Medicine and Surgery

Histology Epithelial Tissue: Overview of epithelial structure and function, classification of epithelium, the apical domain and its specialization, the basal domain and its specialization. Glands: overview of glands structure and function, glands classification, exocrine glands, endocrine glands: pancreas, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pineal gland, interstitial glands. Connective Tissue: overview of connective tissue, embryonic connective tissue, connective tissue proper, connective tissue fibers structure and formation. Cartilage: overview of cartilage, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, chondrogenesis and cartilage growth and repair. Bone: overview of the bone, general structure, types of bone tissues, cells of the bone, bone formation (endochondral and intramembranous ossification), mineralization process, bone repair. Blood: overview of the blood, plasma, erythrocytes, leukocites, thrombocytes, complete blood count, formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis), bone marrow. Muscle tissue: overview and classification of muscle tissue, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, structure of the sarcomere, contraction in the smooth muscle, functional consideration. Lymphatic system: overview of lymphatic system, cells of the lymphatic system, lymphatic tissue and organs. Nerve tissue: overview of nervous system, composition of nervous tissue, the neuron, the supporting cells (neuroglia), organization of central and peripheral nervous system. General Embryology Introduction to embryology: general consideration on development, glossary, how to approach the topic. Gametogenesis: primordial germ cells, morphological changes during gametes maturation, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, menstrual cycle (effect on ovary, uterus, hormones, corpus luteum). First week of development: from ovulation to implantation: changes to the sperms in the female reproductive system fertilization, cleavage blastocyst formation, initiating implantation. Second week of development: full implantation, formation of syncytiotrophoblast and its function, hCG, formation of amniotic cavity, formation of the chorionic cavity and yolk sac, formation of bilaminar disc, uteroplacental circulatory system. Third week of development: gastrulation, formation of the notochord, establishment of body axes, neural plate formation. Clinical Correlates: Holoprosencephaly, situs inversus, caudal regeression syndrome. Forth week of development: Embryo folding, neurulation, neural crests, somite differentiation. Development of placenta: fetal membranes and placenta, structure of placenta, chorion frondosum and decidua basalis. Clinical correlate: preeclampsia, placenta previa. Organogenesis Muscluloskeletal system: differentiation and origin of musculoskeletal system, Somites differentiation into sclerotome and dermomyotome development of skull, vertebrae and vertebral column, limbs development. Clinical Correlates: craniosynostosis, cranioschisis, spina bifida, scoliosis: limbs malformations: meromelia, amelia, syndactyly, polydactyly. Development of the Heart: formation of the primary heart tube, cardiac looping, formation of septa, formation of aorticopulmunary septum, fetal circulation and change at birth, development of vasculature. Clinical Correlates: atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great arteries, patent ductus arteriosus. Development of gastrointestinal tract: formation of gut tube, role of endoderm and and lateral mesoderm. nomenclature: visceral and parietal peritoneum, mesentery, peritoneal organs, primarily and secondarily retroperitoneal organs. Formation of foregut, stomach formation and rotation, formation of lesser and greater omentum, formation of liver, pancreas, spleen, development of midgut and rotations, physiological hernia, development of hindgut, portal circulation. Clinical Correlates: Annular pancreas, omphalocoele, gasatroschisis, umbilical hernia, Merkel diverticulum, vitelline cists and fistula. Development of urogenital system: the intermediate mesoderm, formation of pronephros and mesonephros, formation of definitive kidneys, mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts, formation of urinary bladder and urethra, the trigone. Development of gonadal ridges, germ cells migration, formation of testis and ovaries. Development of female reproductive tract: fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. Development of male reproductive tract: epididymis, vas deferent, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle, and prostate. Formation of the external genitalia. Clinical correlates: renal agenesis and dysplasia, polycystic kidney, oligohydroamnios and Potter sequence, horseshoe kidney, pelvic kidney accessory renal arteries, ureters malformations, bladder defect, urachal cist and fistula, uterus defects, cryptorchidism, hypospadias. Developments of pharyngeal apparatus and face: pharyngeal arches, pouches and clefts, development of splancocranium, mandible and maxilla, development of face, nasal and oral cavities, development of tongue, thyroid, parathyroid and thymus, cranial nerves associates with arches, neural crests. Clinical Correlates: di George Syndrome, Facial clefts, brachial fistulas, ankyloglossia, mascroglossia, thyroglossal cyst and fistula. Development of nervous system: structural and functional division of nervous system. Primary and secondary brain vesicle, differentiation of neural tube. Development of spinal cord, development of brain. Neural Crest. Clinical Correlates: anencephaly, exencephaly, hydrocephalus, Hirschsprung disease.

The student should know the structure and function of the cell, which are part of the biology course. In particular, they must possess in-depth knowledge of the structure, function, and importance of the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoskeleton. It must also know the structure and function of the main cellular organelles, such as mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Finally, it must know the main phases of the cellular cycle and cellular metabolism.

1) Filippini et al. ISTOLOGIA di V. MONESI (Piccin Editore) 2) De Felici et al., EMBRIOLOGIA UMANA (Piccin Editore) 3) Cui D., Atlante di Istologia e Anatomia Microscopica, 2° edizione Italiana (Piccin Editore); Netter's Istologia e Anatomia Microscopica, 1° edizione Italiana (Piccin Editore); J.B. Kerr ATLANTE DI ISTOLOGIA FUNZIONALE (Ambrosiana Editore) 4) Atlante di Embriologia Umana di Netter (Piccin Editore).

Mandatory attendance at at least 67% of lectures.

Final exam based on: Pre-exam consisting of 50 multiple- choice questions to be answered by the student to assess the minimum preparation required to take the oral exam. Following the test, there will be an interview for those who have passed it, covering recognition of histological preparations, description of fundamental tissues and their variants. Description of human embryo development. The student must demonstrate to: • Know the main procedures for the LM observation of histological samples • Know the main ultrastructural structures of sub-cellular components relative to different tissues; • Know the morpho-functional characteristics of the different cellular components as well as of various tissues • Know the main phases of human development (from gametogenesis to organogenesis) as well as morphogenetic processes. The grade is given in thirtieths. The exam is passed when the grade is equal or greater than 18/30. It is expected that the maximum number of the grade will be awarded with honour (30 and honour). Honour is attributed only after the interview when the student demonstrates full subject mastery.

Lectures supplemented with light microscopy practice to acquire the knowledge required for the correct identification of histological samples at the light microscope.