Nursing REPLICA O-ASL FROSINONE UMBERTO I

General etiology: the concept of homeostasis, health, and disease. Adaptation. Definition of etiology and pathogenesis. Physical and chemical agents that cause disease. Pathology of bacterial and viral infections. Pathogen-organism interaction. Genetic pathology: mutations and mutagenesis. Karyotype abnormalities. Cytogenetic diseases. Modes of inheritance of pathological traits: dominance, recessiveness, and X-linked inheritance. Mendelian diseases and atypically inherited monogenic diseases. Mutations caused by triplet sequences and by alterations in genomic imprinting. Pathological mitochondrial inheritance. Multifactorial inheritance and multifactorial diseases. Non-hereditary congenital diseases. Cellular pathology: cellular response to damage and stress. Reversible and irreversible damage. Intracellular accumulations. Hydropic swelling. Steatosis. Accumulations of cholesterol and cholesterol esters, glycogen, and pigments. Cellular adaptation processes (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia). Cell death. Necrosis and apoptosis. Lysosomal diseases. Cellular adaptation processes (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia).Cell death. Necrosis and apoptosis. Inflammatory response: cells and inflammatory receptors. Chemical mediators of acute inflammation. Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Chemokines and chemotaxis. Phases and evolution of acute inflammation: vascular changes. Inflammatory exudate and edema. Phagocytosis. Chronic inflammation. Phases and evolution of chronic inflammation. Foreign body granulomas and immunological granulomas. The healing process. Systemic manifestations of inflammation: acute-phase proteins, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leukocytosis. Thermoregulation mechanisms. Hyperthermia and fever. Pathogenesis and course of fever. Types of fever. Immunology and immunopathology: innate and acquired immunity. Cells and tissues of the immune system. Humoral and cellular immune response. Central and peripheral immune tolerance. Mechanisms underlying loss of tolerance and the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Classification and mechanisms of cellular and tissue damage in types I, II, III, and IV hypersensitivity reactions. Main pathological manifestations.Overview of primary immunodeficiencies of innate and specific immunity and acquired immunodeficiencies. Oncology: definition and etiopathogenesis of tumors. Classification and nomenclature. Benign and malignant tumors. Morphological and biochemical characteristics of neoplastic cells. Dysplasia, precancerous lesions, and carcinoma in situ. Phases of the neoplastic process: initiation, promotion, and progression. Clinical criteria for tumor classification: grading and staging. Tumor markers. Mechanisms controlling cell proliferation. Protooncogenes, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes. Genomic instability. Angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis. Modes of metastatic spread. Jaundice: bilirubin metabolism and etiological classification and pathophysiology of jaundice. Diabetes mellitus: classification criteria. Metabolic alterations in diabetes. Biochemical alterations resulting from hyperglycemia. Acute and chronic complications of diabetes

Pontieri G.M. Elements of General Pathology and General Pathophysiology - For degree programs in healthcare professions. 4th edition. Padua: Piccin; 2018 • Celotti F. General Pathology and Pathophysiology. 2nd edition. Naples: Edises; 2013