Medicine and Surgery

The course aims to develop the critical skills needed to make ethically responsible choices through an interactive teaching methodology witch has the purpose to integrate theoretical learning with an experiential approach. The program is divided into two interacting sections: 1. Historical and evolutionary path of medical science. History of medical ethics, deontology, and the doctor-patient relationship through its fundamental stages: from classical times to the contemporary era; 2. The principles of medical ethics. General bioethics and applied bioethics. Topics covered: Section1 1) Definition of health in history 2) Illness in the theurgic-templar era in ancient civilizations. Magical-religious thought. egyptian medicine and the first knowledge of human anatomy 3) Health care in classical Greece. The birth of rational medicine. Harmony and disorder in the Hippocratic theory of the humors 4) Places of care 5) Health education for Hippocrates. The oath, norms and principles. Paradigms of Hippocratic ethics. The doctor-patient relationship between the principle of beneficence and non-maleficence and the principle of paternalism 6) From the Hippocratic Oath to modern codes of ethics. The fundamental principles of the medical profession 7) Medicine in Rome. Galen and the concept of disease 8) The transmission of scientific knowledge through arab medicine. The birth of the hospital 9) Health care in monastic medicine 10) The school of Salerno 11) The human body and anatomy. The concept of disease from the Modern age to the age of Enlightenment 12) The achievements of medicine and the study of diseases between the 19th and 20th centuries 13) From the wellness revolution to the biotechnology revolution Section 2 1) Human health: from the biomedical model to the biopsychosocial model From Hippocratic Ethics to Bioethics 2) Health promotion and protection. The right to health in the Constitution. Third and fourth generation rights: the right to assistance, the right to training and prevention, the right to research, the right to safeguard the environment and the ecosystem, the right to scientific and technological development, the right to self-determination and to refuse treatment art. 32. 3) Health and prevention. Risk behaviors. Wrong lifestyles. Preventive medicine 4) The evolution of the doctor-patient relationship in history. From the principle of beneficence-non-maleficence to the principle of autonomy. The therapeutic relationship in the modern age. 5) Informed consent to the medical act. The normative foundations of consent. Article 32 of the Constitution and the code of ethics for doctors. Conditions of validity of consent. Exceptions to consent. The state of necessity and the TSO. The consent of minors. Law n.219/2017: advance processing declarations. 6) The art of communicating. Verbal and non-verbal communication. Communication barriers and communication errors. Personalized information; information to third parties; active listening; the helping relationship 7) The ancient Hippocratic principles and the birth of bioethics 8) General bioethics: principles and values in the field of health Sciences 9) Ethical models in biomedicine 10) Applied Bioethics. The end of life between euthanasia and therapeutic obstinacy. Palliative care. The living will 11) The definition of the concept of death according to different ethical models. Law 578 on the certification of death. Law 219/2017. Advance treatment declarations. Constitutional Court ruling on assisted suicide. 12) The beginning of human life. The treatmnet of sterility and infertility. Medically assisted procreation 13) Environmental ethics and human health 14) Food ethics and human health 15) Transcultural bioethics. Female genital mutilation. Law 7/2006 16) Regulation of biomedical and biotechnological research: principles and limitations