Educational objectives GENERAL OBJECTIVES
The course aims to systematically frame the students' knowledge in the field of the generation and propagation of acoustic disturbances in air. Starting from the analysis of simple analytical solutions, the student will be introduced to the study of semi-exact solutions and approximate techniques for the prediction of the noise generated in typical engineering applications, with particular reference to the aerospace field. The course also aims to familiarize the student with the most appropriate theoretical and practical methods for the engineering analysis of turbulent flows and the noise produced by them, as well as with modern techniques for noise suppression. In this sense, the course is coherent with the goals set forth by the European Union for 2050, aimed at 65% of acoustic emissions from commercial aircraft. An integral part of the course are a series of lessons aimed at introducing the student to the main problems related to the numerical study of acoustic propagation phenomena.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. Know and understand the approaches used in the engineering analysis of aeroacoustic problems and for reduction of aircraft noise
2. Knowing how to use the models learned in solving real case studies
3. Knowing how to choose the most appropriate methodological approach (analytical and modeling) in solving problems related to internal and external aeroacoustics phenomena
4. Knowing how to present and defend the knowledge and skills acquired during an oral interview
5. Knowing how to write a technical report on issues related to aeroacoustics
6. Ability to autonomously continue acquiring new knowledge in specialized areas of aeroacoustics.
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Educational objectives This course aims at providing the fundamentals concerning the numerical solution of the partial differential equations arising in aerodynamics.
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Educational objectives The aim of the course is to acquire knowledge on the fundamentals of the aeroelasticity of aircraft in the linear field (vibrations of linear-elastic solids interacting with linearized potential flows) based on the prediction of their theoretical behavior and numerical simulation in the different operating flight conditions. Moreover, the skills are acquired to carry out the aeroelastic analyzes (stability and response checks in compliance with current regulations) of fixed-wing aircraft (divergence, flutter, gust response, response to command surfaces, effectiveness and inversion of commands) both through elementary numerical models implemented through autonomously developed computational codes, that complex interactional models of flexible aircraft and external flow through the critical use of commercial codes. Knowledge and development skills of analysis of complex fluid / structure systems and intersectoral knowledge between the mechanics of solids and fluids are acquired.
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Educational objectives The main aerodynamics principles and theories are analyzed for complete aircraft and helicopter.
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Educational objectives At the end of the course, students will have the theoretical foundations to address the study of thermal and thermoelastic problems in aerospace structures, arising from the thermal environment of aeronautical and space mission systems, with particular attention to radiative heat transfer phenomena.
The course also introduces the technology related to piezoelectric materials in the context of structural health monitoring, whose treatment is deeply interconnected with thermoelasticity due to the strong analogy in their mathematical formulation.
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Educational objectives The student will acquire the ability to design and evaluate the performance and environmental impact of aircrafts equipped with innovative engines and propulsion systems, taking into account safety requirements, energy efficiency, reliability, and environmental sustainability. Additionally, the student will be able to develop and use computational codes for this purpose, knowing how to interpret the results critically and recognizing the impact of different hypotheses and methodologies employed.
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Educational objectives Knowledge and understanding
Knowledge of the main types of aeronautical combustors, the chemical-physical properties of fuels, pollutant emissions, theories and mathematical and numerical models used to predict performance and environmental impact, as well as innovative and low-impact architectures and fuels environmental.
Applying knowledge and understanding
Ability to perform a rough sizing of the aeronautical combustor and to predict its performance, using calculation tools produced by the students themselves during the group work.
The training objectives are pursued using classroom exercises and reviews of work in progress. The assessment of the acquired skills occurs at the same time as that of the knowledge during the reviews and in the course.
Autonomy of judgment (making judgments)
Skills are acquired through lectures, exercises in the classroom and for carrying out group work. Verification of knowledge takes place through individual tests and through written group reports which at the same time ensure and promote the acquisition of the ability to communicate effectively in written and / or oral form.
Communication skills
Ability to work in a group, to present the results of group work with presentations and short technical reports.
Ability to learn (learning skills).
Knowledge characterizing the systems engineer of aeronautical propulsion, with particular attention to issues related to the design and numerical modeling techniques of a combustion chamber and emission control.
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Educational objectives Theoretical knowledge and practice of methods and instruments employed in experimental fluid mechanics and aerodynamics.
EXPECTED RESULTS: Those indicated in objectives
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Educational objectives Knowledge of the working principles and application of the main transducers used in the aerospace field. Application of the main methodologies for static and dynamic experimental investigation of aerospace structures aimed to support the civil aviation authority in structural verification and flight qualification.
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Educational objectives To provide the basics of the hypersonic aerodynamics and the methodologies for the solution of hypersonic flows
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Educational objectives The course covers fundamental aerodynamics concepts on the rotor, rigid blade dynamics for an articulated rotor and helicopter control and performance in various flight conditions.
EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and understanding;
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Describe, having understood the main phenomenological aspects, the basic elements of aeromechanics and dynamics of the articulated rotor
- Illustrate and compare the main methodologies for mathematical modeling of the helicopter
- Describe how equilibrium flight conditions (trim) of the helicopter are established and illustrate how state and control variables change as functions of flight speed
- Illustrate methods for determining the helicopter performance data
- Describe the main systems of the helicopter: rotor, motor, transmission, flight control system
- Describe the dynamic stability characteristics of helicopters
- Interpret and illustrate technological and design developments in rotary-wing and/or hybrid aerial vehicles.
Applying knowledge and understanding)
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Apply the concept of the optimal rotor to the design of the blade
- Develop and use a simple mathematical model of the machine aimed at studying performance
- Determine state and control variables in trimmed flight as flight speed varies.
Making judgments
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Tackle problems of average complexity that require planning and coordinating activities, using appropriate computational tools, and writing technical reports within set deadlines.
Communication skills
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Conduct collaborative activities as part of group work
- Expose the results of activities conducted in groups in the form of presentations and/or technical reports.
Learning skills
By the end of the course, the student will have gained an understanding of the present and future role of rotary-wing machines, including new systems for urban air mobility (UAM), and the ability, at a basic level, to formulate and solve problems related to helicopter aeromechanics through both the application of software applications and the independent development of computational codes.
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Educational objectives The students willing to attend the Turbulence course already posses a background concerning fluid motion and the basic mathematical models, the Navier-Stokes equations, say, used for its description, as acquired from previous courses. However, practically all the flows which are relevant for Aeronautical and Aerospace design applications in Aerodynamics, Fluid Dynamics and Gas Dynamics are incredibly more complex than the elementary solutions known to Batchelor students. Hence, all the background knowledge acquired by the student on fluid motion, although valuable for the foundations, is scarcely relevant for addressing the physical phenomena targeted by aerodynamic design and optimization, say. The student is left in the the same conditions of nineteen century scholars, who knew the mathematical model - the correct one, by the way — but ware unable to extract from it any valuable predictive information (just to cite known example, one may think of the wall known D’Alembert paradox or to the poor correspondence between the Poiseuille solution and the actual flow found in irrigation channels, not to talk of boundary layers). Indeed, still today we sometimes colloquially, though improperly, refer to a fluid undergoing turbulent flow as a turbulent fluid, a remnant of the historical gap between understanding of fluid motion and actual experience. In fact, in all cases of practical relevance, with the exception of microfluidic and nanofluidic ones, are turbulent (e.g., the flow in a room where we perceive still air is a stets of turbulent motion. Where it not, we would perceive smells by molecular diffusion, on a time scale of hours, as compared by the actual turbulent diffusion, on the time scale of seconds). The crucial point is that turbulence is the only fundamental problem of classical physics left unsolved after the scientific revolution of the early twentieth century.
In this general context, the basic objective of the course is ferrying the student from basic understanding toward the more advanced and complete knowledge needed for actual use in aerodynamic design. In view of this, the student needs to gain a clear comprehension of the fundamental dynamics operating in free (jets, say) and wall bounded flows (e.g. boundary layers).
Turbulence is a stochastic process governed by deterministic equations. In order to be able to dealt with turbulence we need the specialized language of stochastic processes applied to the Navier-Stokes equations, fro sure the most complex and difficult system of partial differential equations of wide interest for engineering applications.
First aim of the course is setting up the appropriate mathematical language for describing turbulent fields. Suitable tools in the context of probability and statistics will be explained to allow the student mastering the most appropriate description of stochastic fields governed by deterministic and stochastic equations. Students will familiarize with the notion of stochastic process and the basic tools for its statistical analysis.
Once the language is understood and mastered, the course will provide the students with tools for understanding and computing the most common turbulent flows, such as wall bounded (e.g. boundary layers) and free flows (such as free jets). Time will be dedicated also to figure out the universal mechanisms underpinning fully developed turbulence, namely the homogeneous, isotropic turbulence paradigm. This part of the course will lead the student to a complete and clear understanding of fundamental turbulent processes, such as turbulent transport, which implies increased mixing efficiency and heat transfer, and the magnified skin friction brought about by turbulence, which is crucial in aerodynamics.
Further step is to bring the student to master current and advanced predictive and semi-predictive models of most common use in the aeronautical and aerospace design. In order to achieve this result, the modern techniques for the numerical simulation of turbulent flows, ranging from direct numerical simulation (DNS), Reynolds averaged equations (RANS) and large eddy simulation (LES). Beside providing simulation and analysis skills to be used in aerodynamical and fluid dynamical design, the purpose here is to enable the student to discriminate between the different approaches to select the most appropriate one to solve the specific problem at hand.
In many cases it may be crucial to be able to understand how turbulence develops in a given flow geometry. For this reason flow stability and the different routes of laminar-turbulence transition are crucial topics the gain familiarity with. Additionally, students will be exposed to complementary aspects such as noise generation by turbulence.
In conclusion, the overall, global objective of the course is to move the student from her/his basic school level knowledge to advanced and operative understanding of fluid motion in realistic contexts.
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