• Homeostasis (Prof. Claudio Babiloni): internal and external environment; liquid compartments; homeostatic mechanisms (positive and negative feedback) • Biophysical properties of the membrane (Prof. Claudio Del Percio): the plasma membrane, transport across the plasma membrane: passive and active movement of ions across the membrane. Ion channels (voltage and ligand-dependent). The genesis of electric signals (resting potential, potential action). The equilibrium potential, the concepts of osmosis and tonicity. • Skeletal muscle (Prof. Claudio Del Percio): cellular and molecular structure, the sarcomere, muscle contraction, neuromuscular junction, excitation-contraction coupling. • Endocrine system (Prof. Claudio Del Percio): organization of the endocrine system. Hormonal communication, hypothalamus-hypophysis axis, and thyroid hormones. The cycle of Calcium and the regulation of Ph. • Nervous system: organization of the nervous system. Glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, ependymal cells), neurons (functional classes), functions of the myelin. Synapses, neurotransmitters, and synaptic transmission (excitatory synapses and injunctions). Spinal reflexes, simple reflex arc. Somatomotor systems. • Respiratory system (Prof. Claudio Del Percio): functions of the respiratory system, breathing, inner and outer breathing, upper and lower airways, pleura, pulmonary pressures, surfactant, surface tension, Laplace’s low, lung mechanics (inhaling, expiration), Boyle's law, pulmonary ventilation, alveolar ventilation, chemoreceptors and neural control of breathing. Composition of atmospheric air, Dalton's law, respiratory membrane, factors that regulate gas exchange at the alveolar level, the values of the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and in the alveolus, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood, gas exchanges in the tissues. • Cardiovascular system (Prof. Claudio Babiloni): the blood. Heart: heart muscle, heart valves, myocardium and conduction of excitation of the cells (auto-rhythmic pacemaker, conduction system, cardiac action potential and propagation of the action potential), cardiac cycle, electrocardiogram and cardiac dipole, cardiac output, nervous control of cardiac output. • Circulatory system: the systemic and pulmonary circulation, forces that regulate the flow of blood (pressure gradient and resistance), functions of the arterial and venous system, vasomotor tone, venous return, capillary functions (capillary exchange, filtration and absorption), blood pressure (systolic-diastolic), baroreceptors, renal and nervous control of blood pressure. Methods for the measurement of blood pressure. • Renal system (Prof. Claudio Babiloni): main kidney functions, the nephron, glomerular ultrafiltration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion, hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium, urine concentration (aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone), the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. • Digestive system (Prof. Claudio Del Percio): main organs and functions of the digestive system. Motricity, secretions, digestion, absorption, and excretion. Enteric nervous system. Endocrine regulations. The control of fecal pellet output.

General expected learning outcomes At the end of the course students will know the basic physical principles and mechanisms that regulates cell physiology, with particular attention to the electrical properties of excitable cells and neuronal transmission; the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions. The student will be aware of the main molecular and cellular mechanisms target of possible pharmacological treatments. The student will have also to explain the neural basis of voluntary movement and language. Specific expected learning outcomes: 1. Knowledge and understanding The student will know all the aspects of cellular and plasma membrane functioning, of the central and autonomic nervous system, of muscular contraction (skeletal smooth and cardiac muscle), of the cardiovascular system, of the respiratory system, of the urinary system, of the digestive system and of hormonal communication. 2. Applying knowledge and understanding At the end of the course the student will understand the role of the different organ systems in the functioning of the human body and will recognize the consequences produced by the malfunctioning of the individual systems. He/she will know which are the most important correlations between structure and function of the single organs and apparatuses. He/she will know the main cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the correct functioning and control of the body's functions. He/she will be able to integrate the knowledge of individual systems in a general vision. 3. Making judgements The lessons will be interactive; the professor will ask continuous questions to the students to stimulate them to develop critical sense and to integrate previous knowledge. These questions will also be used to evaluate and solicit students to make connections with the skills acquired previously, avoiding considering the study of the general physiology as self-standing, but integrating the physiology in the light of the knowledge already acquired (physical, chemical, biological and anatomical). 4. Communication skills The student will acquire the ability to communicate all the topics covered by the program and to expose them in an integrated perspective in light of the correct functioning of the human organism. Eventually, students will be organized in small groups that will expose to the class oral presentations on specific topics related to the effect of drugs in regulating the physiological functions. 5. Learning skills Recommended texts will provide a tool to integrate the knowledge acquired during the class. The texts will remain the reference point of the student who will know where to go to find the concepts in detail. He/she will be able to integrate these concepts with the materials available on specific online sites whose links will be suggested in class.

Suggested text book Saladin – Anatomia e Fisiologia (Piccin, last edition: 2019) Martini, Bartholomew – Elementi di Anatomia Istologia e Fisiologia dell’Uomo (EdiSES)

The teaching of General Physiology consists of lectures with the students, with eventually some specific seminars. The lessons are all interactive, so the teacher stimulates the students with questions to which they, by virtue of the courses already followed, can give an answer. This allows the teacher to highlight the links between the current course and some previous courses, whose notions play a key role in the understanding of what is presented in the class. The continuous remanding to concepts of other courses must get the student to study the proposed subject not only with the aim of passing the final exam, but wants to highlight a multidisciplinary study, to which the student has to be educated and that is absolutely required for a master's degree student, now almost at the end of his training. The student will find on the e-learning platform teaching material (exam program, recommended texts, links) useful for the preparation of the exam. It is understood that all material is a guide to the exam topics, but they can never absolutely replace the recommended texts.

Attendance to the course is optional but recommended.

The evaluation methods of the Teaching are characterized by exam sessions set in the scheduled sessions (2 for each session, plus some extraordinary appeals). The exam consists of a written task with both multiple-choice and open-ended questions on the topics of the Teaching, followed by a clarification on the evaluation criteria at the request of the student or student. The exam aims to certify the student's knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of functioning and homeostatic control of the human body, with references to the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the action of drugs. The topics presented must be treated with proper language. The elements examined for evaluation purposes are listed below: (1) the knowledge of the subject in all the areas included in the teaching program; (2) the use of a proper language; (3) the ability to reasoning; (4) the logical articulation of the wording; and (5) the integration of skills demonstrated in the response to exam questions. The written nature of the task will allow correcting the individual evaluation of the student’s elaborate according to "item analysis" techniques. This procedure will allow not to penalize areas of the answer that will be insufficient in most of the students involved a certain exam appeal. Furthermore, the evaluation of the single student will be conducted comparatively, to guarantee equanimity and recognize the individual merits in the allocation of grades. To pass the exam with the smallest grade (18/30), a knowledge of the homeostatic objectives and the basic physiological-regulatory mechanisms of the organs and apparatus being evaluated is required. To achieve a score of 24/30, 27/30 and 30/30 cum laude, the student must prove that he/she has got, respectively, a good, particularly good, and excellent integrated knowledge of the various systems of physiological regulation with negative feedback and / or feed-forward of the nervous and endocrine systems and the organ / apparatus subject to the examination evaluation. In the evaluation process, we will also consider (1) the ability of the student to manage the time agreed to supply the answers in a concise but exhaustive manner and (2) link the key concepts in a logical and coherent way from the behavioral and cellular level to the molecular one.

Other resources Slides with the lessons and exercises for the preparation of the exam (electronic archive indicated by the lecturer). For the part on the neural basis of language: Michael S. Gazzaniga, Richard B. Ivry, George R. Mangun. Neuroscienze cognitive. Editore: Zanichelli, 2015.

The teaching of General Physiology consists of lectures with the students, with eventually some specific seminars. The lessons are all interactive, so the teacher stimulates the students with questions to which they, by virtue of the courses already followed, can give an answer. This allows the teacher to highlight the links between the current course and some previous courses, whose notions play a key role in the understanding of what is presented in the class. The continuous remanding to concepts of other courses must get the student to study the proposed subject not only with the aim of passing the final exam, but wants to highlight a multidisciplinary study, to which the student has to be educated and that is absolutely required for a master's degree student, now almost at the end of his training. The student will find on the e-learning platform teaching material (exam program, recommended texts, links) useful for the preparation of the exam. It is understood that all material is a guide to the exam topics, but they can never absolutely replace the recommended texts.

Definition and partition of Forensic medicine; crimes against life and individual safety; obligation of information to the Judicial Authority. Obligations of reporting infective and diffusive diseases; outlines on social insurances; civil law forensic medicine (juridical faculty and power of action, interdiction, disqualification). Professional ethics. Consent of the assignee; professional secret; failure to assist; patient’s medical chart; obligations resulting from the law on drugs; professional responsibility of the professional. This program will be carried out during the II year II semester of the CdS with schedule of the lessons published on the website of the CdS in the section dedicated to the timetable of the lessons.

In order to understand the contests of the course and achieve the learning objectives, at the beginning of the teaching activities provided for by the teaching module the student must possess the basic kwoledge of the degree course

To pass the exame, we suggesta theoretical deedening already frome the beginning of the course attendance. For the purpose of consultation and in-depth study, the recomended books are: - di Luca N.M., Feola T. Marinelli E., Ricci S. Nuovo Compendio di Medicina legale, Edizioni Minerva Medica, Torino, 2021 - Autori vari. Medicina Legale. Per studenti e medici di medicina generale Ed. Idelson-Gnocchi 2020

Following the Regulations of the CdS, the student is required to attend educational activities, formal, non-formal, vocational. The attendance is checked by the teachers through signature / roll call, based on updated lists provided by the Academic Office, as established by CCL. The certificate of attendance to the course is mandatory and required to the student to be admitted at the final exam.

The course includes a written test that determinates the eligibility to take the other teaching modules of the integrated course which will be achiedev by the student with a grade of not less than 18/30. To pass the exam is necessary to achieve a grade of not less than 18/30 in each module. The student must demonstrate that they have acquired sufficient knowledge of the topics of the medico-legal program. To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude, the student must instead demonstrate that he has acquired an excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course and included in the program, he must also be able to connect them in a logical and coherent way.

The teacher delivers frontal lectures with traditional methods, with audiovisual aids and scheduling of lessons as reported on GOMP Aule/Orari system, published on the website of the CdS.