Orthopaedics techniques

1. Cellular Physiology - Cell membrane and its physiological properties - Electrical properties of cellular membranes: resting potential, action potential - Cellular junctions, receptors and transporters - Cell membrane permeability. Diffusion and Fick's law - Physiological mechanisms of osmotic phenomena 2. Central nervous system, excitable cells and principles of muscle contraction - Properties and morphology of synapses, Neurotransmitters, ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, spatial and temporal summation. - Action potential generation, Basic cellular electrophysiology and of physiological principles of action potential conduction. - Fundamental nervous circuits: simple reflex arcs and miotatic reflexes. Orthosympathetic and parasynpathetic autonomic systems - Skeletal muscle, structure and function of muscle proteins - Excitation-Contratction coupling - Types of muscle fibers and motor units - Smooth muscles: types, activation and regulation 3. Sensory systems 4. Temperature regulation: role of the hypothalamus, fever and hyperthermia 5. Muscle physiology - Skeletal muscle, sarcomeres - Muscle contraction and neuromuscular junction - Motor units and muscle fibers - Smooth muscle regulation and function - Movement voluntary control: posture, tone, reflexes, role of cerebellum and basal ganglia 6. Hearth physiology - cardiac muscle - cardiac cycle - Pace-maker systems of the hearth - blood flow in the cardiovascular system - regulation of blood pressure 7. Kidney physiology - Hydrosaline equilibrium and compartments - Urine formation: filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Medullary hyperosmotic environment. - Endocrine regulation of blood and extracellular liquid volumes (RA system and BNP) - pH regulation by renal function 8. Respiratory system - Lung structure - Volumes and Pressures in the lungs - Lung perfusion and ventilation - Compliance - Regulation: role of chemical and nervous factors 9. Endocrine system - Horomones: types of hormones hypothalamus-hypophysis axis - Thyroid hormones - Adrenal hormones - Insulin and glucagone - Gonadotropins 10. Gastrointestinal Physiology - Gastrointestinal system structure and enteric nervous system - Digestion - Structiure and function of smooth gsatrointestinal muscle - Secretions: acids, bases and enzymes - Functions of intestinal epithelium and nutrients' absorption.

Mandatory presence.

The verification of knowledge will take place through a final oral exam. In order to pass, the student has to obtain an evaluation of at least 18/30. To reach this threshold the student has to acquire a basic knowledge on the topics included in the program. Furthermore, the student will have to show his/her ability to make an argument, logically and independently, on the basic topics in physiology that are included in the program. Additionally, the evaluation will be focused on property of language applied to the study of physiology, which will allow the student to reach the higher mark (30/30 e lode).

The Course will be held in presence. Online teaching will be provided in case of special necessities.