Architectural Sciences

The course aims to provide theoretical and practical skills useful for the design and management of architectural conservation and / or archaeological value. To achieve this, will be given general knowledge on terminology and methodology for the best knowledge of the historical architecture with the materials’ recognition and characterization. The course is divided into theoretical and practical lessons during the which various topics will be addressed through case studies and exercises. In order to promote a continuously updated, will also provide information for search literature. Lessons will address in particular: references to the theory of the discipline; the archival, iconographic and bibliographic research; direct and detailed analysis of the monument, in its geometric, spatial, tectonic, typological and functional characteristics; relief and its graphic restitution; metrological and modular analysis; Analytical and diagnostic techniques for the conservation of monuments; methods and tools for material characterization, degradation recognition, checks during construction, testing and maintenance;

The course doesn’t have prerequisites with other courses. At least an elementary knowledge of the History of Architecture and a basic knowledge of Euclidean geometry are required.

per le questioni volte alla comprensione storico-architettonica dei monumenti: - G. CARBONARA (a cura di), Trattato di restauro architettonico, Utet, Torino 1996; vol. II, pp. 3-192; pp. 261-288; pp. 297-418; pp. 419-586; - G. CARBONARA (diretto da), Atlante del Restauro, Utet, Torino 2004. per il metodo di studio del monumento architettonico: - G. CARBONARA, Restauro dei monumenti. Guida agli elaborati grafici, Liguori, Napoli 1990 - D. FIORANI, Restauro architettonico e strumento informatico. Guida agli elaborati grafici, Liguori, Napoli 2004 -P. FANCELLI, Rilievo storico-critico delle fasi costruttive, in Manuale del Restauro architettonico, a cura di L. Zevi, Mancosu, Roma 2001, sez. E.2.1, p. 9-21

The course includes lectures and exercises; various topics will be addressed through case studies and exercises.

Frequency is not required

Regular examinations of the students' exercise work are scheduled during the semester. The examination consists of the handing in and discussion of the papers envisaged in the exercise, with specific insights into the content learned during the theoretical lectures.

Ulteriori mirati approfondimenti bibliografici verranno forniti nel corso delle lezioni, si segnalano comunque, in generale: -J. P. ADAM, L'arte di costruire presso i romani, Longanesi, Milano 1988 (1a ed. 1984); - A. BOATO, L'archeologia in architettura: misurazioni, stratigrafie, datazioni, restauro, Marsilio, Venezia 2008; - D. FIORANI, Tecniche costruttive murarie medievali. Il Lazio meridionale, «L’ERMA» di Bretschneider, Roma 1996; -E. MONTELLI, Tecniche costruttive murarie medievali, «L’ERMA» di Bretschneider, Roma 2011; - P. N. PAGLIARA, Note su murature e intonaci a Roma tra Quattrocento e Cinquecento, in «Ricerche di Storia dell'Arte», 1980, 11, pp. 35-48; -M. SALVATORI, Manuale di metrologia. Per architetti studiosi di storia dell'architettura e archeologi in Italia, Liguori, Napoli 2006.

The course includes lectures and exercises; various topics will be addressed through case studies and exercises.

The course creates expertise in the direct analysis of monuments and their study from the historical-cultural standpoint, with particular attention to the construction elements, in view of a future drafting of the restoration plan. In particular, the lessons will concern, in addition to the basic terminology, the research methodology used on architectural structures (aiming for the structure’s preservation, with its historic and aesthetic values). This research includes archival-documentary, iconographic, and bibliographic research (notions will be provided on the technique for cataloguing and filing of texts and the sources consulted), direct analysis conducted through observation, and surveying meant as an instrument for knowledge and basis for specifically targeted thematic interpretations. Particular importance will be given, throughout the entire course, to the study of the construction and expression aspects of architectural works; with regard to this, the lessons will cover (also with reference to historic documentation) all the moments that have involved the process of the construction and transformation of historic buildings (building materials, scaffolding, building techniques for above-ground walls, horizontal structures, roofs, finishing details, and so on). It is a study process which, especially when there is little or no written documentation, will start from the interior of the building and its material structures, later focusing on the formative process for the entire building. The program includes: a block of about 60 hours for theoretical lectures, divided between the relief and its graphic restitution, methodological principles for historical research (archival, iconographic and bibliographic research), study of construction techniques aimed at acquiring architectural reading parameters, notions of historical building site, principles of restoration history, notions for the drafting of a preliminary project - these issues will not be dealt with in closed modules but carried out at the same time; 10 hours set aside for exercises on what was discussed in class; 30 hours are destined to possible external inspections and various activities. Syllabus, basic materials, communications and exercises can be found on the course's Classroom platform page.

The course doesn’t have prerequisites with other courses. However, it is considered significant condition to have basic knowledge on architecture history.

The texts indicated as learning support are divided into mandatory and recommended. They should be consulted and studied throughout the course, because they are an essential basis for carrying out the exercise on the monument. Mandatory texts: CARBONARA Giovanni, Restauro dei monumenti. Guida agli elaborati grafici, Napoli, Liguori, 1990; CARBONARA Giovanni, Avvicinamento al restauro, Napoli, Liguori, 1997, pp. 49-324; FIORANI Donatella, Restauro architettonico e strumento informatico. Guida agli elaborati grafici, Napoli, Liguori, 2004; GIULIANI Fulvio Cairoli, L'edilizia nell'antichità. Nuova edizione con CD-ROM, Roma, Carocci 2006.

The course will make use, for the theoretical parts on general and method-related matters, of traditional type lessons, but also flipped classroom, for an immediate comparison on the level of learning, beside on-site surveys and visits to monuments and construction sites, to develop the ability to read architectural characters and have a comparison on methods and materials, and, for the application aspects, of review seminars held by the teachers, with a group discussion, as work progresses, of the drawings produced during the exercises carried out on monuments or the significant parts of them with preservation problems. The drawings will cover the following topics: 1 - territorial framing of the monument, with references to roads, orography, settlement characteristics, regulations; 2 - survey drawings (as a critical analysis of the 'architectural text'), strictly aimed at full comprehension, in particular historical-aesthetic, tectonic and diagnostic, of the building: metric survey carried out with direct method (plans, elevations, sections scale 1:100/1:50/1:20) possibly integrated with surveys with indirect method (total station, laser scanner, photogrammetry); architectural survey (plans, elevations, sections scale 1:100/1:50/1:20) with the material characteristics of the study building; analysis of masonry and surface finishes (scale 1:10); 3 - historical-critical research on bibliographic, cartographic and archival sources on the subject under study and on the context as much as useful to the understanding of this, with and the drafting of a chronology; 4- analysis of the architectural construction characteristics of the object of study; 5- metrological-proportional analysis: research on possible units of measurement and proportioning systems used for the realization of the factory and its possible transformations; 6 - comparison analysis on typological, stylistic, metrological, proportional and material aspects of the monument and its wall system; 7- critical summary of data collected from direct and indirect sources, and identification of the most important historical phases; 8 - general problems of the site and degradation.

The frequency is optional. However, students are encouraged to attend both the 'ex cathedra' lessons and the exercises schedule. Non-attending students are recommended to follow the program, use the basic course materials and fulfill the requests for the final exercise.

The final exam includes an in-depth individual interview on the topics of the lessons and on the basic bibliography and the evaluation, with comments and clarifications, on the theme and methods of the exercise conducted during the course, alone or in a group. The two components of the test, in equal measure, are aimed at verifying the acquisition of the skills deemed necessary and the ability to apply them to a specific practical topic. The test can be taken through a single final interview or, alternatively, developed on an ongoing basis through intermediate tests proposed during the semester and at the end of the same, to verify the student's continuous and constant learning. Non-attending students will only be subjected to the final exam.

The texts indicated as learning support are divided into mandatory and recommended. They should be consulted and studied throughout the course, because they are an essential basis for carrying out the exercise on the monument. Recommended texts: ASCIUTTI Michele, L’Area Flaminia a Roma. Introduzione alla lettura diacronica, Roma, Artemide, 2015; BARELLI Lia, La diffusione e il significato dell'opus quadratum a Roma nei secoli VIII e IX, in Saggi in onore di Gaetano Miarelli Mariani (edited by M.P. Sette, M. Caperna, M. Docci, M.G. Turco), in «Quaderni dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Architettura», n.s., fascc. 44-50 (2004-2007), Roma, Bonsignori, 2007, pp. 67-74; BIANCHI Giovanna, Trasmissione dei saperi tecnici e analisi dei procedimenti tecnici, in “Archeologia dell’Architettura”, I, 1996, n. 1, pp. 53-64; BRUSCHI Arnaldo, Indicazioni metodologiche per lo studio storico dell'architettura, in *Lineamenti di storia dell'architettura, Roma, Carucci, 1978, pp.13-29; CARBONARA Giovanni (edited by), Trattato di restauro architettonico, Torino, UTET, 1996; vol. II, pp. 3-192; pp. 261-288; pp. 297-418; pp. 419-586; CARBONARA Giovanni (edited by), Atlante del Restauro, Torino, UTET, 2004; CASTAGNOLI Ferdinando, Appunti di tecnica edilizia del Corso di Topografia di Roma e dell'Italia antica, a.a. 1980-81; DE ANGELIS D'OSSAT Guglielmo, Studio dei monumenti dal punto di vista storico, artistico e tecnico, in IDEM, Sul restauro dei monumenti architettonici. Concetti, operatività, didattica, Scuola di Specializzazione in Restauro dei monumenti, Strumenti 13, Roma, Bonsignori, 1995, pp. 59-62; DOGLIONI Francesco, La descrizione stratigrafica della costruzione, in IDEM, Stratigrafia e restauro, Trieste, Lint, 1997, pp. 53-64; DOGLIONI Francesco, Intonaci e autenticità per relazione, in IDEM, Stratigrafia e restauro, Trieste, Lint,1997, pp. 241-254; ESCH Arnold, Reimpiego, in Enciclopedia dell'Arte Medievale, vol. IX, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Treccani, 1998, pp. 876- 883; ESPOSITO Daniela, Murature ‘a tufelli’ nel tardo medioevo: metrologia e procedimenti costruttivi, in Metrologia e tecniche costruttive. Atti della Giornata di Studio. Facoltà di Architettura di Pescara, 3 marzo 1998, in «Contributi», 1998, n. 5, pp. 45-52; FIORANI Donatella, Ordine e casualità negli apparecchi murari bassolaziali del XII-XV secolo. Annotazioni su alcuni dati di rilevamento, in Metrologia cit., pp. 69-78; MANNONI Tiziano – Marco MILANESE, Mensiocronologia, in *Archeologia e restauro dei monumenti (edited by R. Francovich e R. Parenti), Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 1988, pp.383-402; PAGLIARA Pier Nicola, Antico e Medioevo in alcune tecniche costruttive del XV e XVI secolo, in particolare a Roma, in «Annali di architettura. Rivista del Centro internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio di Vicenza», 1998-99, nn. 10-11, pp. 223-260; PARENTI Roberto, Sulle possibilità di datazione e di classificazione delle murature, in *Archeologia e restauro dei monumenti (edited by R. Francovich e R. Parenti), Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 1988, pp.280-304; QUARONI Ludovico, Progettare un edificio. Otto lezioni di architettura, Milano, Mazzotta, 1977, pp. 173-194; SALVATORI Marcello, Introduzione: interesse degli studi metrologici ai fini della storia dell'architettura, in Metrologia e Tecniche Costruttive. Atti della giornata di studio, Facoltà di Architettura di Pescara, 3 marzo 1998 (edited by S. D'Avino e M. Salvatori), in "Contributi", 1998, n. 5, pp. 5-8.

For theoretical contributions on general and methodological issues, the course will make use of traditional lessons, but also of flipped lessons, for an immediate comparison on the level of learning, as well as inspections and visits to monuments and construction sites, to develop the ability to read architectural characters and have a comparison of methods and materials. For the applicative aspects, a seminar review activity is envisaged by the teaching staff, with group discussion, during the work, of the papers relating to the exercise on the agreed historical monument/building or significant parts of it, which present problems of conservation. The drawings will cover the following topics: 1 - territorial framing of the monument, with references to roads, orography, settlement characteristics, regulations; 2 - survey drawings (as a critical analysis of the 'architectural text'), strictly aimed at full comprehension, in particular historical-aesthetic, tectonic and diagnostic, of the building: metric survey carried out with direct method (plans, elevations, sections scale 1:100/1:50/1:20) possibly integrated with surveys with indirect method (total station, laser scanner, photogrammetry); architectural survey (plans, elevations, sections scale 1:100/1:50/1:20) with the material characteristics of the study building; analysis of masonry and surface finishes (scale 1:10); 3 - historical-critical research on bibliographic, cartographic and archival sources on the subject under study and on the context as much as useful to the understanding of this, with and the drafting of a chronology; 4- analysis of the masonry; 5- analysis of the architectural construction characteristics of the object of study; 6- metrological-proportional analysis: research on possible units of measurement and proportioning systems used for the realization of the factory and its possible transformations; 7 - comparison analysis on typological, stylistic, metrological, proportional and material aspects of the monument and its wall system; 8- critical summary of data collected from direct and indirect sources, and identification of the most important historical phases; 9 - general problems of the site and degradation.