Physiotherapy

Core curriculum Cellular Physiology and Biophysics What physiology studies. Concept of homeostasis. Blood Cell Physiology - The general functions of the blood. - The constituents of blood: plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. Hemostasis. The cell as a basic unit: electrical parameters of the cell membrane and equivalent circuits; resting potential; action potential. - Ion channels. - Biophysical methods for the study of membrane electrical events. Neurotransmitters Electrical synapses: structure and function. - Chemical synapses. Spontaneous and evoked transmitter release. Synaptic potential; spatial and temporal summation. The neuromuscular junction. Membrane receptors Muscle physiology The muscle: structure and function of the various types of muscle. - The contraction of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. Ortho and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system. Respiratory and cardiocirculatory centers. Physiology of the heart and blood circulation Laws of fluid mechanics applied to blood circulation. Arterial pressure and peripheral resistance. The heart: physiological aspects of the myocardium; the cardiac cycle. Cardiac output and venous return. Excitation of the myocardium and impulse conduction; nerve control mechanisms. - The electrocardiogram. - Microcirculation and lymphatic system: Exchanges between blood and tissues. - Control of blood flow and arterial pressure. Methods of measuring blood pressure. Breathing physiology Respiration: functional structure of the lung. - Pulmonary pressures and ventilation; lung volumes - Mechanical properties of the lung. - The pulmonary circulation. - Gas exchanges - Transport of respiratory gases. - Breathing control. Digestive System Renal System – kidneys and functions Sense Organs – Eye. Ear. Taste and Smell.

No previous knowledge are necessary.

David Shier, Jackie Butler, Ricky Lewis. Hole's anatomia & fisiologia per le professioni sanitarie. McGraw-Hill Education, 2013 Dee U. Silverthorn. Fisiologia umana. Un approccio integrato. Pearson editore Grassi, Negrini e Porro. Fisiologia umana (Poletto Editore, 2015) Cindy Stanfield, Fisiologia (Edises, 2017) Bruce Koeppen and Bruce Stanton. Berne & Lewy Fisiologia (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2019) Other resources Slides with the lessons and exercises for the preparation of the exam (electronic archive indicated by the lecturer).

Attendance to the course is mandatory.

The evaluation methods of the Teaching are characterized by exam sessions set in the scheduled sessions (2 for each session, plus some extraordinary appeals). The exam consists of a written task with open-ended and/or multiple-choice questions on the topics of the Teaching, followed by a clarification on the evaluation criteria at the request of the student or student. The exam aims to certify the student's knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of functioning and homeostatic control of the human body, with references to the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the action of drugs. The topics presented must be treated with proper language. The elements examined for evaluation purposes are listed below: (1) the knowledge of the subject in all the areas included in the teaching program; (2) the use of a proper language; (3) the ability to reasoning; (4) the logical articulation of the wording; and (5) the integration of skills demonstrated in the response to exam questions. The written nature of the task will allow correcting the individual evaluation of the student’s elaborate according to "item analysis" techniques. This procedure will allow not to penalize areas of the answer that will be insufficient in most of the students involved a certain exam appeal. Furthermore, the evaluation of the single student will be conducted comparatively, to guarantee equanimity and recognize the individual merits in the allocation of grades. To pass the exam with the smallest grade (18/30), a knowledge of the homeostatic objectives and the basic physiological-regulatory mechanisms of the organs and apparatus being evaluated is required. To achieve a score of 24/30, 27/30 and 30/30 cum laude, the student must prove that he/she has got, respectively, a good, particularly good, and excellent integrated knowledge of the various systems of physiological regulation with negative feedback and / or feed-forward of the nervous systems and the organ / apparatus subject to the examination evaluation. In the evaluation process, we will also consider (1) the ability of the student to manage the time agreed to supply the answers in a concise but exhaustive manner and (2) link the key concepts in a logical and coherent.

The teaching of PHYSIOLOGY consists of lectures with the students, with eventually some specific seminars. The lessons are all interactive, so the teacher stimulates the students with questions to which they, by virtue of the courses already followed, can give an answer. This allows the teacher to highlight the links between the current course and some previous courses, whose notions play a key role in the understanding of what is presented in the class. The continuous remanding to concepts of other courses must get the student to study the proposed subject not only with the aim of passing the final exam, but wants to highlight a multidisciplinary study, to which the student has to be educated and that is absolutely required. The student will find on the e-learning platform teaching material (exam program, recommended texts, links) useful for the preparation of the exam. It is understood that all material is a guide to the exam topics, but they can never absolutely replace the recommended texts.