law

Educational objectives

Objectives of the course: systematic study of the French language in its phonological, morpho-syntactic and lexical levels; Development of the oral and written skills of learners with particular regard to the languages of specialities relevant to the political, economic and legal areas.

Educational objectives

Educational Objective: Systematic study of the main structures and communicative functions of the Spanish language with particular regard to the language of speciality through the analysis of the most significant moments of Spanish history and of documents of News.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding: 
The course aims to provide students with an adequate knowledge of the general principles and rules
of German public and private law. 

Applying knowledge and understanding: 
By the end of the course, students should be able to express the general principles and rules of the
German legal system with a full command of legal German. 

Making judgements:
Students are expected to have developed a sufficiently autonomous ability to analyse German
public and private law by the end of the course.

Communication skills: 
By the end of the course, students should be able to explain the German legal concepts they have
learnt using the correct terminology. 

Learning skills: 
Students should be able to continue studying the German legal system and demonstrate the
knowledge they have acquired.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the teaching period, the student will be able to independently formulate legal concepts in written or oral form, depending on the context (email, notice of dispute, agreement between parties or commercial contract, power of attorney for litigation). The student will be able to recognize the main elements of a common law contract and the structure of a commercial contract, will be capable of drafting a basic outline of a commercial contract, and will have knowledge of certain aspects of the U.S. trial system, such as the jury and its selection process, as well as examination and cross-examination techniques. The student will also understand the basic differences between ordinary litigation and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms.

Applied knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to communicate and interact in English within the areas studied during the course and, also thanks to the simulations carried out, will be able to draft a commercial contract divided into its component parts or conduct an examination and cross-examination related to a specific case.

Independent judgment:
By the end of the course, the student who has attended classes and studied the assigned materials will have developed an elementary yet independent ability to analyze the fundamental elements of legalese and plain English, of contracts, civil litigation in the common law system, and international commercial transactions.

Communication skills:
At the end of the course, the student will be able to interact, both orally and in writing, in the main practical situations that, as a legal professional, they may face in various work contexts. This includes drafting emails, communications, agreements, and contracts, explaining the main differences between ADR methods, and outlining the key elements of a Power of Attorney.

Learning skills:
At the end of the course, the student is expected to be able to interact competently in basic legal contexts through the use of the English language.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and Understanding
The course aims to provide a solid theoretical understanding of the principles of sustainability in their environmental, social, and economic dimensions, with particular attention to their relevance in national, European, and international law.
The student will acquire advanced knowledge of the conceptual foundations of sustainable development, the relevant regulatory sources (Agenda 2030, European Green Deal, Italian Constitution, environmental and climate law), and the theoretical models guiding the ecological transition.
The goal is to develop the ability to critically interpret traditional legal categories in light of the challenges posed by sustainability and the interdisciplinary integration between law, economics, and environmental sciences.

Applied Knowledge and Understanding
The student will be able to apply the theoretical knowledge acquired to the analysis of complex legal cases related to environmental protection, sustainability governance, corporate social responsibility, and climate justice.
They will know how to link sustainability principles to legal regulatory tools (soft law, ESG standards, environmental administrative law, energy law, tax law, international environmental law, and environmental economics), understanding their impact on public policies and business practices.

Judgment Autonomy
The course aims to develop the critical thinking and autonomy of judgment necessary to evaluate the consistency and effectiveness of sustainability norms, policies, and strategies.
The student will be able to make independent assessments regarding the compatibility between economic, environmental, and social interests, interpreting regulatory choices in light of the principles of intergenerational equity, precaution, and responsibility.
Interdisciplinary approaches and ethical reflections on the role of law in promoting sustainability will be encouraged.

Communication Skills
The student will develop the ability to clearly, rigorously, and coherently present complex concepts related to legal sustainability, using appropriate technical-legal and interdisciplinary language.
They will be able to participate in academic and institutional debates, draft reasoned reports and opinions, and communicate effectively with interlocutors from various fields (legal, economic, scientific, political).

Learning Skills
The course promotes the acquisition of an autonomous and critical study methodology, oriented towards research and continuous updating in a constantly evolving field.
The student will develop the ability to identify and interpret complex regulatory and doctrinal sources, use legal databases and international policy documents, and integrate legal knowledge with that from other disciplines related to sustainability.

Educational objectives

The specific expected learning outcomes derive from each activity offered by the Faculty at the student's choice. Upon completion of the learning activity, the student will be able to fully apply the knowledge acquired during the course of study

Educational objectives

The specific expected learning outcomes derive from each activity offered by the Faculty at the student's choice. Upon completion of the learning activity, the student will be able to fully apply the knowledge acquired during the course of study

Educational objectives

The economic analysis of law posits that legal norms influence individuals' behaviour and their choices. It applies the concepts and analytical tools of microeconomics to assess individuals' behavioural choices in response to rules. From this perspective, the first part of the course is dedicated to a concise overview of the main tools used in the field of economic analysis of law. The course then aims to reconsider, from an economic perspective, the key areas of private law: property rights, contracts, and civil liability. Below is a more detailed illustration of the topics covered. By the end of the course, students will be able to apply the economic approach to the analysis of civil law institutions.
At the end of the course, students will have developed the following competences:
Knowledge and understanding
Students will acquire a foundational understanding of the core principles of the economic analysis of law, particularly the assumption that legal rules shape individual behaviour and decision-making. They will become familiar with key microeconomic tools—such as efficiency, incentives, and cost-benefit analysis—used to assess individual responses to legal norms. The course will also introduce students to the economic re-interpretation of major areas of private law, including property rights, contract law, and tort liability.
Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to apply the acquired economic reasoning to analyze legal institutions and doctrines from a functional perspective. In particular, they will be equipped to evaluate how different legal rules influence behavior and resource allocation in a variety of contexts. Through exercises and case discussions, students will learn to use economic models to interpret and assess the effects of specific legal arrangements.
Making judgements
Students will develop the ability to critically assess legal norms by considering both their intended effects and potential unintended consequences. They will be encouraged to evaluate the efficiency and fairness of legal rules and to reflect on the trade-offs inherent in legal design and enforcement. This includes the capacity to formulate independent, well-argued opinions based on empirical and theoretical evidence.
Communication skills
By engaging in class discussions, presentations, and written assignments, students will enhance their ability to clearly and effectively communicate complex interdisciplinary analyses to both legal and economic audiences. Particular emphasis will be placed on the correct use of technical language from both domains.
Learning skills
The course fosters autonomous learning by encouraging students to explore academic literature in law and economics, to stay updated with recent developments in the field, and to deepen their understanding through independent study. These skills will support further academic or professional specialisation in law, economics, or regulatory policy.