Clinical Engineering

The Nature of Physics. Units. Conversion of Units. Dimensions of Physical Quantities. Order of Magnitude KINEMATICS OF A MATERIAL POINT: Motion in one-dimension: displacement, velocity, acceleration. Motion with constant velocity and constant acceleration.Motion in two- and three-dimensions: displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Projectile motion. Circular motion. Realting the coordinates among different frame of references. The fictitious forces. DYNAMICS OF A MATERIAL POINT: Newton’s First Law: The Law of Inertia. Force and Mass. Newton’s Second Law. The force due to gravity: weight. Contact forces: solids,sSprings, and strings. Problem solving: free-body diagrams. Newton’s Third Law. Problem solving: problems with two or more objects. Friction. Drag forces. Motion along a curved path. The center of mass. Oscillations. Simple harmonic motion. Damped harmonic motion. Driven and damped harmonic motion. WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY: Workd done by a constant force. Work done by a variable force. Work–Kinetic-Energy Theorem. Center-of-mass work. Potential energy. The conservation of mechanical energy. The conservation of Energy. Mass and Energy. THE NEWTONIAN MECHANICS OF POINT-MASS SYSTEMS: Center of mass and the center of mass frame. Conservation of linear momentum. Kinetic energy of a system. Collisions. Collisions in the center-of-mass reference frame. Rotational kinematics: Angular velocity and angular acceleration. Angular impulse. Rotational kinetice energy. Calculating the moment of inertia. Newton’s Second Law for rotation. Rolling objects. The vector nature of Rotation. Torque and angular momentum. Conservation of angular momentum. GRAVITATION: Newton's law of universal gravitation. Gravitational mass. Kepler's three laws of planetary motion MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES: Kinematics of deformable bodies. Strain components. Physical interpretation of strains. Stress components. Equations of equilibrium. Constitutive equations. TRAVELING WAVES. Simple Wave Motion. Periodic Wave. Longitudinal and transverse waves. Phase and group velocity. Waves in three dimensions. Superposition of waves. Waves interference. Stationary waves. Beat frequencies. Huygens' Principle. The Doppler effect. TEMPERATURE AND KINETIC THEORY OF GASES: Thermal equilibrium and temperature. Gas thermometers and the absolute temperature scale. The ideal-gas law. The kinetic theory of gases. HEAT AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: Heat capacity and specific heat. Change of phase and latent heat. Joule’s experiment and the First Law of Thermodynamics.The internal energy of an ideal gas. Work and the PV diagram for a gas. Heat capacities of gases. Heat capacities of solid. Failure of the equipartition theorem. The quasi-static adiabatic compression of a gas. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: Heat engines and the second law of thermodynamics. Refrigerators and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Carnot engine. Heat Pumps. Irreversibility, disorder, and entropy. Entropy and the availability of energy. Entropy and probability. Entropy and information. Information on the course are also available on the web page of the Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI) at www.sbai.uniroma1.it: click on "Didattica" and then click on "Corsi di Laurea" and search for the Fisica I A.A. 2017-2018 course within the Ingegneria Clinica list. On the Sapienza website (based on Moodle platform) elearning2.uniroma1.it, additional materials for the course are available: in particular, it is possible to download past exam questions and solutions to become familiar with the styles of question faced in the exam. The student can watch video recordings of the lessons. Access to the website is allowed with the userid and password used for Infostud.

The knowledge of the following topics is a requirement for the student to understand the course contents and to achieve course objectives and learning outcomes: - trigonometry - exponential and logarithmic functions - vector algebra - differential calculus

- D. Sette, A. Alippi: "Lezioni di Fisica - vol. I Meccanica e Termodinamica", Zanichelli - A. Alippi, A. Bettucci, M. Germano "Fisica generale - Esercizi risolti e guida allo svolgimento con richiami di teoria", Società Editrice Esculapio

The course consists of 45 lectures, 2 hours each. Classroom sessions include exercises. Attendance at teaching is not mandatory.

Attendance at classroom lessons is strongly recommended.

There are no intermediate exams for this course; there is only a final exam consisting of a written and an oral exam. The exam sessions take place in June, immediately after the conclusion of the course, July, September, January and February. The written exam consists in four exercises. The duration of the written test is two hours. Withdrawal during written exam as well as during the next 48 hours following the publication of the solutions of the exercises, is allowed by an email to professor. The written exam aims to assess whether the student has acquired the skills to apply the principles of classical mechanics and thermodynamics to set up the solution of physical problems of medium and low complexity; and if he has knowledge and understanding of the principles of classical mechanics and thermodynamics. Access to oral exam (which takes place a few days after the written exam) requires a minimum mark of 18/30 in the written exam evaluation. The oral exam evaluates the knowledge and the level of understanding of the topics covered during the course. The overall grade of the exam is a weighted average of the marks obtained in the written and in the oral exam.

Classroom lessons with application examples, and exercises on exam problems.

INTRODUCTION Introduction to Physics. Fundamental and derived quantity definition. International system of units. Units. Conversion of units. Dimensions of physical quantities. Errors. Elements of statistics. Scalars and vectors. MECHANICS Kinematics. Frames of reference. Distance and displacement, speed and velocity, acceleration. Describing motion with kinematic equations. Describing motion with position vs. time graphs. 1-D Kinematics. Uniform motion. Uniformly accelerated motion. Non-uniform motion. Free fall and the acceleration of gravity. 2-D Kinematics. Horizontal and vertical displacement - Horizontal and vertical components of velocity. Tangential and radial acceleration components. Motion characteristics for uniform circular motion - centripetal acceleration and simple harmonic motion. Rotational kinematics: Angular velocity and angular acceleration. Dynamics. Newton's first law of motion. Inertia and mass. Inertial frame of reference. The meaning of force. Force and its representation. Newton's second law of motion. Linear momentum and impulse connection. The impulse-momentum change theorem. Momentum conservation principle. Newton's third law of motion. Action and reaction force pairs. Types of Forces: gravitational force, elastic force (Hooke’s law), constraint forces (normal force and contact force), friction, air resistance. Free fall and air resistance. Harmonic oscillators. Damped and forced oscillators. Pendulum motion. Definition of torque or moment of force. Angular momentum. Angular momentum conservation law. Inertial frame of reference and fictitious (inertial) forces . Work and energy. Definition and mathematics of work, power, kinetic energy. The work-energy relationship. Conservative forces and potential energy. Mechanical energy. Mechanical energy conservation. Dynamics of point-masses systems and rigid body. Center of mass definition. Center of mass reference frame. Linear momentum of a system. Conservation of linear momentum. Newton’s law for motion. Angular momentum of a system. Calculating the moment of inertia. Newton’s second law for rotation. Angular momentum conservation. Kinetic energy of a system. Work and kinetic energy relation. Potential energy of a system. Collisions. 1-D collisions, 3-D collisions. Elastic and inelastic collisions. Collisions in the center-of-mass reference frame. Kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies. Force systems. Rotation about a fixed axis. Angular velocity angular acceleration. Moment of inertia (angular mass or rotational inertia) and parallel axis theorem. Rotational kinetic energy. Koenig theorem for kinetic energy. Rotational motion without slipping along a surface. Rigid body static equilibrium. Gravitation. Newton's law of universal gravitation. Kepler’s three laws. Motion in a central force field. Deformation. Elastic and plastic deformation. Volume and creep deformation. Stress and strain. Hooke’s law. Volume compression. Axial deformation. Creep and torsion. Elasticity in solids. Deformation of fluids. Viscosity. Statics of fluids. Pressure. Density. Static equations in fluid mechanics. Stevino’s law for ideal fluids. Pascal’s principle. Archimede's principle. Waves. The wave equation. Simple wave motion. Categories of waves. Periodic waves. Longitudinal and transverse waves. Phase and group velocity. Energy transport and the amplitude of a wave. Absorption and dispersion. Waves in three dimensions. Superposition of waves. Waves interference. Standing waves. Beat frequencies. Huygens' pPrinciple. The Doppler effect. Temperature. Temperature and thermometers. Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Heat and heat transfer. Calorimeters and Calorimetry. Specific heat and heat capacity. Thermal expansion. Methods of heat transfer. First law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic system. Thermodynamic equilibrium. Intensive and extensive physical properties. Thermodynamic transformations. Relationship between heat, work and energy in thermodynamic transformations. Mechanical equivalent of heat. Pressure-volume diagram. First Law of thermodynamics. Polytropic transformation of an ideal gas. Reversible isothermal and adiabatic transformations of gases. Gas as a fundamental state of matter. Ideal gas law. The internal energy of an ideal gas. Applications of first law of thermodynamics to ideal gases. Kinetic theory of gases. Microscopic interpretation of pressure, microscopic interpretation of temperature. Specific heat of gases. Energy equipartition law. Second law of thermodynamics. The thermal machines. Carnot heat engine. Second law of thermodynamics. Equivalence of the Clausius and the Kelvin statements. Carnot’s principle. Absolute temperature scale. Absolute zero as the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale. Clausius inequality and entropy. Entropy in thermodynamic systems. Irreversible processes. Disorder and enthropy. Information and entrophy. Entrophy and second law of thermodynamics.

Requirements: Mathematics is the language used to express physical principles and physical models thus it is an integral part of physics. It is also a tool for analyzing theoretical models, solving quantitative problems and making predictions. In order to fully understand the contents of the Physics I course, students are required to meet the following requirements: General main notions of trigonometry. [important] Elementary vectors operations: sum and difference of two vectors (graphic method and analytical method), scalar product (dot product), vector product (cross product). [mandatory] Differential calculus: functions of a variable, the main elementary functions and their derivatives; functions of two variables, partial derivative. [mandatory] Integral computing notions: primitive functions of a function f (x), elemental indefinite integrals less than an arbitrary constant, boundary conditions. [mandatory] Differential equations. [important]

Or: “Elementi di Fisica - meccanica, termodinamica-" di P.Mazzoldi, M.Nigro, C.Voci, EdiSes. Exercise Book: A. Alippi, A. Bettucci, M. Germano: \Fisica generale - Esercizi risolti e guida allo svolgimento con richiami di teoria", Società Editrice Esculapio. Further material can be found on the website of S.B.A.I. Department.

Attending lectures is not mandatory, however it is strongly recommended.

There will be a comprehensive final exam (writtend and oral exam). Written exam consists of problem solving (3 problems of mechanics and 2 about thermodynamics). Students who reached a mark >16 in the written exam, will be admitted to oral exam. Oral exam consists of 3 questions.

Lectures: 4 sessions / week, 2 hours / session. Problem solving: 1 session / week, 2 hours session.