Energy Engineering

Introduction and operators (4h) Frequently used coordinate systems. Cartesian coordinates. Spherical polar coordinates. Cylindrical coordinates. Gradient of a scalar field. Rotor of a vector field. Divergence of a vector field. Solenoid fields. Laplacian of a scalar field. Vector potential of the magnetic field. Equation of vector and scalar potentials. Vector potential of the magnetic field Electrostatic force. Electrostatic field (6h) Electric charges. Insulators and conductors. Leaf electroscope. Electrical structure of matter. Electrostatic induction. Measurement of electrical charges. Coulomb's law. Vector form of Coulomb's law. Electrostatic field. Electrostatic field produced by a continuous distribution of charges. Lines of force of the electrostatic field. Electrical work. Electrostatic potential (6h) Work of the electric force. Voltage, potential. Calculation of the electrostatic potential. Electrostatic potential energy - Motion of a charge in the electrostatic field. Conservation of energy, Electrostatic field as a gradient of the electrostatic potential. Equipotential surfaces. Rotor of a vector field. Stokes' theorem. Application to the electrostatic field, electric dipole. Potential of a charge system in the dipole approximation. Force on an electric dipole. Electric dipole in a non-uniform electric field. Interaction between dipoles. Gauss's law: (6h) Flux of the electrostatic field. Gauss's law. Demonstration of Gauss's law. Some applications and consequences of Gauss's law. Electrostatic field around a surface layer of charge. Gauss's law in differential form. Divergence of a vector field. Solenoid vector fields. Maxwell's equations for electrostatics. Poisson and Laplace equations. Conductors. Electrostatic energy (6h) Conductors in equilibrium. Capacity of an insulated conductor. Hollow conductor. Electrostatic screen. Hollow conductors with electrical charges inside. Conductor system. Capacitors. Connection of capacitors. Parallel capacitors. Series capacitors. Energy of the electrostatic field. Electrostatic potential energy of a system of charges. Force between the plates of a capacitor. Electrostatic pressure. Image upload method Dielectrics (6h) Dielectric constant. Polarization of dielectrics. Electrostatic field produced by a polarized dielectric. Electrostatic field inside a polarized dielectric. General equations of electrostatics in the presence of dielectrics. Dielectric induction vector. Dependence of polarization on the electrostatic field. Isotropic and anisotropic dielectrics. Field discontinuity on the separation surface between two dielectrics. Operational definition of the electrostatic field and dielectric induction. Electrostatic fields inside cavities in a polarized dielectric. Electrostatic energy in dielectrics Electricity (6h) Electric conduction. Electric current. Law of Conservation of Office. Stationary current regime. Classical model of electrical conduction. Ohm's law. Ohm's law for metallic conductors. Electrical resistance. Joule effect. Thermal effects. Power. Joule effect. Superconducting materials. Resistors in series and in parallel. Series resistors. Resistors in parallel. Electromotive force. Electromotor field of a generator. Charging and discharging of a capacitor through a resistor. Charging a capacitor. Discharge of a capacitor. Kirchhoff's laws for electrical networks. Calculation of the resistance of three-dimensional conductors Magnetic field. Magnetic force (6h) First experimental facts on magnetic interaction. Electricity and magnetism. Magnetic field lines. Gauss's law for the magnetic field. Electrostatic field and magnetic field. Magnetic force on a moving charge. Motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field. Motion in a uniform magnetic field. Motion in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor Mechanical moments on plane circuits. Principle of equivalence of amperes. Expressions of force, moment and work through magnetic flux. Hall effect. Examples of motions of charged particles in a uniform magnetic field. Mass spectrometers. Speed ​​selector. Brainbridge spectrometer. Cyclotron Sources of the magnetic field. Ampere's Law (6h) Magnetic field produced by a current. Magnetic field produced by a moving charge. Calculations of magnetic fields produced by particular circuits. Undefined straight line. Biot-Savart law. Circular loop. Mutual interaction between magnetic dipole and magnetic dipole. Straight solenoid. Electrodynamic actions between circuits crossed by current. Ampere's law. Properties of the magnetostatic field in vacuum. Discontinuity of the magnetic field. Relativity of electric and magnetic fields Magnetic properties of matter (6h) Experimental observations. Magnetization of matter. Magnetic permeability and magnetic susceptibility. Diamagnetic substances. Paramagnetic substances. Ferromagnetic substances. Amperian currents and magnetization. General equations of magnetostatics. The field H. Ferromagnetic substances. Hysteresis cycle. Discontinuity of fields on the separation surface between two magnetized media. Fields within a cavity. Comparison between the laws of electrostatics and magnetostatics in indefinite homogeneous media. Homogeneous linear means. Magnetic circuits. Electromagnets. Permanent magnets. Time-varying electric and magnetic fields (6h) Introduction. Electromotive force of an electric field. Flux of the magnetic field. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Lenz's law. Physical origin of the induced electromotive force. Translating motion of a conductor in a magnetic field. Electric fields induced by temporal variations of the magnetic field. Applications of Faraday's law. Electromagnetic friction. Generators. Sinusoidal current generator. Foucault currents. Felici's Law. Magnetic field measurements. Self-induction. Magnetic energy. Magnetic energy in the presence of magnetic materials. Mutual induction. Magnetic energy of coupled circuits. Displacement current. Ampere-Maxwell's law. Maxwell's equations Electric oscillations. Alternating currents (6h) Damped oscillations in an RLC circuit. LC circuit in series. RLC circuit in series. Permanent oscillations in an RLC circuit. Resonance. AC circuit. Impedance. Resistor R. Inductor L. Capacitor C. Series connection. RL series. RC series. RC series. RLC series. Impedance. Elements in parallel. Admittance. Ideal transformer Electromagnetic waves (6h) Plane electromagnetic waves. Wave packages. Propagation of an electromagnetic wave in a transparent dielectric. Polarization of plane electromagnetic waves. Energy of a plane electromagnetic wave. Poynting vector. Momentum of a plane electromagnetic wave. Radiation pressure. Plane, spherical, cylindrical electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic radiation produced by an oscillating electric dipole. Oscillating magnetic dipole. Notes on the irradiation of an accelerated charge. Radiation of atoms. Diffusion of light. Diffusion of light. Spectrum of electromagnetic waves Reflection and refraction of light (4h) Introduction. Kirchhoff's theorem. Huygens-Fresnel principle (formulation only). Laws of reflection and refraction. Reflection and refraction of light. Intensity of reflected and refracted electromagnetic waves. Fresnel formulas. Reflected and refracted intensity for polarized waves in the plane of incidence (setting). Reflected and refracted intensity for polarized waves orthogonally to the plane of incidence (setting). Normal incidence to the parting surface (setting). Reflected and refracted intensity. General case (hints). Brewster's Corner. Polarization by reflection Geometric optics (4h) Laws of reflection and transmission. Definitions and conventions. Mirrors. Spherical convex mirror. Flat mirror. Longitudinal enlargement of the mirrors. Diopters. Floor diopter. Lenses. Simple subtle bodies. Longitudinal magnification of a lens. Fermat's principle Interference (4h) Sum of waves. Interference phenomena. Coherent and inconsistent sources. Rotating vector method, phasors. Interference produced by two sources of spherical waves. Interference from inconsistent sources. Interference of two light waves. Young's experiment. Young's experiment. Interference produced by N coherent wave sources. Light interference on thin sheets (HINTS) Diffraction (2h) Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction phenomena. Fresnel diffraction. Fraunhofer diffraction. Diffraction from a straight slit. Diffraction from a circular hole and from an opaque disc (HINTS). Diffraction grating

Useful: Differential Equations Important: Vectors, calculation with vectors Indispensable: Basilar knowledge of mathematical analysis, derivatives, integrales, functions, geometry, trigonometry Physics 1 course, in particular the Newtonian mechanics

“Fisica, Elettromagnetismo e onde" di P.Mazzoldi, M.Nigro, C.Voci, EdiSes, III edizione

The lessons will include lectures and exercises. The frontal teaching will allow to acquire the knowledge of scientific methodology and the concepts and formalism of elettricity, magnetism, electromagnetic waves and optics. The exercises allow you to apply the concepts learned to solving simple problems of the same concepts.

Not force to attend class, but strongly suggested

Written exam compulsory, oral exam optional. Test 1: Mode: written Objective: Verify the student's ability of learning concepts of electromagnetism and apply in simple problems. Timing: End of the course Duration: 3 hours Typology: Multiple answers Final measurement: 30th Test 2: Mode: oral Objective: Verify the student's knowledge about the course program Timing: End of the course, after the correction of the first test, if the students wants or has a score between 15 and 17 Duration: 30m-1 hour Typology: Open questions Final measurement: 30th

“Fisica 2” di C. Mencuccini, V. Silvestrini, Liguori Editore (MS).

The lessons will include lectures and exercises. The frontal teaching will allow to acquire the knowledge of scientific methodology and the concepts and formalism of elettricity, magnetism, electromagnetic waves and optics. The exercises allow you to apply the concepts learned to solving simple problems of the same concepts.