Medicine and Surgery

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To be able to:
­- Central Nervous system: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures.
­- Peripheral Nervous system: special senses, skin and its appendages: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures,
­- Endocrine system: recognition of microscopic structures,
­- Clinical integration through clinical and surgery anatomy seminars.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To be able to:
­- Central Nervous system: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures.
­- Peripheral Nervous system: special senses, skin and its appendages: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures,
­- Endocrine system: recognition of microscopic structures,
­- Clinical integration through clinical and surgery anatomy seminars.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
By the end of the course, the student must know the structural organization and functions of the human body and their main anatomical and clinical applications at macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural level, connecting the structural organization and corresponding functions in a medical practice perspective.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To be able to:
­- Central Nervous system: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures.
­- Peripheral Nervous system: special senses, skin and its appendages: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures,
­- Endocrine system: recognition of microscopic structures,
­- Clinical integration through clinical and surgery anatomy seminars.

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, the students should have knowledge of basic chemistry and of biochemical structures: glucides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. In addition, he/she shoudl:
Know the chemical bases of pathophysiological processes,
Address in molecular terms some simple biomedical aspects,
Be aware of the importance of the chemical instruments in the cultural formation of a medical doctor.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Acquire the basic knowledge of Physics consistent with the scientific and technological developments of Medicine in its modern evolution.
Learn the fundamental principles of Physics useful for the understanding of the biomedical phenomena and the working principles of the new diagnostic methodologies as well as being able to better acquire interdisciplinary knowledge involving the laws and the principles of Physics.

By the end of the course, the student must:
- Be able to enunciate and explain a fundamental law of physics, by using the appropriate notation and the correct symbols for the physics quantities they represent.
- Be able to recognize and apply the fundamental physics laws that are needed to explain a physics phenomenon in a context that is either generic, applied to medicine or applied to biology.
- Be able to solve a simple problem of physics by calculating the physical quantity and expressing it with the appropriate units of measurement with the use of simple algebraic tools and basic trigonometric functions.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course has the objective to provide the knowledge to understand our metabolism, how this is controlled under normalcy and altered in pathological conditions.
At the end of the course, the student must:
- know the structure and structure-function relationships of the main biomolecules
- know the principles on which the techniques of common use are based in biochemical research and the methods used in the clinical analysis laboratory
- know the main metabolic pathways, their regulation at the molecular and cellular level, and their integration;
- recognize the rationale that governs the intermediate metabolic fluxes;
- be conscious that perturbations in the structures of biological macromolecules, which carry out reactions and which are involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways, are at the onset of pathological cellular and systemic conditions.
- know how specific hormonal cascades, via receptors binding and signal transduction, lead to a fine tuning of our metabolism at the whole organism level.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
- know how specific hormonal cascades, via receptors binding and signal transduction, lead to a fine tuning of our metabolism at the whole organism level.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
- know the structure and function of amino acids, oligopeptides and water-soluble vitamins
- know the structure and function of fibrous proteins, myoglobin, hemoglobin and immunoglobulins
- know the properties and function of enzymes and their study
- know some methodologies of study and characterization of proteins
- know structure and function of carbohydrates and the bonds that stabilize the formation of polymers. Assembly of carbohydrates complexes with proteins and lipids
- know structure and function of lipids. Storage lipids and lipid components of membranes. Membrane architecture and function.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
- know how the structure of DNA and the bonds that stabilize it and that intervene in the specific interactions between DNA and proteins (structural and regulatory) are the basis of the control of gene expression
- biochemical basis of blood coagulation.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course has the objective to provide the knowledge to understand our metabolism, how this is controlled under normalcy and altered in pathological conditions.
At the end of the course, the student must:
- know the structure and structure-function relationships of the main biomolecules
- know the principles on which the techniques of common use are based in biochemical research and the methods used in the clinical analysis laboratory
- know the main metabolic pathways, their regulation at the molecular and cellular level, and their integration;
- recognize the rationale that governs the intermediate metabolic fluxes;
- be conscious that perturbations in the structures of biological macromolecules, which carry out reactions and which are involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways, are at the onset of pathological cellular and systemic conditions.
- know how specific hormonal cascades, via receptors binding and signal transduction, lead to a fine tuning of our metabolism at the whole organism level.

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to give students the tools to be familiar with structure and function of the principal components of the cell; to understand the molecular basis of cellular functions; to be aware of how the alteration of cellular functions can bring about pathological states. Students will learn how the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and proteins and how traits are inherited from one generation to the other. Concepts of classical and molecular genetics will be taught. The students will learn the main principles and application of genomic science, including the most common approaches to Mendelian and complex disease gene identification.
To know how to formulate a medical problem in biological and genetic terms.

BIO/13
Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the function and the composition of the plasma membrane.
• Understand why most cells are small in size.
• Describe structure and functions of membrane proteins.
• Understand the importance of selective permeability in biological systems.
• Differentiate among diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
• Understand the importance of coupled channels, cotransport, and countertransport.
• Explain and give examples of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum both in structure and function.
• Understand how the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus interact with one another and know with which other organelles they are associated.
• Identify the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement.
• Understand the value of ATP in biological metabolic reactions.
• Describe two ways in which cells generate ATP and indicate which is the more efficient process.
• Describe the nucleus and its components and explain its role in the regulation of cell functions.
• Describe the molecular composition of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Understand the differences between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
• Define signal transduction pathways.
• Differentiate between intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors in terms of function.
• Know the three cell surface receptor superfamilies, the basic structures of each and how each functions to convert an extracellular signal to an internal one.
• Understand how cAMP and calcium function as second messengers and why they are necessary.
• Explain the amplification process associated with protein kinase cascades.
• Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis
• Describe the molecular mechanisms regulating and controlling cell division and the cell cycle
• Exemplify how extracellular signals affect cell division and how cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins control the cell cycle normally and in cancer.
• Describe the process of Apoptosis. Outline the physiological role of apoptosis during development and homeostasis maintenance.

MED/03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
• Describe the Human Genome Project and subsequent international projects such as HapMap and TCGA
• Describe the use of microarrays and high-throughput sequencing
• Describe the molecular diagnostics of Mendelian diseases
• Describe the effects of somatic mutations and oncological genetics
• Describe the main approaches for gene mapping of Mendelian disorders
• Define the major principles of population genetics including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
• Understand the effect of consanguineity on risk of genetic disorders
• Describe the major approaches from genetic epidemiology to identify the presence of genetic risk factors for complex disorders
• Describe the rationale for GWAS and the major results obtained in understanding the genetic bases of complex disorders

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Becoming acquainted with the relationship between structure and function in adult tissues and during organogenesis

Learning outcomes:
• Learning the morphofunctional organization of histological structures in the human body and in the embryo.
• Familiarize with the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration.
• Acquire the ability to analyze, interpret and describe histological samples.
• Understand the methodological and experimental approaches used to define and describe tissues; learn how to apply these approaches to biomedical and physio-pathological problems.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives I:
By the end of the course the student should
- have acquired method and learning appropriate towards a theoretical practical background based on scientific bases and human relationships. The student should know the main stages of the evolution of medical thought, including a multicultural perspective. The student should know the origin, evolution and current use of the main terms used in medicine and be able to explain conceptual implications. The student should be aware of the variability inherent in biological, clinical and instrumental data and the usefulness of statistical methodology for synthesis and understanding of bio-medical phenomena.
- be able to establish collaboration with different professionals in group work, respecting the various autonomies. The student should use precise and appropriate medical terminology for a better understanding and transmission of data. The student should correctly apply the method of gathering and recording information: be able to discuss about quantitative methods in medicine and the measurement of biological phenomena, be able to use statistical, probabilistic and data processing instruments in order to manage the uncertainty connected with the nature of the medical process.
- know how to establish a therapeutic alliance with the patient and be able to apply the principle of “caring for”. The student should create a relationship with the patient, relatives and the personnel involved in assisting the patient and other colleagues involved in the diagnostic-therapeutic programme.

Main teaching objectives II
The course aims to provide the student with the knowledge for:
• using appropriate methodology to evaluate and interpret the main socio-health indicators; knowing health and demographic indicators, demographic and epidemiology transitions; understanding and interpreting basic epidemiology, measures of disease frequency and association, cause-effect relationship, strategies for prevention;
• recognizing and countering threats to public health: particularly tobacco and obesity;
• preventing ill-health and premature death and comparing prevention strategies based on the individual person and on the population;
• understanding the usefulness of psychology in the medical field, knowing the history of psychology, the research methods, the adaptiveness of behaviour, the basic processes of learning, memory, the implications for comunication with patients; cognitive decline, thought and systematic biases in our reasoning with implications for the medical context;
• knowing determinants of relationships between doctors, other health professionals, patients, fundamentals of responsibility in medical practice and in research, informed consent in medicine and in research, knowing the basic issues of health and safety at the workplace, being able to read critically and use published observational studies;
• improving knowledge, oral and written communication skills in the English scientific language, expanding the lexicon in the medical field, elaborating technical glossaries, texts and reports, oral and written presentations; knowing bibliographic research methods;
• knowing elements of interpersonal, professional and Public Speaking communication;
• building team work skills to improve in public speaking capacity.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To be able to:
­- Central Nervous system: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures.
­- Peripheral Nervous system: special senses, skin and its appendages: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures,
­- Endocrine system: recognition of microscopic structures,
­- Clinical integration through clinical and surgery anatomy seminars.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To be able to:
­- Central Nervous system: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures.
­- Peripheral Nervous system: special senses, skin and its appendages: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures,
­- Endocrine system: recognition of microscopic structures,
­- Clinical integration through clinical and surgery anatomy seminars.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
By the end of the course, the student must know the structural organization and functions of the human body and their main anatomical and clinical applications at macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural level, connecting the structural organization and corresponding functions in a medical practice perspective.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To be able to:
­- Central Nervous system: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures.
­- Peripheral Nervous system: special senses, skin and its appendages: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures,
­- Endocrine system: recognition of microscopic structures,
­- Clinical integration through clinical and surgery anatomy seminars.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course has the objective to provide the knowledge to understand our metabolism, how this is controlled under normalcy and altered in pathological conditions.
At the end of the course, the student must:
- know the structure and structure-function relationships of the main biomolecules
- know the principles on which the techniques of common use are based in biochemical research and the methods used in the clinical analysis laboratory
- know the main metabolic pathways, their regulation at the molecular and cellular level, and their integration;
- recognize the rationale that governs the intermediate metabolic fluxes;
- be conscious that perturbations in the structures of biological macromolecules, which carry out reactions and which are involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways, are at the onset of pathological cellular and systemic conditions.
- know how specific hormonal cascades, via receptors binding and signal transduction, lead to a fine tuning of our metabolism at the whole organism level.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
- know how specific hormonal cascades, via receptors binding and signal transduction, lead to a fine tuning of our metabolism at the whole organism level.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
- know the structure and function of amino acids, oligopeptides and water-soluble vitamins
- know the structure and function of fibrous proteins, myoglobin, hemoglobin and immunoglobulins
- know the properties and function of enzymes and their study
- know some methodologies of study and characterization of proteins
- know structure and function of carbohydrates and the bonds that stabilize the formation of polymers. Assembly of carbohydrates complexes with proteins and lipids
- know structure and function of lipids. Storage lipids and lipid components of membranes. Membrane architecture and function.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
- know how the structure of DNA and the bonds that stabilize it and that intervene in the specific interactions between DNA and proteins (structural and regulatory) are the basis of the control of gene expression
- biochemical basis of blood coagulation.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course has the objective to provide the knowledge to understand our metabolism, how this is controlled under normalcy and altered in pathological conditions.
At the end of the course, the student must:
- know the structure and structure-function relationships of the main biomolecules
- know the principles on which the techniques of common use are based in biochemical research and the methods used in the clinical analysis laboratory
- know the main metabolic pathways, their regulation at the molecular and cellular level, and their integration;
- recognize the rationale that governs the intermediate metabolic fluxes;
- be conscious that perturbations in the structures of biological macromolecules, which carry out reactions and which are involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways, are at the onset of pathological cellular and systemic conditions.
- know how specific hormonal cascades, via receptors binding and signal transduction, lead to a fine tuning of our metabolism at the whole organism level.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, students must know the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions; the normal values of the main functional parameters in healthy humans; the medical application of biophysical and biotechnological principles. They must also know some of the techniques used to measure physiological parameters.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, the student must be able to describe how the various organs of the human body work, their dynamic integration into all apparatus and the general mechanisms of control in physiological conditions. The Course of Physiology aims to provide the student with the premises necessary for understanding pathophysiology and pathology.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, students must know the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions; the normal values of the main functional parameters in healthy humans; the medical application of biophysical and biotechnological principles. They must also know some of the techniques used to measure physiological parameters.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, students must know the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions; the normal values of the main functional parameters in healthy humans; the medical application of biophysical and biotechnological principles. They must also know some of the techniques used to measure physiological parameters.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

First course
Main teaching objectives:
- know the development of scientific thought in relation to medical care based on reasoning and clinical method; the methodological study of genetic diseases and the new frontiers of genetics for the development of medicine; health as primary benefit of man and the community;
- know how to apply scientific method in the medical field in order to define the basis of the formulation of clinical reasoning, in the light of fundamental ethical models of reference;
- be able to evaluate the close relationship between health-person-bioethics-genetic inheritance-symptoms and objective examination in order to provide appropriate management of the patient.

Second course
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licensed by American Heart Association)

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: Provide the student with the basics of counseling and diagnostics in Medical Genetics

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowing how to collect the medical history and put into practice the methods to set up an adequate doctor-patient relationship. Know how to measure arterial pressure. Use the terminology for the definition of frameworks and clinical conditions correctly. To apply the basics of clinical reasoning.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: The student will be described the most common descriptive and inferential techniques, as used in scientific papers.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To guide the student into the world of Clinical Medicine, helping him to get familiar with the concepts of health, disease, person, and providing introductory elements of scientific metodology, and introducing the medical glossary, the medical reasoning and the evidence-based and person-centered modern medicine.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowing how to collect the medical history with particular reference to the pathologies of surgical interest. To learn the initial techniques of evaluation of the surgical patient and for the collection of vital parameters (respiratory activity, state of consciousness). To apply the basics of clinical reasoning.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: Learn the basics of bioethics and medical deontology. The course focuses mostly on the different approaches to patient’s autonomy along the history of Western medicine. Case studies and relevant issues (abortion, euthanasia, assisted suicide, ethics of genetic research, death definition, living will, etc.) are analyzed along the course. The student will be able to frame a clinical case in a bioethical perspective, correctly identifying the bioethical actors, their rights, and their duties, according to several bioethical approaches.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To familiarize with the statistical and methodological skills necessary to understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To understand research presentations in English
• To formulate questions and participate in discussions.

Educational objectives

First course
Main teaching objectives:
- know the development of scientific thought in relation to medical care based on reasoning and clinical method; the methodological study of genetic diseases and the new frontiers of genetics for the development of medicine; health as primary benefit of man and the community;
- know how to apply scientific method in the medical field in order to define the basis of the formulation of clinical reasoning, in the light of fundamental ethical models of reference;
- be able to evaluate the close relationship between health-person-bioethics-genetic inheritance-symptoms and objective examination in order to provide appropriate management of the patient.

Second course
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licensed by American Heart Association)

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To be able to:
­- Central Nervous system: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures.
­- Peripheral Nervous system: special senses, skin and its appendages: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures,
­- Endocrine system: recognition of microscopic structures,
­- Clinical integration through clinical and surgery anatomy seminars.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To be able to:
­- Central Nervous system: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures.
­- Peripheral Nervous system: special senses, skin and its appendages: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures,
­- Endocrine system: recognition of microscopic structures,
­- Clinical integration through clinical and surgery anatomy seminars.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
By the end of the course, the student must know the structural organization and functions of the human body and their main anatomical and clinical applications at macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural level, connecting the structural organization and corresponding functions in a medical practice perspective.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To be able to:
­- Central Nervous system: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures.
­- Peripheral Nervous system: special senses, skin and its appendages: dissection and recognition of macroscopic and microscopic structures,
­- Endocrine system: recognition of microscopic structures,
­- Clinical integration through clinical and surgery anatomy seminars.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, students must know the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions; the normal values of the main functional parameters in healthy humans; the medical application of biophysical and biotechnological principles. They must also know some of the techniques used to measure physiological parameters.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, the student must be able to describe how the various organs of the human body work, their dynamic integration into all apparatus and the general mechanisms of control in physiological conditions. The Course of Physiology aims to provide the student with the premises necessary for understanding pathophysiology and pathology.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, students must know the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions; the normal values of the main functional parameters in healthy humans; the medical application of biophysical and biotechnological principles. They must also know some of the techniques used to measure physiological parameters.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, students must know the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions; the normal values of the main functional parameters in healthy humans; the medical application of biophysical and biotechnological principles. They must also know some of the techniques used to measure physiological parameters.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
• Knowledge and classification of pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, helminths and arthropods) which are causative agents for humans.
• Knowledge of the differences between the various organisms in terms of: structure and morphology, metabolism, mechanisms of pathogenesis, reproduction and replication, epidemiology.
• Knowledge of the relationships existing between host and pathogens in human infections and of the opportunities of treatment, control and diagnosis of infections.

Learning outcomes MED/07:
To understand how animal viruses (most important families) are classified, how their genetic apparatus works and how they interact with and affect the host. The above molecular and cellular mechanisms must combine with the concept of viral pathogenesis, epidemiology, and control.
The student should achieve a good knowledge and comprehension of the structure, metabolism, replication and the main mechanisms of pathogenicity of bacteria and fungi of medical interest. Particular attention will be dedicated on the comprehension of the relationships occurring between microorganism-host and on the activation of the host immune response.

Learning outcomes VET/06:
Main life cycles of parasites, transmission routes, host-parasite relationships, epidemiology and control.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
• Knowledge and classification of pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, helminths and arthropods) which are causative agents for humans.
• Knowledge of the differences between the various organisms in terms of: structure and morphology, metabolism, mechanisms of pathogenesis, reproduction and replication, epidemiology.
• Knowledge of the relationships existing between host and pathogens in human infections and of the opportunities of treatment, control and diagnosis of infections.

Learning outcomes MED/07:
To understand how animal viruses (most important families) are classified, how their genetic apparatus works and how they interact with and affect the host. The above molecular and cellular mechanisms must combine with the concept of viral pathogenesis, epidemiology, and control.
The student should achieve a good knowledge and comprehension of the structure, metabolism, replication and the main mechanisms of pathogenicity of bacteria and fungi of medical interest. Particular attention will be dedicated on the comprehension of the relationships occurring between microorganism-host and on the activation of the host immune response.

Learning outcomes VET/06:
Main life cycles of parasites, transmission routes, host-parasite relationships, epidemiology and control.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
• Knowledge and classification of pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, helminths and arthropods) which are causative agents for humans.
• Knowledge of the differences between the various organisms in terms of: structure and morphology, metabolism, mechanisms of pathogenesis, reproduction and replication, epidemiology.
• Knowledge of the relationships existing between host and pathogens in human infections and of the opportunities of treatment, control and diagnosis of infections.

Learning outcomes MED/07:
To understand how animal viruses (most important families) are classified, how their genetic apparatus works and how they interact with and affect the host. The above molecular and cellular mechanisms must combine with the concept of viral pathogenesis, epidemiology, and control.
The student should achieve a good knowledge and comprehension of the structure, metabolism, replication and the main mechanisms of pathogenicity of bacteria and fungi of medical interest. Particular attention will be dedicated on the comprehension of the relationships occurring between microorganism-host and on the activation of the host immune response.

Learning outcomes VET/06:
Main life cycles of parasites, transmission routes, host-parasite relationships, epidemiology and control.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

First course
Main teaching objectives:
- know the development of scientific thought in relation to medical care based on reasoning and clinical method; the methodological study of genetic diseases and the new frontiers of genetics for the development of medicine; health as primary benefit of man and the community;
- know how to apply scientific method in the medical field in order to define the basis of the formulation of clinical reasoning, in the light of fundamental ethical models of reference;
- be able to evaluate the close relationship between health-person-bioethics-genetic inheritance-symptoms and objective examination in order to provide appropriate management of the patient.

Second course
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licensed by American Heart Association)

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: Provide the student with the basics of counseling and diagnostics in Medical Genetics

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowing how to collect the medical history and put into practice the methods to set up an adequate doctor-patient relationship. Know how to measure arterial pressure. Use the terminology for the definition of frameworks and clinical conditions correctly. To apply the basics of clinical reasoning.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: The student will be described the most common descriptive and inferential techniques, as used in scientific papers.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To guide the student into the world of Clinical Medicine, helping him to get familiar with the concepts of health, disease, person, and providing introductory elements of scientific metodology, and introducing the medical glossary, the medical reasoning and the evidence-based and person-centered modern medicine.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowing how to collect the medical history with particular reference to the pathologies of surgical interest. To learn the initial techniques of evaluation of the surgical patient and for the collection of vital parameters (respiratory activity, state of consciousness). To apply the basics of clinical reasoning.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: Learn the basics of bioethics and medical deontology. The course focuses mostly on the different approaches to patient’s autonomy along the history of Western medicine. Case studies and relevant issues (abortion, euthanasia, assisted suicide, ethics of genetic research, death definition, living will, etc.) are analyzed along the course. The student will be able to frame a clinical case in a bioethical perspective, correctly identifying the bioethical actors, their rights, and their duties, according to several bioethical approaches.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To familiarize with the statistical and methodological skills necessary to understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To understand research presentations in English
• To formulate questions and participate in discussions.

Educational objectives

First course
Main teaching objectives:
- know the development of scientific thought in relation to medical care based on reasoning and clinical method; the methodological study of genetic diseases and the new frontiers of genetics for the development of medicine; health as primary benefit of man and the community;
- know how to apply scientific method in the medical field in order to define the basis of the formulation of clinical reasoning, in the light of fundamental ethical models of reference;
- be able to evaluate the close relationship between health-person-bioethics-genetic inheritance-symptoms and objective examination in order to provide appropriate management of the patient.

Second course
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licensed by American Heart Association)

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, students must know the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions; the normal values of the main functional parameters in healthy humans; the medical application of biophysical and biotechnological principles. They must also know some of the techniques used to measure physiological parameters.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, the student must be able to describe how the various organs of the human body work, their dynamic integration into all apparatus and the general mechanisms of control in physiological conditions. The Course of Physiology aims to provide the student with the premises necessary for understanding pathophysiology and pathology.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, students must know the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions; the normal values of the main functional parameters in healthy humans; the medical application of biophysical and biotechnological principles. They must also know some of the techniques used to measure physiological parameters.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, students must know the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions; the normal values of the main functional parameters in healthy humans; the medical application of biophysical and biotechnological principles. They must also know some of the techniques used to measure physiological parameters.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To understand the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response. To understand the fundamental mechanisms responsible for protection and for tissue damage, and to comprehend their specific role in the resistance against pathogens, the immune surveillance against tumors, and immune-mediated diseases. To apply the acquired information to describe the main events and mechanisms that define the development of protective and pathological immune responses.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To understand the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response. To understand the fundamental mechanisms responsible for protection and for tissue damage, and to comprehend their specific role in the resistance against pathogens, the immune surveillance against tumors, and immune-mediated diseases. To apply the acquired information to describe the main events and mechanisms that define the development of protective and pathological immune responses.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To understand the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response. To understand the fundamental mechanisms responsible for protection and for tissue damage, and to comprehend their specific role in the resistance against pathogens, the immune surveillance against tumors, and immune-mediated diseases. To apply the acquired information to describe the main events and mechanisms that define the development of protective and pathological immune responses.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Direct and indirect microbiological methods
• Optimal procedures to collect the biological specimens from a patient and their conservation
• Analytical procedures to isolate and identify extracellular pathogens as well as facultative and obligate intracellular microorganisms
• Microbiological analysis of urine, liquor, blood, amniotic fluid, sputum, central venous catheters, prosthesis, medical devices pharyngeal, cervical, vaginal and rectal swabs
• Classical and innovative microbiological methods to detect bacteria adherent and in biofilm
• Host-parasite interaction with particular attention to inflammatory and infectious phenomena
• Homeostasis of iron, infection and inflammation

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: Knowledge of the different types of laboratory analyses. The screening tests: understanding their significance and their usefulness. The cell blood count test: understanding the meaning and its usefulness.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: By the end of the course, the student must know:
• Basic approach to diagnostic parasitology. Main methods (microscopic, molecular and immunological) for direct and indirect diagnosis of major human parasitic infections.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Direct and indirect microbiological methods
• Optimal procedures to collect the biological specimens from a patient and their conservation
• Analytical procedures to isolate and identify extracellular pathogens as well as facultative and obligate intracellular microorganisms
• Microbiological analysis of urine, liquor, blood, amniotic fluid, sputum, central venous catheters, prosthesis, medical devices pharyngeal, cervical, vaginal and rectal swabs
• Classical and innovative microbiological methods to detect bacteria adherent and in biofilm
• Host-parasite interaction with particular attention to inflammatory and infectious phenomena
• Homeostasis of iron, infection and inflammation

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Clinical Biochemistry of nucleotide metabolism and its disturbances; gout
• Clinical Biochemistry of heme metabolism and its disturbances: porphyrias, jaundice
• Biochemical analysis of plasma proteins and enzymes
• Biochemical analysis of lipoproteins; dislipidemias, their classification and their diagnosis
• Clinical Biochemistry of glucose and glycogen metabolism and its disturbances; diabetes, glycogenoses
• Clinical Biochemistry of aminoacid metabolism and its disturbances
• Disturbances of the homeostasis of water, salts, and pH. Acidosis and alkalosis
• Clinical Biochemistry of endocrine disturbances.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes Prof. Angeloni:
Knowledge of the laboratory tests for the evaluation of the heart, liver, kidney. Understanding the significance and the usefulness of the urine analyses. Knowledge of the circulating tumor markers.

Learning outcomes Prof. Mainiero:
Understand the application of the most relevant techniques in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Parasitology, Clinical Pathology, Immunology and Immunohematology;
be able to decide which clinical laboratory analyses are appropriate for the patient under evaluation;
be aware of the usefulness and limits of the clinical information provided by the clinical laboratory analyses.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Theory of measurement and its application to the clinical laboratory and diagnostic problems
• Specimen collection
• Main analytical methods used in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
• Clinical Toxicology
• Clinical Biochemistry of blood clotting and its disturbances
• Clinical Biochemistry of anemias, hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Understand the application of the most relevant techniques in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Parasitology, Clinical Pathology, Immunology and Immunohematology;
be able to decide which clinical laboratory analyses are appropriate for the patient under evaluation;
be aware of the usefulness and limits of the clinical information provided by the clinical laboratory analyses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licenzed by American Heart Association).

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To familiarize with the basis of scientific communication:
• Analyze graphs: preparation and interpretation
• Write simple scientific texts
• Give a journal club and participate in the discussion.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Learning the main theoretical bases and acquire the basic techniques to perform the neurological and musculoskeletal examination. Knowing how to properly set up the doctor-patient relationship. Learning the correct terminology for the definition of frameworks and clinical conditions. Learning the basics of clinical reasoning.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Acquire psychological and psychosocial knowledge and some skills to be used in communication with patients and with their relatives, with particular reference to the clinical situation and to the promotion of care/cure and health behaviors.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowing how to perform the simplest maneuvers of the neurological examination and for the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. Recapitulation of the techniques for collecting the anamnesis. Know how to perform clinical reasoning using real clinical data.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licenzed by American Heart Association).

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licenzed by American Heart Association).

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licenzed by American Heart Association).

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licenzed by American Heart Association).

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Direct and indirect microbiological methods
• Optimal procedures to collect the biological specimens from a patient and their conservation
• Analytical procedures to isolate and identify extracellular pathogens as well as facultative and obligate intracellular microorganisms
• Microbiological analysis of urine, liquor, blood, amniotic fluid, sputum, central venous catheters, prosthesis, medical devices pharyngeal, cervical, vaginal and rectal swabs
• Classical and innovative microbiological methods to detect bacteria adherent and in biofilm
• Host-parasite interaction with particular attention to inflammatory and infectious phenomena
• Homeostasis of iron, infection and inflammation

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: Knowledge of the different types of laboratory analyses. The screening tests: understanding their significance and their usefulness. The cell blood count test: understanding the meaning and its usefulness.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: By the end of the course, the student must know:
• Basic approach to diagnostic parasitology. Main methods (microscopic, molecular and immunological) for direct and indirect diagnosis of major human parasitic infections.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Direct and indirect microbiological methods
• Optimal procedures to collect the biological specimens from a patient and their conservation
• Analytical procedures to isolate and identify extracellular pathogens as well as facultative and obligate intracellular microorganisms
• Microbiological analysis of urine, liquor, blood, amniotic fluid, sputum, central venous catheters, prosthesis, medical devices pharyngeal, cervical, vaginal and rectal swabs
• Classical and innovative microbiological methods to detect bacteria adherent and in biofilm
• Host-parasite interaction with particular attention to inflammatory and infectious phenomena
• Homeostasis of iron, infection and inflammation

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Clinical Biochemistry of nucleotide metabolism and its disturbances; gout
• Clinical Biochemistry of heme metabolism and its disturbances: porphyrias, jaundice
• Biochemical analysis of plasma proteins and enzymes
• Biochemical analysis of lipoproteins; dislipidemias, their classification and their diagnosis
• Clinical Biochemistry of glucose and glycogen metabolism and its disturbances; diabetes, glycogenoses
• Clinical Biochemistry of aminoacid metabolism and its disturbances
• Disturbances of the homeostasis of water, salts, and pH. Acidosis and alkalosis
• Clinical Biochemistry of endocrine disturbances.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes Prof. Angeloni:
Knowledge of the laboratory tests for the evaluation of the heart, liver, kidney. Understanding the significance and the usefulness of the urine analyses. Knowledge of the circulating tumor markers.

Learning outcomes Prof. Mainiero:
Understand the application of the most relevant techniques in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Parasitology, Clinical Pathology, Immunology and Immunohematology;
be able to decide which clinical laboratory analyses are appropriate for the patient under evaluation;
be aware of the usefulness and limits of the clinical information provided by the clinical laboratory analyses.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must know:
• Theory of measurement and its application to the clinical laboratory and diagnostic problems
• Specimen collection
• Main analytical methods used in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
• Clinical Toxicology
• Clinical Biochemistry of blood clotting and its disturbances
• Clinical Biochemistry of anemias, hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Understand the application of the most relevant techniques in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Parasitology, Clinical Pathology, Immunology and Immunohematology;
be able to decide which clinical laboratory analyses are appropriate for the patient under evaluation;
be aware of the usefulness and limits of the clinical information provided by the clinical laboratory analyses.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

The course is meant to provide the fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of human diseases. By the end of the course, the student must:
- Know the etiology and the pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases, and the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms concerning the main organs and systems.
- Be able to analyze and to interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the fundamental etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms will be essential for a correct clinical approach to human diseases.

MED/04
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression. Know the pathophysiology of metabolism, including atherogenesis and atherosclerosis, and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the molecular mechanisms of human cancer, and of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of human cancer and the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer development and progression.
- Know the most relevant laboratory approaches to cancer molecular genetics.

MED/13
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Know the pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be able to discuss the general pathophysiology of metabolism and the pathophysiology of major systems.
- Be aware that being able to analyze and interpret the molecular mechanisms of the general pathophysiology of metabolism and of major systems will be essential for a correct clinical approach to diseases.

MED/46
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student will have to:
- Understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by physical and chemical agents, and experimental methods for the evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chemical and physical agents. Knowing how to choose which methodological approach is more rational based on the type of agent to be analyzed.
- Deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of smoking and alcohol-induced tumorigenesis.
- know the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer associated with the alteration of the mechanisms of apoptosis, and the methodological approaches for the evaluation of apoptosis. Acquire awareness of the complexity and relevance of the mechanisms of deregulation of apoptosis and of the consequences of these alterations on therapeutic approaches. To know the main antiapoptotic mechanisms used by oncogenic viruses.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licenzed by American Heart Association).

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To familiarize with the basis of scientific communication:
• Analyze graphs: preparation and interpretation
• Write simple scientific texts
• Give a journal club and participate in the discussion.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Learning the main theoretical bases and acquire the basic techniques to perform the neurological and musculoskeletal examination. Knowing how to properly set up the doctor-patient relationship. Learning the correct terminology for the definition of frameworks and clinical conditions. Learning the basics of clinical reasoning.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Acquire psychological and psychosocial knowledge and some skills to be used in communication with patients and with their relatives, with particular reference to the clinical situation and to the promotion of care/cure and health behaviors.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowing how to perform the simplest maneuvers of the neurological examination and for the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. Recapitulation of the techniques for collecting the anamnesis. Know how to perform clinical reasoning using real clinical data.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licenzed by American Heart Association).

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licenzed by American Heart Association).

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licenzed by American Heart Association).

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course aims to develop the theoretical and practical skills necessary to allow a correct medical-patient interaction, to develop a method of collecting information and clinical data as well as the ability to accurately collect, recognize and interpret the main normal and pathological physical signs for all organs and systems.
At the end of the course, the student must be able /or have:
to perform patient’s interviewing and health history taking (Adapting Interviewing Techniques to Specific Situations)
to perform physical examination of major organs including collection of vital signs
to collect blood pressure
to perform basic surgical maneuvers
to perform a basic interpretation of ECG
basic knowledge of clinical reasoning
to perform the main Basic Life Support maneuvers (licenzed by American Heart Association).

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
For each of the diseases listed below, the students will:
a) Learn the macroscopic and microscopic features.
b) Understand the relationship between morphologic features and physiopathology
c) Understand the correlation between morphology and clinical symptoms
d) Understand the role of the Pathologist in the multidisciplinary diagnostic flow-chart and be able to interpret a pathology report.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
For each of the diseases listed below, the students will:
a) Learn the macroscopic and microscopic features.
b) Understand the relationship between morphologic features and physiopathology
c) Understand the correlation between morphology and clinical symptoms
d) Understand the role of the Pathologist in the multidisciplinary diagnostic flow-chart and be able to interpret a pathology report.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
For each of the diseases listed below, the students will:
a) Learn the macroscopic and microscopic features.
b) Understand the relationship between morphologic features and physiopathology
c) Understand the correlation between morphology and clinical symptoms
d) Understand the role of the Pathologist in the multidisciplinary diagnostic flow-chart and be able to interpret a pathology report.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Students must have an adequate knowledge of the most important cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, in terms of basic research, nosography, etiopathogenesis, pathophysiology, anatomopathology and clinics.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Indication for cardiac surgery to the main congenital and acquired cardiovascular diseases.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowledge of the diseases of the chest of surgical interest.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Indication for cardiac surgery to the main congenital and acquired cardiovascular diseases.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowledge of the principles of management of the main vascular pathologies.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course, the student must:
• Known the patho-physiological basis of respiratory diseases
• Know how to interpret the principal lung function tests (spirometry, arterial blood gas analysis, DLco)
• Know the basic of chest X-ray interpretation
• Know the invasive and non-invasive techniques for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases
• Be able to perform the respiratory anamnesis and to perform the chest physical examination
• Know the clinical features of respiratory diseases
• Know in depth the causes and the treatment of respiratory failure
• Know the basis treatment of respiratory diseases

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The integrated course of Applied Pathology II deals with the diseases of the kidneys, of the urinary tract and of the male genital system that represent the core curriculum of nephrological and urological therapeutic areas. The course aims at providing the student with the necessary skills to diagnose urological disorders and with the basic knowledge of the different treatment options. By the end of the course the student must:
- know the possible clinical signs and symptoms of urogenital disorders;
- be able to collect patient’s history with special reference to the main clinical syndromes of nephro-urogenital disorders;
- be able to prescribe and interpret the results of the different laboratory tests, imaging and instrumental diagnostics that are of relevance in nephrology and urology;
- know the histopathological pictures of the kidney, urinary tract and male genital system;
- know the most common infectious disorders of the kidney, urinary tract and male genital system;
- know the different forms of lithiasis;
- perform differential diagnosis of haematuria.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student must:
- Be able to collect anamnestic data pertinent to renal diseases.
- Distinguish the different clinical pictures of renal patients.
- Require specific tests helpful to diagnose different syndromes.
- Evaluate and interpret renal function tests, urinary sediment and the diagnostic value of radiologic techniques pertinent to nephrology.
- Diagnose Acute, Subacute and Chronic Renal Failure (classify and understand the prognostic values of different stages).
- Identify major electrolyte and acid-base derangements.
- Understand the clinical value of renal biopsy and the histologic changes of primary and secondary glomerulonephritis.
- Identify the clinical hallmarks of hereditary renal diseases.
- Appreciate the clinical specificities of patients receiving renal replacement therapies (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and transplantation).
- Evaluate hypertensive patients from a nephrologic point of view.
- Evaluate a patient presenting with nephrolithiasis.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Urology:
By the end of the course the student must be able to:
- take a medical history and to perform physical examination in patients with urological disorders (including digital rectal examination and scrotal examination).
- to perform a differential diagnosis of the different urological conditions included in the course programme;
- to introduce a bladder catheter in male and female patients,
- to interpret urine analysis and urine culture,
- to prescribe antibiotic therapy on the base of the antibiogram,
- to interpret a plain radiography of the abdomen and a CT scan of the abdomen with reference to urological disorders;
- to interpret renal, bladder and scrotal ultrasound with reference to urological disorders.
- to interpret semen analysis.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: Morphological and molecular characterization of myocardial diseases.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The students will be able to apply theoretical knowledge to clinical practice in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
For each of the diseases listed below, the students will:
a) Learn the macroscopic and microscopic features.
b) Understand the relationship between morphologic features and physiopathology
c) Understand the correlation between morphology and clinical symptoms
d) Understand the role of the Pathologist in the multidisciplinary diagnostic flow-chart and be able to interpret a pathology report.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
For each of the diseases listed below, the students will:
a) Learn the macroscopic and microscopic features.
b) Understand the relationship between morphologic features and physiopathology
c) Understand the correlation between morphology and clinical symptoms
d) Understand the role of the Pathologist in the multidisciplinary diagnostic flow-chart and be able to interpret a pathology report.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
For each of the diseases listed below, the students will:
a) Learn the macroscopic and microscopic features.
b) Understand the relationship between morphologic features and physiopathology
c) Understand the correlation between morphology and clinical symptoms
d) Understand the role of the Pathologist in the multidisciplinary diagnostic flow-chart and be able to interpret a pathology report.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The aim of this course will be to enable students to develop a basic familiarity with all the major medical imaging techniques employed in modern hospitals, including x-ray imaging, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and Hybrid Imaging. Nuclear Medicine will also be part of the course. Notions regarding interventional radiology and image guided therapy will also be provided.
Each technique will be introduced in the context of the underlying clinical requirements. Major indications to various exams will also be reviewed with the aim of providing an overview about how different modalities may be adopted in different clinical scenarios and possibly integrated in order to formulate a diagnosis.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The aim of this course will be to enable students to develop a basic familiarity with all the major medical imaging techniques employed in modern hospitals, including x-ray imaging, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and Hybrid Imaging. Nuclear Medicine will also be part of the course. Notions regarding interventional radiology and image guided therapy will also be provided.
Each technique will be introduced in the context of the underlying clinical requirements. Major indications to various exams will also be reviewed with the aim of providing an overview about how different modalities may be adopted in different clinical scenarios and possibly integrated in order to formulate a diagnosis.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The aim of this course will be to enable students to develop a basic familiarity with all the major medical imaging techniques employed in modern hospitals, including x-ray imaging, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and Hybrid Imaging. Nuclear Medicine will also be part of the course. Notions regarding interventional radiology and image guided therapy will also be provided.
Each technique will be introduced in the context of the underlying clinical requirements. Major indications to various exams will also be reviewed with the aim of providing an overview about how different modalities may be adopted in different clinical scenarios and possibly integrated in order to formulate a diagnosis.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the Pharmacology I and Toxicology are: 1) Principles of Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics; 2) Selected themes of endocrine pharmacology and pharmacology of the gastro-intestinal system; 3) Drugs used in inflammation, cardiovascular and lung disorders, and bacterial and viral infections; 4) Toxic effects of stress response at the level of endocrine and gastrointestinal systems at different age of life. A particular attention will give to the early origin of adult diseases; 5) Pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
At the end of the course, students will have the skills in general and specific pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal system. The response to stress, as a capacity to adapt to internal and external stimuli, will be treated as an example of toxicity to the body when the stress response is chronic and not acute. Stress as a factor that affects the response to the drug for all diseases.

Pharmacology II and Toxicology
Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the course are: 1) the toxic aspects related to the stress response of the central nervous system throughout life. Particular attention will be given to the early origin of adult diseases; 2) pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders;
At the end of the course the students will have the skills in pharmacology of the central nervous system. The response to stress as the ability to adapt the central nervous system. Stress as a factor that influences the psychopharmaceutical response.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the Pharmacology I and Toxicology are: 1) Principles of Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics; 2) Selected themes of endocrine pharmacology and pharmacology of the gastro-intestinal system; 3) Drugs used in inflammation, cardiovascular and lung disorders, and bacterial and viral infections; 4) Toxic effects of stress response at the level of endocrine and gastrointestinal systems at different age of life. A particular attention will give to the early origin of adult diseases; 5) Pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
At the end of the course, students will have the skills in general and specific pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal system. The response to stress, as a capacity to adapt to internal and external stimuli, will be treated as an example of toxicity to the body when the stress response is chronic and not acute. Stress as a factor that affects the response to the drug for all diseases.

Pharmacology II and Toxicology
Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the course are: 1) the toxic aspects related to the stress response of the central nervous system throughout life. Particular attention will be given to the early origin of adult diseases; 2) pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders;
At the end of the course the students will have the skills in pharmacology of the central nervous system. The response to stress as the ability to adapt the central nervous system. Stress as a factor that influences the psychopharmaceutical response.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the Pharmacology I and Toxicology are: 1) Principles of Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics; 2) Selected themes of endocrine pharmacology and pharmacology of the gastro-intestinal system; 3) Drugs used in inflammation, cardiovascular and lung disorders, and bacterial and viral infections; 4) Toxic effects of stress response at the level of endocrine and gastrointestinal systems at different age of life. A particular attention will give to the early origin of adult diseases; 5) Pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
At the end of the course, students will have the skills in general and specific pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal system. The response to stress, as a capacity to adapt to internal and external stimuli, will be treated as an example of toxicity to the body when the stress response is chronic and not acute. Stress as a factor that affects the response to the drug for all diseases.

Pharmacology II and Toxicology
Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the course are: 1) the toxic aspects related to the stress response of the central nervous system throughout life. Particular attention will be given to the early origin of adult diseases; 2) pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders;
At the end of the course the students will have the skills in pharmacology of the central nervous system. The response to stress as the ability to adapt the central nervous system. Stress as a factor that influences the psychopharmaceutical response.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: The course aims to provide a thorough knowledge on issues related to the preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of gastrointestinal, hepatic and pancreatic diseases.
At the end of the teaching program the student will be able to:
- integrate the etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of the diseases of the digestive tract with the clinical presentation
- analyze symptoms, signs, and complications of diseases
- investigate in orderly diagnostic algorithms and give indications on prevention and therapies
- comprehend the differences, similarities, and interplay between functional and organic gastrointestinal diseases
- comprehend the reciprocal interaction between environment, genetics, psychological status, and gastrointestinal function and diseases
- deal with patients suffering for acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: The course aims to provide a thorough knowledge on issues related to the preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of gastrointestinal, hepatic and pancreatic diseases.
At the end of the teaching program the student will be able to:
- integrate the etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of the diseases of the digestive tract with the clinical presentation
- analyze symptoms, signs, and complications of diseases
- investigate in orderly diagnostic algorithms and give indications on prevention and therapies
- comprehend the differences, similarities, and interplay between functional and organic gastrointestinal diseases
- comprehend the reciprocal interaction between environment, genetics, psychological status, and gastrointestinal function and diseases
- deal with patients suffering for acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: The course aims to provide a thorough knowledge on issues related to the preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of gastrointestinal, hepatic and pancreatic diseases.
At the end of the teaching program the student will be able to:
- integrate the etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of the diseases of the digestive tract with the clinical presentation
- analyze symptoms, signs, and complications of diseases
- investigate in orderly diagnostic algorithms and give indications on prevention and therapies
- comprehend the differences, similarities, and interplay between functional and organic gastrointestinal diseases
- comprehend the reciprocal interaction between environment, genetics, psychological status, and gastrointestinal function and diseases
- deal with patients suffering for acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: The course aims to provide a thorough knowledge on issues related to the preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of gastrointestinal, hepatic and pancreatic diseases.
At the end of the teaching program the student will be able to:
- integrate the etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of the diseases of the digestive tract with the clinical presentation
- analyze symptoms, signs, and complications of diseases
- investigate in orderly diagnostic algorithms and give indications on prevention and therapies
- comprehend the differences, similarities, and interplay between functional and organic gastrointestinal diseases
- comprehend the reciprocal interaction between environment, genetics, psychological status, and gastrointestinal function and diseases
- deal with patients suffering for acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: Morphological and molecular characterization of myocardial diseases.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The students will be able to apply theoretical knowledge to clinical practice in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
• To understand and critically discuss medical research articles in English.
• To classify a publication based on its genre, goals, and characteristics.
• To transform a non-linear text (graphs, tables, figures) into a linear text and viceversa.
• To recognize, in a research article, the methodological elements used by the researchers (inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample choice and size, laboratory methods and data management methods).
• To interpret and critically evaluate the medical and scientific value of the data presented based on its statistical soundness.
• To perform researches on biomedical databanks in English (online and on printed journals).
• To communicate in English (oral or written) with the correct register for scientific communications with colleagues or at conferences.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the Pharmacology I and Toxicology are: 1) Principles of Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics; 2) Selected themes of endocrine pharmacology and pharmacology of the gastro-intestinal system; 3) Drugs used in inflammation, cardiovascular and lung disorders, and bacterial and viral infections; 4) Toxic effects of stress response at the level of endocrine and gastrointestinal systems at different age of life. A particular attention will give to the early origin of adult diseases; 5) Pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
At the end of the course, students will have the skills in general and specific pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal system. The response to stress, as a capacity to adapt to internal and external stimuli, will be treated as an example of toxicity to the body when the stress response is chronic and not acute. Stress as a factor that affects the response to the drug for all diseases.

Pharmacology II and Toxicology
Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the course are: 1) the toxic aspects related to the stress response of the central nervous system throughout life. Particular attention will be given to the early origin of adult diseases; 2) pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders;
At the end of the course the students will have the skills in pharmacology of the central nervous system. The response to stress as the ability to adapt the central nervous system. Stress as a factor that influences the psychopharmaceutical response.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the Pharmacology I and Toxicology are: 1) Principles of Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics; 2) Selected themes of endocrine pharmacology and pharmacology of the gastro-intestinal system; 3) Drugs used in inflammation, cardiovascular and lung disorders, and bacterial and viral infections; 4) Toxic effects of stress response at the level of endocrine and gastrointestinal systems at different age of life. A particular attention will give to the early origin of adult diseases; 5) Pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
At the end of the course, students will have the skills in general and specific pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal system. The response to stress, as a capacity to adapt to internal and external stimuli, will be treated as an example of toxicity to the body when the stress response is chronic and not acute. Stress as a factor that affects the response to the drug for all diseases.

Pharmacology II and Toxicology
Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the course are: 1) the toxic aspects related to the stress response of the central nervous system throughout life. Particular attention will be given to the early origin of adult diseases; 2) pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders;
At the end of the course the students will have the skills in pharmacology of the central nervous system. The response to stress as the ability to adapt the central nervous system. Stress as a factor that influences the psychopharmaceutical response.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the Pharmacology I and Toxicology are: 1) Principles of Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics; 2) Selected themes of endocrine pharmacology and pharmacology of the gastro-intestinal system; 3) Drugs used in inflammation, cardiovascular and lung disorders, and bacterial and viral infections; 4) Toxic effects of stress response at the level of endocrine and gastrointestinal systems at different age of life. A particular attention will give to the early origin of adult diseases; 5) Pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
At the end of the course, students will have the skills in general and specific pharmacology of the endocrine and gastrointestinal system. The response to stress, as a capacity to adapt to internal and external stimuli, will be treated as an example of toxicity to the body when the stress response is chronic and not acute. Stress as a factor that affects the response to the drug for all diseases.

Pharmacology II and Toxicology
Main teaching objectives:
The objectives of the course are: 1) the toxic aspects related to the stress response of the central nervous system throughout life. Particular attention will be given to the early origin of adult diseases; 2) pharmacology of neurological and psychiatric disorders;
At the end of the course the students will have the skills in pharmacology of the central nervous system. The response to stress as the ability to adapt the central nervous system. Stress as a factor that influences the psychopharmaceutical response.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Learn the anatomical-functional organization of the central and peripheral nervous system. Know the clinical characteristics of the following pathological conditions: alterations of the state of consciousness (coma); epilepsy; degenerative diseases of the nervous system; inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious diseases of the nervous system; neuromuscular disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, headaches. Know the proper diagnostic techniques (clinical and instrumental) used in these diseases. Know the methodological basis of radiological techniques applied to the study of the nervous system. Know how to manage the appropriate medical and neurosurgical therapies and be aware of the purpose and medical-legal implications in patients affected by these diseases.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Learn the clinical features and the proper diagnostics techniques (clinical and instrumental) of the central and peripheral nervous system diseases. Know the appropriate pharmacological and surgical therapies in these conditions. Be aware of the purpose and medical-legal implications of these acts. Develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning. Develop a critical thinking in terms of Global Health, given that a number of health problems spill over national boundaries.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Learn the anatomical-functional organization of the central and peripheral nervous system. Know the clinical characteristics of the following pathological conditions: alterations of the state of consciousness (coma); epilepsy; degenerative diseases of the nervous system; inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious diseases of the nervous system; neuromuscular disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, headaches. Know the proper diagnostic techniques (clinical and instrumental) used in these diseases. Know the methodological basis of radiological techniques applied to the study of the nervous system. Know how to manage the appropriate medical and neurosurgical therapies and be aware of the purpose and medical-legal implications in patients affected by these diseases.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Learn the anatomical-functional organization of the central and peripheral nervous system. Know the clinical characteristics of the following pathological conditions: alterations of the state of consciousness (coma); epilepsy; degenerative diseases of the nervous system; inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious diseases of the nervous system; neuromuscular disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, headaches. Know the proper diagnostic techniques (clinical and instrumental) used in these diseases. Know the methodological basis of radiological techniques applied to the study of the nervous system. Know how to manage the appropriate medical and neurosurgical therapies and be aware of the purpose and medical-legal implications in patients affected by these diseases.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, the student must:
 Have acquired the skills essential for a diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approach to patients affected by hematological diseases, with particular reference to anemias, hematological malignancies and disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis.
 Have acquired the skills essential for the approach to patients affected by Rheumatological Diseases, with particular reference to degenerative and inflammatory rheumatic diseases (systemic or not).
 Have acquired the knowledge essential for a diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the major diseases of the immune system, with particular reference to immune deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, vasculitis and allergies.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
At the end of the course, the student must:
 Have acquired the skills essential for a diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approach to patients affected by hematological diseases, with particular reference to anemias, hematological malignancies and disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis.
 Have acquired the skills essential for the approach to patients affected by Rheumatological Diseases, with particular reference to degenerative and inflammatory rheumatic diseases (systemic or not).
 Have acquired the knowledge essential for a diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the major diseases of the immune system, with particular reference to immune deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, vasculitis and allergies.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Have acquired the skills essential for a diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approach to patients affected by hematological diseases, with particular reference to anemias, hematological malignancies and disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must: know terminology, subjective symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, instrumental investigations, management and therapy strategies regarding the rheumatology diseases; acquire the ability to conduct the rheumatologic objective examination; develop competences of physio-pathological reasoning, the ability to interpret the signs and symptoms and to start the diagnostic procedure.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The student should be able to address the infectious and reproductive medicine issues by a reasoned and deductive approach. Moreover, the continuous updates of these topics require a thorough knowledge of the epidemiological aspects that underlie the preventive therapeutic strategies.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course the student must:
• Know how to perform a correct medical history in order to identify the main elements of the risk factors related to behavior and lifestyle habits.
• Know how to perform the physical examination by looking for signs related to the symptoms reported
• Know how to choose between laboratory and instrumental diagnostic tests those related to the suspected pathology
• Formulate the diagnostic hypothesis by differential diagnoses
• Choose the correct therapeutic procedure.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the course the student must:
• Know how to perform a clinical framework for the main andrologic diseases
• Know how to perform the physical examination by looking for possible signs related to the reported symptoms
• Know how to choose between laboratory and instrumental examinations those related to the suspected pathology
• Formulate the diagnostic hypothesis by differential diagnoses
• Choose the correct therapeutic procedure

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The student should be able to address the infectious and reproductive medicine issues by a reasoned and deductive approach. Moreover, the continuous updates of these topics require a thorough knowledge of the epidemiological aspects that underlie the preventive therapeutic strategies.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The student should be able to address the infectious and reproductive medicine issues by a reasoned and deductive approach. Moreover, the continuous updates of these topics require a thorough knowledge of the epidemiological aspects that underlie the preventive therapeutic strategies.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course is focused on the interdisciplinary competencies needed by physicians, ranging from economic and managerial skills to epidemiological methods to assess scientific evidence about the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of healthcare interventions.
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the financing mechanisms of healthcare both at macro-level (healthcare systems) and micro-level (hospital and other healthcare organizations); the main tools of management control in the healthcare organizations; the methods used to evaluate the efficacy, the effectiveness and the efficiency of healthcare interventions;
- be able to read critically and use published epidemiological studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, as well as economic evaluations of healthcare interventions; know how to use basics of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

MED/42
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the methods used to evaluate the efficacy, the effectiveness and the efficiency of healthcare interventions;
- be able to read critically and use published epidemiological studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, as well as economic evaluations of healthcare interventions;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

SECS-P/06
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the financing mechanisms of healthcare both at macro-level (healthcare systems) and micro-level (hospital and other healthcare organizations); the main tools of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- know how to use basics of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course is focused on the interdisciplinary competencies needed by physicians, ranging from economic and managerial skills to epidemiological methods to assess scientific evidence about the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of healthcare interventions.
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the financing mechanisms of healthcare both at macro-level (healthcare systems) and micro-level (hospital and other healthcare organizations); the main tools of management control in the healthcare organizations; the methods used to evaluate the efficacy, the effectiveness and the efficiency of healthcare interventions;
- be able to read critically and use published epidemiological studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, as well as economic evaluations of healthcare interventions; know how to use basics of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

MED/42
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the methods used to evaluate the efficacy, the effectiveness and the efficiency of healthcare interventions;
- be able to read critically and use published epidemiological studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, as well as economic evaluations of healthcare interventions;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

SECS-P/06
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the financing mechanisms of healthcare both at macro-level (healthcare systems) and micro-level (hospital and other healthcare organizations); the main tools of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- know how to use basics of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Fundamental basis of epidemiology, health promotion and prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases applied to environment, communities, working conditions, schools, food and nutrition; methods of health educations in both clinical and preventive medicine; relations between health promotion activities and national health service.
To behave professionally and according to the prevention principles in both living and working conditions.
To use the knowledge acquired in the field of risk evaluation/management in both living and working conditions in order to diseases preventing and health promoting; to use the knowledge acquired in the field of National Health System organization in order to get the health goals.

MED/42
Learning outcomes:
Knowledge of the principles of epidemiology, prevention and health education.

MED/44
Learning outcomes:
Being able to assess the activities of the occupational physician from a qualitative point of view and be able to draw up a risk assessment document with reference to the health risks present in the workplace.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Fundamental basis of epidemiology, health promotion and prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases applied to environment, communities, working conditions, schools, food and nutrition; methods of health educations in both clinical and preventive medicine; relations between health promotion activities and national health service.
To behave professionally and according to the prevention principles in both living and working conditions.
To use the knowledge acquired in the field of risk evaluation/management in both living and working conditions in order to diseases preventing and health promoting; to use the knowledge acquired in the field of National Health System organization in order to get the health goals.

MED/42
Learning outcomes:
Knowledge of the principles of epidemiology, prevention and health education.

MED/44
Learning outcomes:
Being able to assess the activities of the occupational physician from a qualitative point of view and be able to draw up a risk assessment document with reference to the health risks present in the workplace.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course is focused on the interdisciplinary competencies needed by physicians, ranging from economic and managerial skills to epidemiological methods to assess scientific evidence about the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of healthcare interventions.
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the financing mechanisms of healthcare both at macro-level (healthcare systems) and micro-level (hospital and other healthcare organizations); the main tools of management control in the healthcare organizations; the methods used to evaluate the efficacy, the effectiveness and the efficiency of healthcare interventions;
- be able to read critically and use published epidemiological studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, as well as economic evaluations of healthcare interventions; know how to use basics of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

MED/42
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the methods used to evaluate the efficacy, the effectiveness and the efficiency of healthcare interventions;
- be able to read critically and use published epidemiological studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, as well as economic evaluations of healthcare interventions;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

SECS-P/06
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the financing mechanisms of healthcare both at macro-level (healthcare systems) and micro-level (hospital and other healthcare organizations); the main tools of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- know how to use basics of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course is focused on the main dermatology and plastic surgery concepts needed to be apprehended by every medical doctor.
By the end of the course, the student must:
- Define terms relevant and common to the description of disorders of the skin, hair, nails and mucous membranes.
- Correlate cutaneous symptoms and signs with dermatologic diseases.
- Explain the approach to the diagnosis and evaluation of common and important cutaneous diseases.
- List and explain the typical findings, presentation, clinical course, natural history and complications of common and important cutaneous disorders.
- Describe the pathophysiology and major pathologic features as well as the epidemiology of common and important cutaneous diseases.
- Practice and demonstrate systematic skills of physical diagnosis to describe findings of patients with cutaneous disease.

Educational objectives

Learning outomes:
The course aims to teach the essentials of plastic surgery and the correct methodological approach to diseases treated by plastic surgery procedures. The student must learn basic principles of plastic surgery, explain biological phenomena of the wound healing process of different types of reconstructive procedures and their clinical application on all anatomical districts. The student must practice and demonstrate systematic skills of physical diagnosis to describe findings of patients according to the principles of the discipline.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- Define terms relevant and common to the description of disorders of the skin, hair, nails and mucous membranes.
- Correlate cutaneous symptoms and signs with dermatologic diseases.
- Explain the approach to the diagnosis and evaluation of common and important cutaneous diseases.
- List and explain the typical findings, presentation, clinical course, natural history and complications of common and important cutaneous disorders.
- Describe the pathophysiology and major pathologic features as well as the epidemiology of common and important cutaneous diseases.
- Practice and demonstrate systematic skills of physical diagnosis to describe findings of patients with cutaneous disease.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
By the end of the course the student must know:
- how to make a correct diagnosis and to give instructions about the treatment of orthopaedic and traumatological diseases
- the therapeutic, medical, surgical and rehabilitative possibilities of the main orthopaedic and traumatological pathologies
- the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations (both symptoms and signs), diagnostic laboratory tests and imaging techniques, and therapeutic strategies of rheumatic diseases not included in the Applied Pathology IV course: osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, infectious arthritis, osteoporosis, Paget’s disease of bone.
- Recognize the main rheumatic, orthopaedic and traumatological diseases, also knowing the relative therapeutic, surgical and rehabilitative plans. Understand the principles of rehabilitation and make a decision on when to refer a patient to a rehabilitation specialist or rehabilitation centre.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: Recognize the diagnostic and therapeutic elements of the main diseases in orthopaedics and traumatology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: To know the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations (both symptoms and signs), diagnostic laboratory tests and imaging techniques, and therapeutic strategies of rheumatic diseases not included in the Applied Pathology IV course: osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, infectious arthritis, osteoporosis, Paget’s disease of bone.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
By the end of the course the student must know:
- how to make a correct diagnosis and to give instructions about the treatment of orthopaedic and traumatological diseases
- the therapeutic, medical, surgical and rehabilitative possibilities of the main orthopaedic and traumatological pathologies
- the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations (both symptoms and signs), diagnostic laboratory tests and imaging techniques, and therapeutic strategies of rheumatic diseases not included in the Applied Pathology IV course: osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, infectious arthritis, osteoporosis, Paget’s disease of bone.
- Recognize the main rheumatic, orthopaedic and traumatological diseases, also knowing the relative therapeutic, surgical and rehabilitative plans. Understand the principles of rehabilitation and make a decision on when to refer a patient to a rehabilitation specialist or rehabilitation centre.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The aim of the course is focused on making students aware of the main pathologies that affect the maxillo – facial district. In particular a specific emphasis is placed on the diagnostic procedure and to the choice of the most appropriate surgical procedures.
By the end of the course students must:
- know the main pathologies that affect the maxilla – facial district.
- recognize the most important emergencies in maxillo – facial surgery and their management.
- perform an accurate physical examination of the maxillo – facial district
- identify the most appropriate procedure for each different pathology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The purpose of this course is to transmit to the student a comprehensive discussion of the wide variety of diseases that may affect the eye and the ocular adnexa. The main emphasis is placed on the clinical diagnostic aspects of the diseases including also epidemiologic features.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To teach how the hearing and balance organs work; hearing loss and its forms; vertiginous syndromes; Ménière’s disease; vestibular schwannoma; fracture of the petrous bone; tumours of the temporal bone.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The aim of the course is focused on making students aware of the main pathologies that affect the maxillo – facial district. In particular a specific emphasis is placed on the diagnostic procedure and to the choice of the most appropriate surgical procedures.
By the end of the course students must:
- know the main pathologies that affect the maxilla – facial district.
- recognize the most important emergencies in maxillo – facial surgery and their management.
- perform an accurate physical examination of the maxillo – facial district
- identify the most appropriate procedure for each different pathology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The aim of the Course in Oral Pathology and Medicine is to transfer to the student a comprehensive discussion of the wyde variety of diseases that may affect the teeth and the oral cavity (oral mucosa and maxillary bones). The main emphasis is placed on the clinical diagnostic aspects of the diseases including also epidemiologic features.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
To teach the diagnostic and therapeutical principles of the main pathologies that involve the ear, nose and paranasal sinuses, and the larynx.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The aim of the course is focused on making students aware of the main pathologies that affect the maxillo – facial district. In particular a specific emphasis is placed on the diagnostic procedure and to the choice of the most appropriate surgical procedures.
By the end of the course students must:
- know the main pathologies that affect the maxilla – facial district.
- recognize the most important emergencies in maxillo – facial surgery and their management.
- perform an accurate physical examination of the maxillo – facial district
- identify the most appropriate procedure for each different pathology.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: To encourage interdisciplinary and inter-professional collaboration, the course aims to provide basic knowledge on the functions of the mind (perception, attention, emotions and emotion regulation, learning, memory, language, consciousness, reasoning), on the main individual and personality characteristics and on the most relevant psycho -social processes for the promotion and protection of health in clinical medical settings.
At the end of the course the student must: a) know the psychological processes relevant to the activity of the doctor and other health professionals; b) understand the role of subjective factors in the evaluation of cases and effects of treatment; c) recognize the relevance to health of behaviors and subjective well-being; d) know some psychological models and constructs relevant for self-regulation and implementation of behavior change intentions; e) know the stress and burn out processes and some principles for stress management; f) know the main orientations of psychoeducational interventions, counseling and psychotherapies.
The skills to apply the knowledge learned will be stimulated through the discussion of cases and problems in the classroom. The ability to understand, communicate and reflect critically will be prompted by asking each student to review one or two of the summary presentations on the crucial notions of the chapters of the 3d edition of the textbook prepared by colleagues of previous years and to update them with respect to the new 4th edition of the text (due on March 1 2019).

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: To encourage interdisciplinary and inter-professional collaboration, the course aims to provide basic knowledge on the functions of the mind (perception, attention, emotions and emotion regulation, learning, memory, language, consciousness, reasoning), on the main individual and personality characteristics and on the most relevant psycho -social processes for the promotion and protection of health in clinical medical settings.
At the end of the course the student must: a) know the psychological processes relevant to the activity of the doctor and other health professionals; b) understand the role of subjective factors in the evaluation of cases and effects of treatment; c) recognize the relevance to health of behaviors and subjective well-being; d) know some psychological models and constructs relevant for self-regulation and implementation of behavior change intentions; e) know the stress and burn out processes and some principles for stress management; f) know the main orientations of psychoeducational interventions, counseling and psychotherapies.
The skills to apply the knowledge learned will be stimulated through the discussion of cases and problems in the classroom. The ability to understand, communicate and reflect critically will be prompted by asking each student to review one or two of the summary presentations on the crucial notions of the chapters of the 3d edition of the textbook prepared by colleagues of previous years and to update them with respect to the new 4th edition of the text (due on March 1 2019).

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: In order to achieve good clinical skills proficiency in psychiatry, the course aims to provide basic information on principles of mental health, of psychopathology, and of mental disorders and their epidemiology, clinical features, detection, diagnosis and treatment in the community and in hospital.
At the end of the course the student must: a) know the global and individual impact of mental disorders; b) recognize main signs and symptoms of mental disorders; c) know epidemiology, clinical characteristics and course, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of mental disorders; d) to recognize common consciousness disorder with their differential diagnosis in medicine e) know the treatment of acute and long-term pharmacological and psychosocial treatment of mental disorders; d) know basic forensic aspects of psychiatry and compulsory treatment of mental disorders.
Main mental disorders will be illustrated through the presentation and discussion of cinematic clinical cases in the classroom.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The rationale for an integrated approach to clinical medicine and general surgery with clinical oncology and radiotherapy.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The rationale for an integrated approach to clinical medicine and general surgery with clinical oncology and radiotherapy.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The rationale for an integrated approach to clinical medicine and general surgery with clinical oncology and radiotherapy.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The rationale for an integrated approach to clinical medicine and general surgery with clinical oncology and radiotherapy.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The rationale for an integrated approach to clinical medicine and general surgery with clinical oncology and radiotherapy.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course is focused on the interdisciplinary competencies needed by physicians for the management of health issues related to gynecology, obstetrics and perinatology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The course is focused on the interdisciplinary competencies needed by physicians for the management of health issues related to gynecology, obstetrics and perinatology.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course is focused on the interdisciplinary competencies needed by physicians for the management of health issues related to gynecology, obstetrics and perinatology.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Main aim of the course is to provide students with the basic knowledge to be able to make the clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis and formulating the treatment of diseases more common interest of Internal Medicine and General Surgery, with special attention to the most typical of the elderly patient. These parameters may also include those needed to know to conduct multidimensional assessment of the elderly patient and to evaluate the risks of the different treatments in elderly patients with multiple diseases. The course will incorporate lectures, vocational activities in the ward or in surgery that must be regarded as indispensable to achieve the objectives of the course itself.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Clinical cases should be using to assess the learning outcomes.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Main aim of the course is to provide students with the basic knowledge to be able to make the clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis and formulating the treatment of diseases more common interest of Internal Medicine and General Surgery, with special attention to the most typical of the elderly patient. These parameters may also include those needed to know to conduct multidimensional assessment of the elderly patient and to evaluate the risks of the different treatments in elderly patients with multiple diseases. The course will incorporate lectures, vocational activities in the ward or in surgery that must be regarded as indispensable to achieve the objectives of the course itself.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course is focused on the interdisciplinary competencies needed by physicians, ranging from economic and managerial skills to epidemiological methods to assess scientific evidence about the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of healthcare interventions.
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the financing mechanisms of healthcare both at macro-level (healthcare systems) and micro-level (hospital and other healthcare organizations); the main tools of management control in the healthcare organizations; the methods used to evaluate the efficacy, the effectiveness and the efficiency of healthcare interventions;
- be able to read critically and use published epidemiological studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, as well as economic evaluations of healthcare interventions; know how to use basics of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

MED/42
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the methods used to evaluate the efficacy, the effectiveness and the efficiency of healthcare interventions;
- be able to read critically and use published epidemiological studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, as well as economic evaluations of healthcare interventions;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

SECS-P/06
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the financing mechanisms of healthcare both at macro-level (healthcare systems) and micro-level (hospital and other healthcare organizations); the main tools of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- know how to use basics of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course is focused on the interdisciplinary competencies needed by physicians, ranging from economic and managerial skills to epidemiological methods to assess scientific evidence about the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of healthcare interventions.
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the financing mechanisms of healthcare both at macro-level (healthcare systems) and micro-level (hospital and other healthcare organizations); the main tools of management control in the healthcare organizations; the methods used to evaluate the efficacy, the effectiveness and the efficiency of healthcare interventions;
- be able to read critically and use published epidemiological studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, as well as economic evaluations of healthcare interventions; know how to use basics of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

MED/42
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the methods used to evaluate the efficacy, the effectiveness and the efficiency of healthcare interventions;
- be able to read critically and use published epidemiological studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, as well as economic evaluations of healthcare interventions;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

SECS-P/06
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the financing mechanisms of healthcare both at macro-level (healthcare systems) and micro-level (hospital and other healthcare organizations); the main tools of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- know how to use basics of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Fundamental basis of epidemiology, health promotion and prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases applied to environment, communities, working conditions, schools, food and nutrition; methods of health educations in both clinical and preventive medicine; relations between health promotion activities and national health service.
To behave professionally and according to the prevention principles in both living and working conditions.
To use the knowledge acquired in the field of risk evaluation/management in both living and working conditions in order to diseases preventing and health promoting; to use the knowledge acquired in the field of National Health System organization in order to get the health goals.

MED/42
Learning outcomes:
Knowledge of the principles of epidemiology, prevention and health education.

MED/44
Learning outcomes:
Being able to assess the activities of the occupational physician from a qualitative point of view and be able to draw up a risk assessment document with reference to the health risks present in the workplace.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Fundamental basis of epidemiology, health promotion and prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases applied to environment, communities, working conditions, schools, food and nutrition; methods of health educations in both clinical and preventive medicine; relations between health promotion activities and national health service.
To behave professionally and according to the prevention principles in both living and working conditions.
To use the knowledge acquired in the field of risk evaluation/management in both living and working conditions in order to diseases preventing and health promoting; to use the knowledge acquired in the field of National Health System organization in order to get the health goals.

MED/42
Learning outcomes:
Knowledge of the principles of epidemiology, prevention and health education.

MED/44
Learning outcomes:
Being able to assess the activities of the occupational physician from a qualitative point of view and be able to draw up a risk assessment document with reference to the health risks present in the workplace.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
The course is focused on the interdisciplinary competencies needed by physicians, ranging from economic and managerial skills to epidemiological methods to assess scientific evidence about the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of healthcare interventions.
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the financing mechanisms of healthcare both at macro-level (healthcare systems) and micro-level (hospital and other healthcare organizations); the main tools of management control in the healthcare organizations; the methods used to evaluate the efficacy, the effectiveness and the efficiency of healthcare interventions;
- be able to read critically and use published epidemiological studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, as well as economic evaluations of healthcare interventions; know how to use basics of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

MED/42
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the methods used to evaluate the efficacy, the effectiveness and the efficiency of healthcare interventions;
- be able to read critically and use published epidemiological studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, as well as economic evaluations of healthcare interventions;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

SECS-P/06
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must:
- know the basic types of healthcare systems in the world, with their main strengths and weaknesses; the financing mechanisms of healthcare both at macro-level (healthcare systems) and micro-level (hospital and other healthcare organizations); the main tools of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- know how to use basics of management control in the healthcare organizations;
- develop a professional attitude to adopt professional behaviors in accordance with the principles of equity, effectiveness and efficiency and objectives to the national, regional and local healthcare planning; develop a critical thinking in terms of global health, taking into account that many health problems spill over national boundaries.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must know:
1) Normal growth, development and behavior and their assessment, as well as approaches to abnormalities from infancy through adolescence
2) Health maintenance and preventive care for children, including age-related issues in nutrition, safety, vaccination and risk factor identification and modification
3) Common acute and chronic pediatric conditions, congenital and genetic syndromes, and the importance of age on their manifestations and
4) Principles of physiology and pharmacology applicable to children from birth through adulthood, especially age-related changes.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course the student must have developed knowledge about:
a) Normal neurological and mental development of children
b) Epidemiology and clinical presentation of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents
c) Developmental disorders: definition, epidemiology and nosography
d) Nosography and etiology of neurological disorders in children
e) Presenting symptoms and diagnostic work-up in neurological and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the student must know:
1) Normal growth, development and behavior and their assessment, as well as approaches to abnormalities from infancy through adolescence
2) Health maintenance and preventive care for children, including age-related issues in nutrition, safety, vaccination and risk factor identification and modification
3) Common acute and chronic pediatric conditions, congenital and genetic syndromes, and the importance of age on their manifestations and
4) Principles of physiology and pharmacology applicable to children from birth through adulthood, especially age-related changes.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Approach, management and treatment of the critical patient.
- Knowledge of critical pathologies (cardio-respiratory, cerebral and vascular emergencies) and treatment (cardiovascular and trauma support, life support monitoring, invasive and noninvasive ventilation) relating to the Emergency Health Service and others disciplinary emergency sectors (Emergency Medicine, Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Anesthesia, Resuscitation, Orthopedics, Neurology, Radiology).
- To be able to carry out fundamental therapies in emergency settings and know how to prepare the patient for surgery.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes: knowledge of the principles of management of the main vascular emergencies.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Knowledge of the principles of management of the main neurological emergencies.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
Major organ shortcomings. Principles of pathophysiology of acute respiratory failure.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes:
The student acquires knowledge related to the main emergencies in the field of Emergency Medicine, thus develops skills and competences.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Approach, management and treatment of the critical patient.
- Knowledge of critical pathologies (cardio-respiratory, cerebral and vascular emergencies) and treatment (cardiovascular and trauma support, life support monitoring, invasive and noninvasive ventilation) relating to the Emergency Health Service and others disciplinary emergency sectors (Emergency Medicine, Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Anesthesia, Resuscitation, Orthopedics, Neurology, Radiology).
- To be able to carry out fundamental therapies in emergency settings and know how to prepare the patient for surgery.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Approach, management and treatment of the critical patient.
- Knowledge of critical pathologies (cardio-respiratory, cerebral and vascular emergencies) and treatment (cardiovascular and trauma support, life support monitoring, invasive and noninvasive ventilation) relating to the Emergency Health Service and others disciplinary emergency sectors (Emergency Medicine, Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Anesthesia, Resuscitation, Orthopedics, Neurology, Radiology).
- To be able to carry out fundamental therapies in emergency settings and know how to prepare the patient for surgery.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
Approach, management and treatment of the critical patient.
- Knowledge of critical pathologies (cardio-respiratory, cerebral and vascular emergencies) and treatment (cardiovascular and trauma support, life support monitoring, invasive and noninvasive ventilation) relating to the Emergency Health Service and others disciplinary emergency sectors (Emergency Medicine, Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Anesthesia, Resuscitation, Orthopedics, Neurology, Radiology).
- To be able to carry out fundamental therapies in emergency settings and know how to prepare the patient for surgery.

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
By the end of the course, the student should be able to:
• Know common problems of abdominal pain: diagnosis and management
• Know the Management of cholelithiasis and haematuria
• Know Main problems of those subjects who have undergone surgery for stomach and intestine cancer
• Manage drug politherapy (side effects, checking for drug interaction)
• Choose the right treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Prevent cardiovascular disease: the metabolic syndrome model
• Manage subjects with Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
• Manage subjects with acute kidney failure
• Interpret arterial blood gas results
• Interpret Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
By the end of the course, the student should be able to:
• Know common problems of abdominal pain: diagnosis and management
• Know the Management of cholelithiasis and haematuria
• Know Main problems of those subjects who have undergone surgery for stomach and intestine cancer
• Manage drug politherapy (side effects, checking for drug interaction)
• Choose the right treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Prevent cardiovascular disease: the metabolic syndrome model
• Manage subjects with Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
• Manage subjects with acute kidney failure
• Interpret arterial blood gas results
• Interpret Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
By the end of the course, the student should be able to:
• Know common problems of abdominal pain: diagnosis and management
• Know the Management of cholelithiasis and haematuria
• Know Main problems of those subjects who have undergone surgery for stomach and intestine cancer
• Manage drug politherapy (side effects, checking for drug interaction)
• Choose the right treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Prevent cardiovascular disease: the metabolic syndrome model
• Manage subjects with Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
• Manage subjects with acute kidney failure
• Interpret arterial blood gas results
• Interpret Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Educational objectives

Main teaching objectives:
• Know the main legislative norms that regulate the Health organization and the fundamentals of bioethics in the present-day problematic area, knowledge of ethical norms and different cultural models, the area of action of clinical bioethics and the concept of taking care of the patient.
• Be able to carry out medico-legal procedures; be able to make an ethical analysis of a case history and an evaluation of the doctor’s own behavior in critical situations following the principles of medical ethics.
• Be aware of deontological obligations and responsibility in the practice of medicine and in the national area of the social security system.
• Be able to be a doctor who, respecting a person’s dignity, acts by safeguarding the health and welfare of the patient and of the community, using the limited resources available by law, aware of the need to respect the patient’s rights and autonomy but at the same time helping the patient to reach a decision aimed at what is best for him.

Educational objectives

PRACTICAL EVALUATION INTERNSHIP FOR THE STATE EXAM (TPVES)

Upon completion of the practical evaluation internship, the student:
Implements good practices in the physician-patient relationship (interview, report, information, clarity, consent acquisition)
Has the ability to collect a history and perform an objective examination in an outpatient setting
Knows and can apply clinical reasoning: the ability to identify priority or urgent problems and secondary problems and the ability to propose diagnostic hypotheses and to identify diagnostic tests with greater sensitivity and specificity to confirm or not the hypotheses
Is able to interpret laboratory tests
Is able to interpret the reports of diagnostic imaging examinations.
He/she is able to orientate him/herself on the decision-making processes related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.
He/she is able to fill in the admission/discharge report and able to fill in the discharge letter
is able to evaluate the appropriateness of the indication for hospitalization and indicate rehabilitation or sheltered hospitalization in other facilities
Demonstrates the ability to frame the reason for hospitalization in the context of possible chronicity, other critical issues and fragility of patients
Can indicate prevention and health education actions
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness about the organization of the National Health Service and the Regional Health Service
Respects shift start and end times, dresses appropriately for the role, carries all necessary equipment
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the rules of the department (or outpatient clinic)
Interacts correctly with medical, nursing and technical staff on the ward
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the different roles and duties of team members
Demonstrates an active attitude (asks questions, proposes to carry out activities)

Educational objectives

PRACTICAL EVALUATION INTERNSHIP FOR THE STATE EXAM (TPVES)

Upon completion of the practical evaluation internship, the student:
Implements good practices in the physician-patient relationship (interview, report, information, clarity, consent acquisition)
Has the ability to collect a history and perform an objective examination in an outpatient setting
Knows and can apply clinical reasoning: the ability to identify priority or urgent problems and secondary problems and the ability to propose diagnostic hypotheses and to identify diagnostic tests with greater sensitivity and specificity to confirm or not the hypotheses
Is able to interpret laboratory tests
Is able to interpret the reports of diagnostic imaging examinations.
He/she is able to orientate him/herself on the decision-making processes related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.
He/she is able to fill in the admission/discharge report and able to fill in the discharge letter
is able to evaluate the appropriateness of the indication for hospitalization and indicate rehabilitation or sheltered hospitalization in other facilities
Demonstrates the ability to frame the reason for hospitalization in the context of possible chronicity, other critical issues and fragility of patients
Can indicate prevention and health education actions
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness about the organization of the National Health Service and the Regional Health Service
Respects shift start and end times, dresses appropriately for the role, carries all necessary equipment
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the rules of the department (or outpatient clinic)
Interacts correctly with medical, nursing and technical staff on the ward
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the different roles and duties of team members
Demonstrates an active attitude (asks questions, proposes to carry out activities)

Educational objectives

PRACTICAL EVALUATION INTERNSHIP FOR THE STATE EXAM (TPVES)

Upon completion of the practical evaluation internship, the student:
Implements good practices in the physician-patient relationship (interview, report, information, clarity, consent acquisition)
Has the ability to collect a history and perform an objective examination in an outpatient setting
Knows and can apply clinical reasoning: the ability to identify priority or urgent problems and secondary problems and the ability to propose diagnostic hypotheses and to identify diagnostic tests with greater sensitivity and specificity to confirm or not the hypotheses
Is able to interpret laboratory tests
Is able to interpret the reports of diagnostic imaging examinations.
He/she is able to orientate him/herself on the decision-making processes related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.
He/she is able to fill in the admission/discharge report and able to fill in the discharge letter
is able to evaluate the appropriateness of the indication for hospitalization and indicate rehabilitation or sheltered hospitalization in other facilities
Demonstrates the ability to frame the reason for hospitalization in the context of possible chronicity, other critical issues and fragility of patients
Can indicate prevention and health education actions
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness about the organization of the National Health Service and the Regional Health Service
Respects shift start and end times, dresses appropriately for the role, carries all necessary equipment
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the rules of the department (or outpatient clinic)
Interacts correctly with medical, nursing and technical staff on the ward
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the different roles and duties of team members
Demonstrates an active attitude (asks questions, proposes to carry out activities)

Educational objectives

PRACTICAL EVALUATION INTERNSHIP FOR THE STATE EXAM (TPVES)

Upon completion of the practical evaluation internship, the student:
Implements good practices in the physician-patient relationship (interview, report, information, clarity, consent acquisition)
Has the ability to collect a history and perform an objective examination in an outpatient setting
Knows and can apply clinical reasoning: the ability to identify priority or urgent problems and secondary problems and the ability to propose diagnostic hypotheses and to identify diagnostic tests with greater sensitivity and specificity to confirm or not the hypotheses
Is able to interpret laboratory tests
Is able to interpret the reports of diagnostic imaging examinations.
He/she is able to orientate him/herself on the decision-making processes related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.
He/she is able to fill in the admission/discharge report and able to fill in the discharge letter
is able to evaluate the appropriateness of the indication for hospitalization and indicate rehabilitation or sheltered hospitalization in other facilities
Demonstrates the ability to frame the reason for hospitalization in the context of possible chronicity, other critical issues and fragility of patients
Can indicate prevention and health education actions
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness about the organization of the National Health Service and the Regional Health Service
Respects shift start and end times, dresses appropriately for the role, carries all necessary equipment
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the rules of the department (or outpatient clinic)
Interacts correctly with medical, nursing and technical staff on the ward
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the different roles and duties of team members
Demonstrates an active attitude (asks questions, proposes to carry out activities)

Educational objectives

PRACTICAL EVALUATION INTERNSHIP FOR THE STATE EXAM (TPVES)

Upon completion of the practical evaluation internship, the student:
Implements good practices in the physician-patient relationship (interview, report, information, clarity, consent acquisition)
Has the ability to collect a history and perform an objective examination in an outpatient setting
Knows and can apply clinical reasoning: the ability to identify priority or urgent problems and secondary problems and the ability to propose diagnostic hypotheses and to identify diagnostic tests with greater sensitivity and specificity to confirm or not the hypotheses
Is able to interpret laboratory tests
Is able to interpret the reports of diagnostic imaging examinations.
He/she is able to orientate him/herself on the decision-making processes related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.
He/she is able to fill in the admission/discharge report and able to fill in the discharge letter
is able to evaluate the appropriateness of the indication for hospitalization and indicate rehabilitation or sheltered hospitalization in other facilities
Demonstrates the ability to frame the reason for hospitalization in the context of possible chronicity, other critical issues and fragility of patients
Can indicate prevention and health education actions
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness about the organization of the National Health Service and the Regional Health Service
Respects shift start and end times, dresses appropriately for the role, carries all necessary equipment
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the rules of the department (or outpatient clinic)
Interacts correctly with medical, nursing and technical staff on the ward
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the different roles and duties of team members
Demonstrates an active attitude (asks questions, proposes to carry out activities)

Educational objectives

PRACTICAL EVALUATION INTERNSHIP FOR THE STATE EXAM (TPVES)

Upon completion of the practical evaluation internship, the student:
Implements good practices in the physician-patient relationship (interview, report, information, clarity, consent acquisition)
Has the ability to collect a history and perform an objective examination in an outpatient setting
Knows and can apply clinical reasoning: the ability to identify priority or urgent problems and secondary problems and the ability to propose diagnostic hypotheses and to identify diagnostic tests with greater sensitivity and specificity to confirm or not the hypotheses
Is able to interpret laboratory tests
Is able to interpret the reports of diagnostic imaging examinations.
He/she is able to orientate him/herself on the decision-making processes related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.
He/she is able to fill in the admission/discharge report and able to fill in the discharge letter
is able to evaluate the appropriateness of the indication for hospitalization and indicate rehabilitation or sheltered hospitalization in other facilities
Demonstrates the ability to frame the reason for hospitalization in the context of possible chronicity, other critical issues and fragility of patients
Can indicate prevention and health education actions
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness about the organization of the National Health Service and the Regional Health Service
Respects shift start and end times, dresses appropriately for the role, carries all necessary equipment
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the rules of the department (or outpatient clinic)
Interacts correctly with medical, nursing and technical staff on the ward
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the different roles and duties of team members
Demonstrates an active attitude (asks questions, proposes to carry out activities)

Educational objectives

PRACTICAL EVALUATION INTERNSHIP FOR THE STATE EXAM (TPVES)

Upon completion of the practical evaluation internship, the student:
Implements good practices in the physician-patient relationship (interview, report, information, clarity, consent acquisition)
Has the ability to collect a history and perform an objective examination in an outpatient setting
Knows and can apply clinical reasoning: the ability to identify priority or urgent problems and secondary problems and the ability to propose diagnostic hypotheses and to identify diagnostic tests with greater sensitivity and specificity to confirm or not the hypotheses
Is able to interpret laboratory tests
Is able to interpret the reports of diagnostic imaging examinations.
He/she is able to orientate him/herself on the decision-making processes related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.
He/she is able to fill in the admission/discharge report and able to fill in the discharge letter
is able to evaluate the appropriateness of the indication for hospitalization and indicate rehabilitation or sheltered hospitalization in other facilities
Demonstrates the ability to frame the reason for hospitalization in the context of possible chronicity, other critical issues and fragility of patients
Can indicate prevention and health education actions
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness about the organization of the National Health Service and the Regional Health Service
Respects shift start and end times, dresses appropriately for the role, carries all necessary equipment
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the rules of the department (or outpatient clinic)
Interacts correctly with medical, nursing and technical staff on the ward
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the different roles and duties of team members
Demonstrates an active attitude (asks questions, proposes to carry out activities)

Educational objectives

PRACTICAL EVALUATION INTERNSHIP FOR THE STATE EXAM (TPVES)

Upon completion of the practical evaluation internship, the student:
Implements good practices in the physician-patient relationship (interview, report, information, clarity, consent acquisition)
Has the ability to collect a history and perform an objective examination in an outpatient setting
Knows and can apply clinical reasoning: the ability to identify priority or urgent problems and secondary problems and the ability to propose diagnostic hypotheses and to identify diagnostic tests with greater sensitivity and specificity to confirm or not the hypotheses
Is able to interpret laboratory tests
Is able to interpret the reports of diagnostic imaging examinations.
He/she is able to orientate him/herself on the decision-making processes related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.
He/she is able to fill in the admission/discharge report and able to fill in the discharge letter
is able to evaluate the appropriateness of the indication for hospitalization and indicate rehabilitation or sheltered hospitalization in other facilities
Demonstrates the ability to frame the reason for hospitalization in the context of possible chronicity, other critical issues and fragility of patients
Can indicate prevention and health education actions
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness about the organization of the National Health Service and the Regional Health Service
Respects shift start and end times, dresses appropriately for the role, carries all necessary equipment
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the rules of the department (or outpatient clinic)
Interacts correctly with medical, nursing and technical staff on the ward
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the different roles and duties of team members
Demonstrates an active attitude (asks questions, proposes to carry out activities)

Educational objectives

PRACTICAL EVALUATION INTERNSHIP FOR THE STATE EXAM (TPVES)

Upon completion of the practical evaluation internship, the student:
Implements good practices in the physician-patient relationship (interview, report, information, clarity, consent acquisition)
Has the ability to collect a history and perform an objective examination in an outpatient setting
Knows and can apply clinical reasoning: the ability to identify priority or urgent problems and secondary problems and the ability to propose diagnostic hypotheses and to identify diagnostic tests with greater sensitivity and specificity to confirm or not the hypotheses
Is able to interpret laboratory tests
Is able to interpret the reports of diagnostic imaging examinations.
He/she is able to orientate him/herself on the decision-making processes related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.
He/she is able to fill in the admission/discharge report and able to fill in the discharge letter
is able to evaluate the appropriateness of the indication for hospitalization and indicate rehabilitation or sheltered hospitalization in other facilities
Demonstrates the ability to frame the reason for hospitalization in the context of possible chronicity, other critical issues and fragility of patients
Can indicate prevention and health education actions
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness about the organization of the National Health Service and the Regional Health Service
Respects shift start and end times, dresses appropriately for the role, carries all necessary equipment
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the rules of the department (or outpatient clinic)
Interacts correctly with medical, nursing and technical staff on the ward
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the different roles and duties of team members
Demonstrates an active attitude (asks questions, proposes to carry out activities)

Educational objectives

PRACTICAL EVALUATION INTERNSHIP FOR THE STATE EXAM (TPVES)

Upon completion of the practical evaluation internship, the student:
Implements good practices in the physician-patient relationship (interview, report, information, clarity, consent acquisition)
Has the ability to collect a history and perform an objective examination in an outpatient setting
Knows and can apply clinical reasoning: the ability to identify priority or urgent problems and secondary problems and the ability to propose diagnostic hypotheses and to identify diagnostic tests with greater sensitivity and specificity to confirm or not the hypotheses
Is able to interpret laboratory tests
Is able to interpret the reports of diagnostic imaging examinations.
He/she is able to orientate him/herself on the decision-making processes related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.
He/she is able to fill in the admission/discharge report and able to fill in the discharge letter
is able to evaluate the appropriateness of the indication for hospitalization and indicate rehabilitation or sheltered hospitalization in other facilities
Demonstrates the ability to frame the reason for hospitalization in the context of possible chronicity, other critical issues and fragility of patients
Can indicate prevention and health education actions
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness about the organization of the National Health Service and the Regional Health Service
Respects shift start and end times, dresses appropriately for the role, carries all necessary equipment
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the rules of the department (or outpatient clinic)
Interacts correctly with medical, nursing and technical staff on the ward
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the different roles and duties of team members
Demonstrates an active attitude (asks questions, proposes to carry out activities)

Educational objectives

PRACTICAL EVALUATION INTERNSHIP FOR THE STATE EXAM (TPVES)

Upon completion of the practical evaluation internship, the student:
Implements good practices in the physician-patient relationship (interview, report, information, clarity, consent acquisition)
Has the ability to collect a history and perform an objective examination in an outpatient setting
Knows and can apply clinical reasoning: the ability to identify priority or urgent problems and secondary problems and the ability to propose diagnostic hypotheses and to identify diagnostic tests with greater sensitivity and specificity to confirm or not the hypotheses
Is able to interpret laboratory tests
Is able to interpret the reports of diagnostic imaging examinations.
He/she is able to orientate him/herself on the decision-making processes related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.
He/she is able to fill in the admission/discharge report and able to fill in the discharge letter
is able to evaluate the appropriateness of the indication for hospitalization and indicate rehabilitation or sheltered hospitalization in other facilities
Demonstrates the ability to frame the reason for hospitalization in the context of possible chronicity, other critical issues and fragility of patients
Can indicate prevention and health education actions
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness about the organization of the National Health Service and the Regional Health Service
Respects shift start and end times, dresses appropriately for the role, carries all necessary equipment
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the rules of the department (or outpatient clinic)
Interacts correctly with medical, nursing and technical staff on the ward
Demonstrates knowledge and awareness of the different roles and duties of team members
Demonstrates an active attitude (asks questions, proposes to carry out activities)

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.

Educational objectives

Mainteaching objectivesBy the end of the course the sudent must:
Know the main legislative norms that regulate Health organization and the fundamentals of bioethics in the present-day problematic area, knowledge of ethical norms and different cultural models, the area of action of clinical bioethics and the concept of taking care of the patient. Be able tocarry out medico-legal procedures; be able to make an ethical analysis of a case history and an evaluation of the doctor’s own behaviour in critical situations following the principles of medical ethics. Be aware of deontological obligations and responsibility in the practice of medicine and in the national area of the social security system. Be able to be a doctor who, respecting a person’s dignity, acts by safeguarding the health and welfare of the patient and of the community, using the limited resources available by law, aware of the need to respect the patient’s rights and autonomy but at the same time helping the patient to reach a decision aimed at what is best for him.

Educational objectives

The student is allowed to choose one or more courses offered within any first cycle degree program at Sapienza, provided that they are coherent with his learning path.