Clinical Engineering

Introduction (4 h) Introduction to the course. General information on signals. Ohm's and Kirkhoff's laws. Voltage and current divider. Controlled generators. Exercises on controlled generators. Thevenin and Norton theorems. (4h) Amplifiers (8 h) Amplifiers: general information, circuit symbol, energy balance, transfer characteristic, saturation, non-linearity, operating point. I earn. Circuit representation of voltage, current, transimpedance and transconductance amplifiers as two-gate networks. Frequency response of amplifiers: general information. Single-pole passive RC low pass and high pass filter: calculation of the amplitude and phase Bode diagram. Example of a low pass voltage amplifier (represented as a two port network) and a high pass transconductance amplifier. Step and impulse response of an STC low pass filter. Step and impulse response of a high pass filter at STC. Operational amplifiers (10 h) Ideal operational amplifiers. Introduction to feedback. Inverting and non-inverting configuration. Calculation of the gain with the feedback method or with the equality of the voltages at the inverting and non-inverting terminal. Effect of finite open-loop gain on the gain and input resistance of the inverting and non-inverting configuration. Effect of the finite band on the transfer function of the op-amp in a non-inverting configuration. Constancy of the band-gain product. Adder. Differential amplifier. Instrumentation amplifier. Operational amplifier as an ideal and real integrator and differentiator circuit. Non-ideality of the operational amplifier: offset voltage, bias and offset currents; slew rate, CMRR. Exercises. Diodes (8 h) Introduction to solid state electronics: metals, oxides and semiconductors. Intrinsic crystalline silicon, n-type and p-type. Fermi level in intrinsic semiconductors, p and n. Equation of drift and diffusion current. P-n junction: band structure, direct and reverse operation, current equation. Reverse saturation current. Diode: circuit symbol. Resolution of circuits containing diodes by the graphical method. State model of the diode. Voltage limiters. Small-signal model of the diode. Zener diode: function and circuit symbol. DC power supply: diode rectifier, diode bridge, RC filter, ripple, voltage stabilizer with Zener. Super diode. Exercises. BJT (20 h) Bipolar junction transistors (BJT): structure, operation and equation of currents. Ebers-Moll model. Input and output characteristics. Early effect. Resolution of circuits containing BJT: graphic method, state method. Model for large signals of the BJT in the active, interdiction and saturation zone. BJT polarization circuits: single and double power supply, with emitter resistor. BJT bias circuit with current generator. The BJT transistor as amplifiers. Small signal model. Block and bypass capacitors. Static and dynamic load line. Exercises. Universal configuration of BJTs as amplifiers. Simple common emitter amplifier with degeneration resistance. Continuation of common emitter amplifier with degeneration resistance. Common collector and common base amplifier. Exercises. Current generators: simple, Widlar. Comparison between the design of a simple current mirror and one of Widlar. Asymmetrical current mirror. Polarization in integrated circuits with current mirrors. Exercises. Differential cell: operation for large signals. Differential and common mode input signal. Differential and common mode gain with the half circuit method. CMRR. Internal structure of the op-amp: differential cell, common emitter, common collector. Differential cell with active load. Differential cell with asymmetrical input. Exercises. MOSFET (10 h) Enrichment n-channel MOSFET transistor: structure, operating principle, current equations. Triode, pinch-off and blank regions: circuits for large signals. Id-VDS output characteristics and Id-VGS trans-characteristic in pinch-off region. Enrichment p-channel MOSFET transistor. MOS bias circuits and exercises. The MOS transistor as an amplifier. Small signal circuit of the MOSFET. Calculation of input and output gains and resistances in source, drain and common gate configurations. Simple MOS current mirror. Differential MOS cell. Exercises. Trans-characteristic of the common source. NMOS amplifiers with active enrichment load. Body effect. CMOS amplifiers: physical structure and circuit representation, simple current mirror, trans-characteristic, gain for small signals. CMOS inverter: trans-characteristic and gain for small signals. Exercises. Frequency response (10 h) General information on the frequency response of amplifiers. Time constant method. Low frequency response of the common source and common emitter. High frequency response of the amplifiers. Time constant method. High frequency model of the MOSFET and the BJT. High frequency response of the common source and the common emitter. Miller effect. Calculation of the transition frequency of the MOSFET. and the BJT. High frequency response of the common base and the common collector. Broadband Amplifiers: CC-CE, cascode. Exercises. Special electronic functions (4 h) Analog operations via op-amps: logarithms, square roots. Comparators made by operational units. Precision rectifiers: superdiode. Non-sinusoidal waveform generators: Smith trigger in inverting and non-inverting configuration, astable multivibrator. Monostable multivibrator. Digital electronics (16 h) Introduction to digital electronics. Binary numbering system. Ideal and non-ideal inverter: transfer characteristics. Characteristic parameters: noise margins, dissipated power, propagation times, rise and fall times, PDP. Notes on Boolean algebra and the binary numbering system. Synthesis of logic functions through MINTERM. CMOS inverter: transfer characteristic, calculation of the noise margins, of the dissipated power for instantaneous inputs and of the propagation time. Characteristic of the CMOS inverter as a function of the relationship between supply voltage and threshold voltage. NAND and NOR gates: truth tables and their realization in CMOS technology. Combinatorial circuits: decoder, multiplexer and demultiplexer. Adder: half adder, full adder. Sequential machines: asynchronous, synchronous and master-slave. Latch, SR flip-flop. Flip-flop JK, Master-slave, T, D. Asynchronous counters. A/D and D/A conversion (2 h) A/D conversion: general principles. Sample and Hold. Pass-transistor. A/D converters: flash and dual ramp. D / A converters: R-2R scale.

Basic skills in electrical engineering and physics.

S. Sedra, K. Smith, “Microelectronic Circuits”, Oxford University Press

lectures, exercises, seminars

Attendance is not mandatory but it is strongly advised.

The written exam consists of a series of exercises aimed at verifying the degree of knowledge of the course topics. The oral exam consists of one or more questions designed to verify the student's ability to connect the various parts of the program.

lectures, exercises, seminars