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• Homeostasis: internal and external environment - liquid compartments - homeostatic mechanisms (positive and negative feedback) • Biophysical properties of the membrane: the plasma membrane, transport across the plasma membrane: passive and active membrane transport, movement of ions across the membrane, ion channels (voltage and ligand dependent), genesis of electrical signals (resting potential, action), equilibrium potential, concepts of osmosis, tonicity. • Skeletal muscle: cellular and molecular structure, sarcomere, muscle contraction, neuromuscular junction, excitation-contraction coupling. • Cardiovascular system: Heart: heart muscle, heart valves, myocardial excitation and impulse conduction (auto rhythmic cells- pacemaker, conduction system, cardiac action potential and action potential propagation), cardiac cycle, electrocardiogram, cardiac output, nerve control of cardiac output Circulatory system: systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation, forces regulating blood flow (pressure gradient and resistance), arterial and venous system functions, vasomotor tone, venous return, capillary functions (capillary exchange-filtration and absorption), arterial pressure ( systolic-diastolic), baroreceptors, nervous and renal control of blood pressure. Methods for measuring blood pressure. • Respiratory system: functions of the respiratory system, internal and external respiration, upper and lower airways, pleura, pulmonary pressures, surfactant, surface tension, La Place's law, pulmonary mechanics (inspiration, expiration), Boyle's law, pulmonary ventilation, alveolar ventilation, chemoreceptors and nervous control of respiration. Atmospheric air composition, Dalton's law, respiratory membrane, factors regulating gas exchange at the alveolar level, partial pressure values ​​of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and in the alveolar area, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, exchanges tissue gases. • Renal system: main renal functions, the nephron, glomerular ultrafiltration, tubular reabsorption and secretions, hyperosmoticity of the renal medullary interstitium, urine concentration (aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone), role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. • Nervous system: nervous system organization, neuroglial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, ependymal cells), neurons (functional classes), myelin functions, synapses, neurotransmitters, synaptic transmission (excitatory and inhibitory synapses), spinal reflexes, simple reflex arc.

Indispensable: knowledge of notions of Physics and Chemistry is essential Important: the acquisition of the principles of Biochemistry and Cell Biology is important Useful: it is useful to have some knowledge of Molecular Biology

Anatomia e fisiologia K.S. SALADIN PICCIN Anatomia e Fisiologia PATTON-THIBODEAU edra Fondamenti di anatomia e fisiologia MARTINI-NATH EdiSES Fisiologia C.L STANFIELD & W.J. GERMANN EdiSES

MANDATORY

The evaluation methods of the course are characterized by exam sessions fixed in the scheduled exam sessions (2 for each session; plus some extraordinary exam sessions). The evaluation method includes a written test (multiple choice, 30 questions, 1 point per question) preparatory to the oral test. The lessons in "flipped" and "practice" mode will be associated with a bonus of 2 points which will be an integral part of the final grade The objective of the test is to certify the student's knowledge on the mechanisms of homeostatic functioning and control of the human body with references to cellular mechanisms. The elements taken into consideration for the purposes of the evaluation are: knowledge of the subject, in all the areas addressed in the course. The exams will assess the ability to reason and integrate skills and the ability to study independently on the texts indicated. Sufficient knowledge of the topics covered in the various parts of the program is required to pass the exam with minimum marks. To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude, the student must instead demonstrate that he has acquired an excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course.

The lessons are conducted frontally with the aid of presentations. The material necessary to follow the lessons is available on e-learning. Some lessons are delivered in a flipped manner, by agreement with the students.