Architecture

The extended program is presented from the very first lecture and made available on the course Classroom platform. The course (8 ECTS – 100 hours) provides students with theoretical and practical tools for architectural, urban, and built environment surveying. It addresses methodologies for metric data acquisition, procedures and techniques of graphic restitution, digital modeling, and thematic analysis aimed at documentation, restoration, and conservation. After acquiring basic skills in the first two years, students will apply them to the survey and representation of a historic building, experimenting with graphic, digital, and instrumental techniques. The program is structured into three disciplinary areas: Geometry of representation: 3D modeling and surface analysis in architecture. Architectural drawing: theoretical insights and applied activities supporting survey work. Architectural survey: methods and issues of architectural and urban survey, with particular attention to heritage conservation. Additional topics include: the history of architectural surveying (from antiquity to the nineteenth century), elements of cartography and metrology, methodologies of direct, instrumental, and photogrammetric survey, new technologies (3D scanning, Image-Based Modeling), graphic representation techniques and thematic maps, and cataloguing according to ICCD standards. The exam consists of the evaluation of the submitted works and an individual oral examination on the topics covered in class and the recommended readings. The course Classroom page serves as the official channel for programs, schedules, communications, and teaching materials. Faculty members meet students weekly during the semester to provide guidance and monitor their progress.

In order to be admitted to the examination, students must have successfully passed the course Science of Representation 2, which is a prerequisite.

The course does not require a single reference textbook. However, students are strongly encouraged to use the notebook, as in previous years, to systematically collect all notes from lectures and exercises. The notebook may also be consulted during the exam.

Course aim is to provide the student with all those instruments to read, represent, analyze an architectural element in its various aspects (metric, structural, formal, etc.) using an approach as much as possible scientifically controlled. After gaining in the first triennium the basics and skills needed to build and manipulate various patterns (geometric, graphics and computer) of an architectural object, the student is asked to experiment with the problems associated with the survey and the representation of a building of 'historic architecture. On it everyone will have to experiment with different graphic and computer techniques acquired, as well as apply, in a controlled way, the various methods of survey.

Attendance is not formally mandatory, but it is essential in order to carry out the periodic reviews of the assignments, which will form an integral part of the final assessment and will be presented during the exam.

In order to take the exam, students must have successfully completed Science of Representation 2. Students may work in groups (max. 3 members) for survey and elaboration activities, while individual learning outcomes are always assessed. Assessment is structured in two phases, consistent with the expected learning outcomes: Evaluation of submitted works: aimed at verifying the student’s ability to autonomously and scientifically apply surveying, representation, and modeling techniques, as well as to effectively document and communicate the results. Individual oral examination: designed to assess the theoretical understanding of the topics covered in class and the recommended readings, with particular attention to critical analysis and the integration of historical, technical, and methodological aspects. This combination of assessments ensures full coherence between the expected learning outcomes (knowledge, skills, and communication abilities) and the chosen evaluation methods. The required works are: Sketchbook: an A4 album collecting notes, ex-tempore exercises, workshops, and field sketches. Drawings: CAD drawings (UNI format) documenting the historical-architectural context, the geometric survey (1:50 or 1:100), the architectural survey (plans, elevations, sections at 1:50), detailed drawings (1:20, 1:10), and a color study (one per student). 3D Models: digital models demonstrating the student’s ability to reconstruct and manipulate the spatial qualities of the studied building. The final presentation may be traditional (printed drawings) or digital (PowerPoint, website, or interactive platform). Each group must also produce at least 5 vertical images (9:16), designed for Instagram, effectively communicating the project and the learning process.

Mario Docci e Diego Maestri, Storia del rilevamento architettonico e urbano, Bari 1993 Mario Docci e Diego Maestri, Manuale di rilevamento architettonico e urbano, Bari 2009 (Nuova Edizione) Mario Docci, Strumenti didattici per il rilievo, corso di strumenti e metodi per il rilevamento dell’architettura, Gangemi Roma 2000 Mario Docci, Diego Maestri, Marco Gaiani, Scienza del Disegno, Città Studi 2017 Carlo Bianchini, Carlo Inglese, Alfonso Ippolito, 2016. I Teatri del Mediterraneo come esperienza di rilevamento integrato / The Theaters of the Mediterranean as integrated survey experience. Roma: Sapienza University press. ISBN: 978-88-98533-93-0 Carlo Bianchini, La Documentazione dei teatri antichi del Mediterraneo, Gangemi Roma 2012 Altri testi di consultazione: Emanuela Chiavoni, Il disegno di Oratori romani, Gangemi Roma 2008 Carlo Bianchini, La Scienza della Rappresentazione nella concezione di Guarino Guarini, Gangemi Roma 2008 Luca Ribichini, Il volto e l’architetto, Gangemi Roma 2008 Mario Docci, Manuale di disegno architettonico, Bari 1985 Mario Fondelli, Manuale di Topografia, 3voll.,Bari 1991 Riccardo Migliari, Il disegno degli ordini e l’architettura classica: cinque pezzi facili”, in “Disegnare, Idee, Immagini”, II2, Roma 1991 Cesare Cundari, Fotogrammetria architettonica, Roma 1983 Michela Cigola, Proposta di simbologia grafica per il Rilevamento architettonico e urbano, Roma 1988 Marco Carpiceci, “La fotografia per l’architettura e l’ambiente”, Fratelli Palombi Editori, 1997 Marco Carpiceci,”Il rilevamento dello spazio architettonico”, Kappa edizioni, Roma 2000 E. Chiavoni, Marina Docci, “Mole da olio e mole da grano tra paesaggio agrario e archeologia industriale. Il sistema dei frantoi e dei mulini ad acqua nell’Alto Lazio: conoscenza e valorizzazione”, Aracne, editrice Roma 2014

The aim of the course is to provide students with the tools necessary to read, represent, and analyze an architectural element in its various aspects – metric, structural, formal, etc. – through a scientifically rigorous and controlled approach. After acquiring in the first two years the foundations and skills needed to construct and manipulate geometric, graphic, and digital models of an architectural object, students will be required to address the challenges related to the survey and representation of a historical building. Particular attention will be devoted to the use of indirect surveying techniques – such as 3D laser scanning, photogrammetry, and topographic instruments. On this case study, each student will be asked to apply and experiment with the graphic and digital methods acquired, while systematically employing the different surveying procedures in a conscious and methodical way.

The purpose of the course is to equip the student with all those tools that allow him to read, represent, analyze an architectural element in its various aspects (metric, structural, formal, etc.) according to an approach scientifically controlled as much as possible. After having acquired during the first two years the fundamentals and skills necessary to build and manipulate various models (geometric, graphic and computer) of an architectural object, the student is called to grapple with the problems associated with the survey and representation of a historical architecture building. On it, everyone will have to experiment with the various graphic and computer techniques acquired, as well as apply, in a controlled form, the various detection procedures. Geometry of Representation - In this disciplinary area, the course intends to provide the student with the tools for in-depth study of the specific issues relating to the survey of architecture. In particular, it will focus on 3D modeling and the analysis of surfaces that recur in architecture. Architectural Design - Here, too, some theoretical topics already addressed during the first two years of the course will be resumed and explored. This theoretical part will be accompanied by some application-type activities that will provide the necessary support in the progress of the survey work. Architectural Survey - The student's greater theoretical awareness and practical ability allows in this third year to tackle the typical problems of architectural and urban survey. In recent times, this discipline has gained a leading role both in the historical-architectural culture and in the training and professional practice of the architect under the pressure of many factors: the growing need for the protection of architectural heritage; the increasingly recognized formative validity of the discipline; the growing interest in the renewal and redevelopment of historic centers and the urban environment. It seems important to reiterate that the term Survey not only indicates the simple operation of measuring and graphical restitution of an artifact, but on the contrary that complex of operations that through the observation, analysis and representation of all the components of the architecture ( from the dimensional ones to the geometric ones, from the structural ones to the constructive ones) allow to grasp the intimate essence of the architectural or urban element being studied. From this point of view, the survey assumes the role of a scientific discipline of a cognitive / formative nature capable of penetrating within this complex reality, becoming the basic tool for all those "reading" and "graphic transcription" operations aimed at heritage architectural, whether they are oriented towards historical knowledge, documentation and also towards conservation and restoration operations. From a theoretical point of view, the knowledge already gained in this regard will therefore be integrated into the visual survey with what is necessary for the setting of a scientifically correct survey. The attention will be focused in particular on setting up a survey project, on the difference between direct and instrumental survey, on problems related to planimetric and altimetric survey (construction and control of polygonals, trilaterations and triangulations, forward intersection). As regards the application part, it will focus on the complete visual survey of a building and the setting of the relevant survey project. This framework therefore includes the creation of a certain number of graphic and computer drawings, which reflect the student's training path and testify to the achievement of the set objectives. As in the past year, however, these papers must be understood as the synthesis of various activities (ex cathedra lessons, computer lessons, classroom or outdoor exercises); the student must also continue to record all these experiences, in the form of notes and drawings, in his personal notebook which must be kept up to date and in order to be shown if the teachers request it. The topics that will be addressed in this part of the course must be included in this framework: • The history of architectural survey The role played by surveying in our past will be analyzed in order to investigate the variation of concepts, methodologies and tools. The historical analysis will start from classical antiquity to continue through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance up to the great detectors of the nineteenth century. Some significant examples of the history of Urban Surveying will be examined: Forma Urbis Romae, Plan of Imola by Leonardo da Vinci, Decsriptio Urbis by L.B. Alberti, the plans and views of Rome by Bufalini, Falda, Fuga Tempesta, and the plan of Rome edited by G.B. Nolli. Will also be treated: Elements of the History of Cartography, Ancient Metrology, relationship between ancient units of measurement. • Survey methodology The theory of measurement, the precisions and the rules to be observed when taking measurements. Direct survey: general problems, tools and techniques of use, traditional methodologies. Instrumental survey: tools and techniques of use and methodologies. Photogrammetric survey: elementary photogrammetry, Will also be treated: Elements of the History of Cartography, Ancient Metrology, relationship between ancient units of measurement. • Detection methodology The theory of measurement, the precisions and the rules to be observed when taking measurements. Direct survey: general problems, tools and techniques of use, traditional methodologies. Instrumental survey: tools and techniques of use and methodologies. Photogrammetric survey: elementary photogrammetry, Straightening from frame: RDF The new survey technologies: 3D scanning, Image Based Modeling (IBM), Structure from Motion (SfM). Urban survey: general problems and methodologies. • The techniques of graphic representation of the survey Graphic conventions, symbologies and representation standards The scales of representation and their contents The models of representation: Geometric and Architectural from frame: RDF The new survey technologies: 3D scanning, Image Based Modeling (IBM), Structure from Motion (SfM). Urban survey: general problems and methodologies. • The techniques of graphic representation of the survey Graphic conventions, symbologies and representation standards The scales of representation and their contents The models of representation: Geometric and Architectural

The exam can be taken while maintaining the prerequisites of the SDR1 and SDR2 courses

Mario Docci e Diego Maestri, Storia del rilevamento architettonico e urbano, Bari 1993 Mario Docci e Diego Maestri, Manuale di rilevamento architettonico e urbano, Bari 2009 (Nuova Edizione) Mario Docci, Strumenti didattici per il rilievo, corso di strumenti e metodi per il rilevamento dell’architettura, Gangemi Roma 2000 Mario Docci, Diego Maestri, Marco Gaiani, Scienza del Disegno, Città Studi 2017 Carlo Bianchini, Carlo Inglese, Alfonso Ippolito, 2016. I Teatri del Mediterraneo come esperienza di rilevamento integrato / The Theaters of the Mediterranean as integrated survey experience. Roma: Sapienza University press. ISBN: 978-88-98533-93-0 Carlo Bianchini, La Documentazione dei teatri antichi del Mediterraneo, Gangemi Roma 2012 Mario Fondelli, Manuale di Topografia, 3voll.,Bari 1991 Riccardo Migliari, Il disegno degli ordini e l’architettura classica: cinque pezzi facili”, in “Disegnare, Idee, Immagini”, II2, Roma 1991 Cesare Cundari, Fotogrammetria architettonica, Roma 1983 Marco Carpiceci, “La fotografia per l’architettura e l’ambiente”, Fratelli Palombi Editori, 1997 Marco Carpiceci,”Il rilevamento dello spazio architettonico”, Kappa edizioni, Roma 2000 Leonardo Paris, "Dal problema inverso della prospettiva al raddrizzamento fotografico"Aracne, 2014 Carlo Inglese, Leonardo Paris (a cura di), "Arte e tecnica dei ponti romani in pietra", Sapienza Università editrice, 2020. Bianchini Carlo, Inglese Carlo, Ippolito Alfonso, Agnese Murrali (2022). Il rilievo integrato complesso di Galleria Borghese in Roma. The complex integrated survey of the Galleria Borghese. Roma, Gangemi Editore. ISBN: 978-88-492-4179-2 Carlo Inglese, Roberto Barni, Marika Griffo (2022). Rappresentazioni dell’architettura archeologica: la basilica inferiore di San Crisogono. Representations of archaeological architecture: the lower basilica in St Chrysogonus in Rome. In Disegnare. Idee ed Immagini, n°64. Roma, Gangemi Editore, pp. 72-83. ISBN 978-88-492-4547-9

Documents requested from the student. The exam topic will be exposed during the first lessons of the course. The choice of the same theme is allowed for a max. three students, each of whom will have to demonstrate individual contribution to setting up and developing the work. Special themes and cases must be agreed with the professor. The documents requested will be of three types as usual: the notebook, the tables and the computer models. The Notebook - As is known, it consists of an album of the type with white sheets, bound, A4 - A3 format or similar, in which each student carries out the ex tempore (such as exercises in the classroom or outside), takes the notes of the lessons illustrating them in line and square or preferably freehand with the drawings made by the professor on the blackboard or on the computer and finally collects the exercises that will be assigned during the lessons. The notes relating to the exercises on the survey tools that will take place outside must also be reported in the notebook. The Tables - As mentioned above, the notebook is accompanied by some drawings in UNI format (established during the course) made preferably in CAD that must illustrate the survey work of the chosen architectural organism, demonstrating the level of graphic awareness achieved by the student and his ability to represent elements of various complexity. In this phase the students can, as mentioned, gather in groups (max. 3 components) both for carrying out the survey operations and for those of elaboration and representation. The first group of tables should illustrate the architectural context in which the building is located and its historical development; subsequently the geometric survey must be represented (on a scale to be defined according to the size of the chosen organism) and the architectural survey which instead must necessarily be graphed in plan, elevation and sections at scale from 1: 100 to 1:50. Finally, some detailed drawings (one for each member of the working group) will have to be produced at the scales 1:20, 1:10. Finally, it is necessary to carry out a color or characterization test on a prospect or on an architectural detail of the chosen organism (one document for each student). The last table will be dedicated to a critical reading of the topic studied, deepening the geometric, metric, proportional reading and performing synchronic and diachronic comparisons with other historical architectures. Computer Models - An integral part of the exam papers will be the computer models of the body chosen as the theme of the year. They will have to demonstrate the student's ability to understand, synthesize, construct and manipulate his spatial qualities. These models must be designed both for purely on-screen use and as a function of paper output.

in presence

The exam can be taken while maintaining the prerequisites, by participating in lessons, exercises (mandatory) and revisions of the tables (mandatory at least 4 revisions before the exam). In addition to the drawings, the exam includes a theoretical part in order to evaluate the knowledge acquired by the student on the methodologies and history of the survey. The work is done in groups as regards the initial tables, apart from the individual detailed ones, but each student will have to demonstrate their contribution. The theoretical part is individual.

Documents requested from the student. The exam topic will be exposed during the first lessons of the course. The choice of the same theme is allowed for a max. three students, each of whom will have to demonstrate individual contribution to setting up and developing the work. Special themes and cases must be agreed with the professor. The documents requested will be of three types as usual: the notebook, the tables and the computer models. The Notebook - As is known, it consists of an album of the type with white sheets, bound, A4 - A3 format or similar, in which each student carries out the ex tempore (such as exercises in the classroom or outside), takes the notes of the lessons illustrating them in line and square or preferably freehand with the drawings made by the professor on the blackboard or on the computer and finally collects the exercises that will be assigned during the lessons. The notes relating to the exercises on the survey tools that will take place outside must also be reported in the notebook. The Tables - As mentioned above, the notebook is accompanied by some drawings in UNI format (established during the course) made preferably in CAD that must illustrate the survey work of the chosen architectural organism, demonstrating the level of graphic awareness achieved by the student and his ability to represent elements of various complexity. In this phase the students can, as mentioned, gather in groups (max. 3 components) both for carrying out the survey operations and for those of elaboration and representation. The first group of tables should illustrate the architectural context in which the building is located and its historical development; subsequently the geometric survey must be represented (on a scale to be defined according to the size of the chosen organism) and the architectural survey which instead must necessarily be graphed in plan, elevation and sections at scale from 1: 100 to 1:50. Finally, some detailed drawings (one for each member of the working group) will have to be produced at the scales 1:20, 1:10. Finally, it is necessary to carry out a color or characterization test on a prospect or on an architectural detail of the chosen organism (one document for each student). The last table will be dedicated to a critical reading of the topic studied, deepening the geometric, metric, proportional reading and performing synchronic and diachronic comparisons with other historical architectures. Computer Models - An integral part of the exam papers will be the computer models of the body chosen as the theme of the year. They will have to demonstrate the student's ability to understand, synthesize, construct and manipulate his spatial qualities. These models must be designed both for purely on-screen use and as a function of paper output.