Philosophy

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in historical and critical perspective; knowledge of a philosophical period and context with a focus on the long-term nature of the issues addressed; knowledge of key concepts and terms in historical perspective. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts from a historical and critical perspective. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical-philosophical context; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: knowledge of key notions of history of science and technology by means of an analysis of some classics of the discipline; improvement of: capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of scientific and philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical and scientific terminology in oral and written communication; argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in historical and critical perspective; knowledge of a philosophical period and context with a focus on the long-term nature of the issues addressed; knowledge of key concepts and terms in historical perspective. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts from a historical and critical perspective. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical-philosophical context; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: the student will acquire a basic knowledge of the texts under examination, with the abilities for its analysis and commentary, as a result of a direct reading of the texts, the sources, the relevant secondary literature and of the proper use of the philological and linguistic tools.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in a theoretical perspective and acquisition of key concepts in theoretical philosophy. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts from a critical perspective. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to discuss the theme under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively) and ability to read critically and contextualize philosophical texts in a historical-theoretical framework. Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: knowledge of key notions of theoretical philosophy by means of an analysis of some classics of the discipline; improvement of: capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted the acquisition of the general objectives of the three-year degree course in Philosophy, this teaching module specifically aims to achieve the following results. Knowledge and understanding (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of the historical and theoretical nodes of the discipline; knowledge of both the key notions and the methods of environmental ethics. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to critically examine the exam texts, also with reference to the ethical, scientific and historical-social issues in which they were developed. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to interpret the topics of study from a personal perspective (also during lessons, responding to the teacher's solicitations). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a basic lexicon of moral philosophy, environmental studies and environmental ethics in particular; ability to argue the topics covered with ownership of language. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to deal with the key issues of environmental ethics in a personal way (through bibliographical research, applying specific research methods, etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted the acquisition of the general objectives of the three-year degree course in Philosophy, the teaching of Semiotics aims to achieve the following specific outcomes: a) knowledge and understanding of the theoretical junctures of the discipline and of the conceptual tools developed by contemporary semiotics in relation to the problems of knowledge and communication; b) ability to analyse and critically read the proposed texts, also with reference to the relevant historical and disciplinary contexts; c) reflective, argumentative and critical skills, through open discussions and the (optional) elaboration of a short individual research path on one of the topics covered in class.

By the end of the course the student will:

A. demonstrate knowledge of the main theoretical strands and related terminology of contemporary general semiotics, as well as an understanding of its historical genesis (oral test of knowledge and comprehension skills);

B. be able to present the issues addressed in the course in a clear and reasoned manner, using appropriate terminology (assessment of communication skills in oral and written tests);

C. be able to pursue an independent path of in-depth study of the topics dealt with in the course, based on class discussions and the bibliographical references provided.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): basic notions of formal logic: deductive validity, connectives, quantifiers, semantics, formal systems. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to apply formal logic to scrutinize informal reasonings and to solve logical problems. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to critically examine philosophical assumptions connected with concepts and procedures employed in formal logic. Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use the tools of formal logic to construct arguments and to respond to the arguments of others. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to use the acquired knowledge to deal with logical systems more advanced than first order classical predicate logic.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: 1. knowledge of key notions of aesthetics by means of the study of some classical texts of the discipline. 2. improvement of the capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of the philosophical texts. 3. mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication. 4. argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Acquisition of various key concepts in Philosophical Anthropology; the ability to theoretically contextualise philosophical texts and their place in contemporary debate. In addition, students will be expected to display critical reading skills, to master specialist philosophical vocabulary, and develop their own arguments.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: knowledge of key notions of philosophical ethics, of animal ethics and of the philosophy of biology through an analysis of some classical texts of the discipline; improvement of: capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology; argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

The course provides a critical introduction to contemporary philosophy of mind and its fundamental concepts, with a particular focus on its connection to modern cognitive sciences. The course aims to achieve the following objectives: acquisition of key notions and main themes of the philosophy of mind, mastery of an adequate philosophical vocabulary, development of personal argumentative skills, ability to establish conceptual links between the technological and philosophical fields.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in historical and critical perspective; knowledge of a philosophical period and context with a focus on the long-term nature of the issues addressed; knowledge of key concepts and terms in historical perspective. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts from a historical and critical perspective. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical-philosophical context; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge and understanding of the theoretical issues, concepts and key terms emerging from the examination texts; knowledge and understanding of the sense of the contents being studied for the discipline. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret the texts under examination; ability to analyse and comment, in an aesthetic-philosophical key, the texts under study. Autonomy of judgement (descriptor C): ability to theoretically and critically frame the contents of the course; ability to discuss the topics under study (also at the teacher's request for active participation). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use and master a technical vocabulary in relation to the disciplinary contents; ability to argue the issues dealt with. Learning ability (descriptor E): ability to deepen, also through the continuation of the study in an autonomous way, the philosophical questions under study (through the learning and practice of a method, the research of a bibliography of reference, etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: knowledge of key notions of history of medieval philosophy by means of an analysis of some classics of the discipline; improvement of: capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives 1) To introduce students into the problems, methods and basic terminology of philosophy of language; 2) To guide students into the study of philosophical-linguistic problems, stimulating their ability of analyzing and reconstructing the critical-historical discussion about philosophical texts; 3) to be able to undertake autonomous in-depth studies, starting from the debates carried out in the classroom and the given bibliographic suggestions.

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.

Educational objectives

Given for granted the acquisition of the general objectives of the three-year degree course in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of processes, concepts and key terms in historical perspective; knowledge of the events that have marked the history of the 20th century, in-depth study of the problematic issues that have questioned historiography, with a focus on the long-term nature of the issues addressed. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to critically interpret the proposed topics, also with reference to the historical, social and political contexts in which they were developed. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical context; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into historical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted the acquisition of the general objectives of the three-year degree course in Philosophy, this teaching module specifically aims to achieve the following results. Knowledge and understanding (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of the theoretical nodes of the discipline; knowledge of both the key notions and the methods of cultural geography. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to critically examine the exam texts, also with reference to the historical-social and disciplinary contexts in which they were developed. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to interpret the topics of study from a personal perspective (also during lessons, responding to the teacher's solicitations). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a basic geographical lexicon; ability to argue the topics covered with ownership of language. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to deal with the key issues of cultural geography in a personal way (through bibliographical research, applying specific research methods, etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objective: in-depth analysis of some conceptual issues in the current debate in the field of political philosophy (from both a historical and contemporary perspective), with particular attention to the mastery of the terminology and the methods concerning the conceptualisation, investigation and discussion of problems to be dealt with during the course.

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding of the discipline; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; ability of critical analysis and of expressing carefully that which has been learned; ability to undertake further studies autonomously), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: acquisition of knowledge of key notions of history of philosophy by means of an analysis of some of his writings; improvement of the capacity of critical reading and of historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; improvement of argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: knowledge of the main elements of Jewish culture and religion, and the history of the Jews; knowledge of the main authors and issues of Jewish philosophy, with special attention to medieval, Renaissance and early modern Jewish thought (10th-17th cent.). The student will also become familiar with the technical vocabulary of Jewish religion and philosophy, and will be able to identify the main literature on the subject. Other objectives are the following: understanding of the importance of the Jews as cultural intermediaries and translators of Arabic philosophical literature into Hebrew and Latin; ability to orient oneself with respect to different linguistic and historical milieus; enhancing critical awareness of the past through the understanding of the “Jewish contribution to civilization”.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: to frame the topics and the meaning of philosophical terminology relating to moral philosophy and philosophy of religion in general and in the age of German Idealism and to acquire its foundations from textual reading; to understand philosophical texts and to be able to analyze their internal coherence; to apply the acquired knowledge and skills in seminar mode, students will in fact be encouraged to apply elements of knowledge gained working on the text on targeted problems, to formulate and compare hypotheses and verify them through a comparison of opinions. The constant confrontation on the themes dealt with in the general exposition of the text and the discussion in the seminars are intended to promote and refine the ability to expose themes of philosophy of religion with appropriate language and critical capacity.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: mastery of terminology, methodologies and argumentative forms of philosophical research in ethics; development of the capacity of critical reading of classics of the discipline, improvement of personal argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: knowledge of key notions of ethics by means of an analysis of some classics of the discipline; improvement of: capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: ability to explain and interpret the philosophical texts; mastery in the oral use of the philosophical lexicon, specifically that related to the topics of the course; acquisition of fundamental concepts through the analysis of scheduled texts; improvement of autonomous argumentation skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: knowledge of key notions of aesthetics by means of an analysis of some classics of the discipline; improvement of: capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: knowledge of key notions of philosophy of finance by means of an analysis of some classics of the discipline; improvement of: capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

The course provides a critical introduction to contemporary philosophy of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its fundamental concepts, with a particular focus on its connection to philosophy of mind and cognitive sciences. The course aims to achieve the following objectives: acquisition of key notions and main themes of the philosophy of AI, understanding of the main philosophical questions surrounding AI, mastery of an adequate philosophical vocabulary, development of personal argumentative skills, ability to establish conceptual links between the technological and philosophical fields.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding of the discipline; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; ability of critical analysis and of expressing carefully that which has been learned; ability to undertake further studies autonomously), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: acquisition of knowledge of key notions of ancient philosophy by means of an analysis of some of his writings; improvement of the capacity of critical reading and of historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; improvement of argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding of the discipline; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; ability of critical analysis and of expressing carefully that which has been learned; ability to undertake further studies autonomously), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: acquisition of knowledge of key notions of medieval history by means of an analysis of some of his writings; improvement of the capacity of critical reading and of historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; improvement of argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Students are expected to acquire a good knowledge of the main lines of early modern history through an active and lively participation in the lessons, thanks also to an accurate reading of the texts indicated in the bibliography. Special attention will be given to the enhancement of critical attitudes and to the student’s skill of communicating the acquired knowledge.

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: knowledge of key notions of Greek history by means of an analysis of some classics of the discipline; improvement of: capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: knowledge of key notions of Roman history by means of an analysis of some classics of the discipline; improvement of: capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Acquisition of various key concepts in Philosophical Anthropology; the ability to theoretically contextualise philosophical texts and their place in contemporary debate. In addition, students will be expected to display critical reading skills, to master specialist philosophical vocabulary, and develop their own arguments.

Educational objectives

In addition to some essential and general goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course is aimed to reach the following objectives: knowledge of key notions of moral philosophy through the analysis of a fundamental work; improvement of: capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; knowledge of the history of philosophy between the XVIII and early XIX century; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: knowledge of key notions of philosophy of religion by means of an analysis of some classics of the discipline; improvement of: capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding of the discipline; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; ability of critical analysis and of expressing carefully that which has been learned; ability to undertake further studies autonomously), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: acquisition of knowledge of key notions of moral philosophy by means of an analysis of some of his writings; improvement of the capacity of critical reading and of historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; improvement of argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding of the discipline; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; ability of critical analysis and of expressing carefully that which has been learned; ability to undertake further studies autonomously), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: acquisition of knowledge of key notions of ancient philosophy by means of an analysis of some of his writings; improvement of the capacity of critical reading and of historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; improvement of argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding of the discipline; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; ability of critical analysis and of expressing carefully that which has been learned; ability to undertake further studies autonomously), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: acquisition of knowledge of key notions of cultural anthropology by means of an analysis of some of his writings; improvement of the capacity of critical reading and of historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; improvement of argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

The general objective of the course is to to provide students with an adequate knowledge of the history of education from the perspective of the history of ideas. The course is divided into three parts, dedicated respectively to antiquity, the Middle Ages and the modern and postmodern age.