of cell therapies for the in vitro production of epithelia and mucous membranes in rare diseases with a strong social impact.
-Understand of the possibilities, current and future, of therapy of acute and subacute liver disorders based on the realization of engineered liver tissue.
-Develop therapeutic strategies to support cardiac function in pre-clinical and translational studies, based on biotechnological approaches (such as the development of models of cellular and substitutive tissue therapies and models of devices).
-Know and know how to apply biotechnological methodologies for the preparation of organ, primary, cellular, histotypical, organotypic cultures and learn the use of bioreactors for the development of experimental protocols with a translational-therapeutic purpose.

Educational objectives

At the end of the course the student must know the basics about the clinical application of biomaterials, in particular those of metal, composites, polymers and ceramics.

Educational objectives

At the end of the course the student must know the basics about the clinical application of biomaterials, in particular those of metal, composites, polymers and ceramics.
The student must also be able to put into practice the procedures described.

Educational objectives

At the end of the course the student must know the basics about the clinical application of biomaterials, in particular those of metal, composites, polymers and ceramics.

Educational objectives

At the end of the course the student must know the basics about the clinical application of biomaterials, in particular those of metal, composites, polymers and ceramics.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the fundamentals of applied and computational mechanics.
Application to medical biotechnologies and, in particular, to prosthetic devices and enabling micro- and nanotechnologies.
The course aims at developing in students the skills to study independently recent research in biomechanics and the skills to communicate the results to specialist and non-specialist audiences.
Provide some theoretical notes on Tissue Biomechanics.
Make two simple experiments of tissue characterization.
To provide the clinical and pathophysiological anatomical elements of the main pathologies that make use of the use of high-tech prosthetic implants, both in the vascular and in the orthopedic field.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the fundamentals of applied and computational mechanics. Application to medical biotechnologies and, in particular, to prosthetic devices and enabling micro- and nanotechnologies. The course aims at developing in students the skills to study independently recent research in biomechanics and the skills to communicate the results to specialist and non-specialist audiences.

Educational objectives

Provide some theoretical notes on Tissue Biomechanics.
Make two simple experiments of tissue characterization.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the fundamentals of applied and computational mechanics.
Application to medical biotechnologies and, in particular, to prosthetic devices and enabling micro- and nanotechnologies.
The course aims at developing in students the skills to study independently recent research in biomechanics and the skills to communicate the results to specialist and non-specialist audiences.
Provide some theoretical notes on Tissue Biomechanics.
Make two simple experiments of tissue characterization.
To provide the clinical and pathophysiological anatomical elements of the main pathologies that make use of the use of high-tech prosthetic implants, both in the vascular and in the orthopedic field.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the fundamentals of applied and computational mechanics.
Application to medical biotechnologies and, in particular, to prosthetic devices and enabling micro- and nanotechnologies.
The course aims at developing in students the skills to study independently recent research in biomechanics and the skills to communicate the results to specialist and non-specialist audiences.
Provide some theoretical notes on Tissue Biomechanics.
Make two simple experiments of tissue characterization.
To provide the clinical and pathophysiological anatomical elements of the main pathologies that make use of the use of high-tech prosthetic implants, both in the vascular and in the orthopedic field.