Environmental Engineering

Thermodynamics Reversible and non-reversible transformations, intensive and extensive state variables, state equations, perfect gas. State equation of perfect gas. Definition of work. Definition of heat. First law of thermodynamics for closed systems. Internal energy. Enthalpy. Dependence of internal energy and enthalpy of perfect gas only on temperature. Equation of reversible adiabatic transformations. Calculus of heat and work along reversible transformations. Specific heat. Phase changes. State diagram p-v-T. Vapour quality. Latent heat. Clapeyron-Clausius equation. Compressibility factor. First law of thermodynamics for open systems. Mass conservation equation. Energy conservation equation. Pressure drop in pipes. Secondo law of thermodynamics. Heat engine. Carnot cycle. Heat efficiency. Thermodynamic scale of temperature. Clausius relation. Entropy. Temperature-entropy and enthalpy-entropy thermodynamic planes. Clausius inequation. Steam engine. Rankine cycle. Internal combustion engine. Otto cycle. Diesel cycle. Joule-Brayton cycle. elements on reverese thermodynamic cycles. Vapour compression refrigerant cycle. Heat pumps. Heat transfer Introduction to heat transfer. General aspects on conduction, convection and radiation heat transfer. Heat conduction. Fourier postulate. Thermal conductivity. General equation of conduction. Boundary conditions. Thermal diffusivity. Steady state conduction heat transfer. Conduction heat transfer through plane slabs, hollow cylinders and spheres. Thermal resistance. Conduction heat transfer through plane slabs with inner heat generation. Conduction heat transfer through hollow cylinders with inner heat generation. Multi-layered slabs and hollow cylinders. Unsteady conduction heat transfer. Heat transfer in a semi-infinite medium with step temperature change and with sinusoidal surface temperature. Convection heat transfer. General aspects. Definition of natural, forced, and mixed convection. Elements on fluid flow. Dynamic and cinematic viscosity. Laminar and turbulent flow. Elements on boundary layer. Convection heat transfer coefficient. Reynolds, Prandtl, Nusselt, and Grashof non-dimensional numbers and their physical meaning. Flow on planes. Flow inside pipes. Natural convection heat transfer from horizontal cylinders and vertical planes. Heat transfer inside slender cavities. Rayleigh number. Radiation heat transfer. Lambert law for emission and reflection. Black body definition and behavior. Absorption, reflection and transparency coefficients. Bouguer law. Kichhoff law. Stefan-Boltzmann law. Wien law. Plank law. Radiant emission of non-black bodies. Global emissivity. Specific emissivity. Gray bodies. Selectivity. Radiation heat transfer. View factors. Radiosity. Combined radiation and convection heat transfer. Heat transfer through multilayered walls between two fluids. Thermal transmittance. Free heating and cooling of a general body - lumped capacities method.

Algebra, euclidean geometry, calculus, solution of linear differential equations. Theory of thermodynamics

The student is free to use texts that carry out the topics with at least the same depth as the one dealt with in the lessons. However, it is noted that the lessons have based on the following texts: Massimo Corcione, Note di trasmissione del calore, Editore CISU, ISBN 9788879757515 Cesini, Latini, Polonara, Fisica tecnica, CittàStudi edizioni

The written exam can be supported in two alternative ways: two exonerations carried out during the lesson period; a written test during the day on which the exam is scheduled. The oral exam consists of an interview (after the positive result of the written test) on the day of the written test or in the following days, in case of a large number of enrolled students.

Attendance of the course is not compulsory, but highly recommended.

The writing consists of 4 questions each. The total vote is between 0 and 30 with honors. The oral is a vote between 0 and 30 with honors. The arithmetic average rounded up between exoneration/written and oral constitutes the final vote of the exam.

The written exam can be supported in two alternative ways: two exonerations carried out during the lesson period; a written test during the day on which the exam is scheduled. The oral exam consists of an interview (after the positive result of the written test) on the day of the written test or in the following days, in case of a large number of enrolled students.